英美文化概論純正英語版

Unit7BritishEducationSystemBritishEducationSystem◆Introduction◆History◆ThePresentEducationSystem◆HigherEducationI.Introduction1.ThepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystemnotonlytoprovidechildrenwithliteracyandtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsocietybutalsotosocializechildren,learntherulesandvaluestheyneedtobecomegoodcitizens,toparticipateinthecommunity,andtocontributetotheeconomicprosperityofanadvancedindustrialeconomy.

中國社會(huì)主義的教育目的，是培養(yǎng)有社會(huì)主義覺悟、有文化的勞動(dòng)者，培養(yǎng)社會(huì)主義建設(shè)所需要的各級(jí)各類人才。它明確規(guī)定了中國教育目的的社會(huì)主義性質(zhì)和方向，指出了培養(yǎng)社會(huì)主義建設(shè)人才的基本要求。這個(gè)教育目的體現(xiàn)了馬克思主義關(guān)于人的全面發(fā)展的思想。

2.Therelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass

Britainisasocietyinwhichsocialclassisstillveryimportant.Classinequalitycanbeerasedorcontinuedaccordingtoeducationalpolicy.InBritain,theschoolsyouattendaremarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.Theschooltieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisstillveryimportanttoyourfuture.Forexample,the“right”universitieslikeOxfordandCambridge(Oxbridge),isstillthesinglebestwaytoguaranteeasuccessfulcareer.AgreatnumberofgraduatesofOxbridgedominategovernment,andareinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducation.II.HistoryNowadays,theBritisheducationsystemisrunbythe

state,whichprovidesfunding,andtriestomakesurethatallBritishchildrenreceiveaqualityeducation.Oneofthelargest,mostimportantgovernmentdepartmentistheMinistryofEducation.Historically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsthatexistedweresetupbychurches.Theinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingisstillstrong:untilveryrecently,religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils.Dailyprayersandsinginghymnsisstillaregularpartofschoollife.

基督教是西方文明的象征和基石。英國的好多節(jié)日(如Christmas、Easterholiday)、大學(xué)的學(xué)期命名(如LentTerm，MichaelmasTerm)都與基督教密切相關(guān)。英國的好多著名大學(xué)，如劍橋大學(xué)，其前身，實(shí)質(zhì)上就是教會(huì)學(xué)校，培養(yǎng)傳教士、宣揚(yáng)神學(xué)、維護(hù)王權(quán)是其最初的目的。

MorningprayerandGraceaftermealstakesplaceeverydayandonFridayschildrenenjoyaspiritualassemblyexperience.

GreatchangesinBritisheducationalsystemaftertheIndustrialRevolution

Before1870,only40%ofchildrenunder10wenttoschoolregularly.Themainreceiversofamoreadvancededucationwasthesonsofthewealthy.In1870,alawwaspassedtocallforgovernment–fundededucation.By1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbetween5and10wascompulsory.

1944EducationActAfterWWII,aneweducationalsystememphasizingequalitywasconstructedwiththeassistanceofchurchandnewlypowerfultradeunions.In1944the

EducationAct,which

madeentrytosecondaryschoolsanduniversitiesmeritocratic

(選擇具備才能和高智力的人)tomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.Childrenentertheschoolsnotbecauseoftheirsocialclassortheirparents’possession,butfortheabilities

theydisplay.Inthe1960s,comprehensiveschools(綜合學(xué)校)wasintroduced,providingbothacademicandpracticalsubjects.Itendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools.(Themostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttogrammarschoolstobepreparedforuniversity,whilelesssuccessfulpupilsweresentto

vocationalschools

tolearntrades.)Entranceexamswereabolishedandallchildrencouldhavechancetoenterit.【義務(wù)教育（compulsoryeducation）】1986年4月我國頒布了《中華人民共和國義務(wù)教育法》。這是我國首次把免費(fèi)的義務(wù)的教育用法律的形式固定下來，也就是說適齡的“兒童和少年”必須接受9年的義務(wù)教育。義務(wù)教育法的制定標(biāo)志著我國基礎(chǔ)教育發(fā)展到一個(gè)新階段。

In1989,NationalCurriculumwereintroduced,whichcontainedEnglish,mathematics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,PE,andamodernforeignlanguage.Pupilsmustpassnationaltests.Allteachersaretoldwhattoteachratherthandecidethemselvesonwhattodoandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargetsaswellasteachers’performingoftheirtasks.III.ThepresentEducationSystemCompulsory:Childrenarelegallyobligedtoattendschoolfromtheageof5to16.FreeChoices:Parentscanchoosestateschoolsorprivateschoolsfortheirchildren.Almost93%ofpupilsreceivefreeeducationfromthepublicsector.Stateschoolsarefundedbylocalandcentralgovernment,whileprivateschools(independentschools)arefundedbyprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.

InBritaintheacademicyearisdividedintothreetermsofabouttwelveweekseach.

TheeducationsystemintheUKisdividedintofourmainparts,primaryeducation,secondaryeducation,furthereducationandhighereducation.ChildrenintheUKhavetolegallyattendprimaryandsecondaryeducationwhichrunsfromabout5yearsolduntilthestudentis16yearsold.

NurserySchoolsorkindergarten―uptoage5,childrenmayhavesomepre-primaryschoolinginanurseryschool,daycareorplaygroups.Manyfacilitiesareprovidedbyprivateenterprise.Governmentalsoprovidessomefinancialsupport.PrimarySchoolsChildrenbetween5---11gotostatesectorprimaryschool,theseschoolsarealsocalledco-educationalormixedschools

becausetheyadmitbothboysandgirls.AnexampleofPrimarySchoolUniformWinterUniformSchooltieGreyskirts,orgreyschooltrousers(straightleg)WhiteshirtorblouseBottlegreenpullover(optionalschoollogo)BlackShoes(heelsnomorethan2.5cm）SummerUniform

BoysSchooltieShortsleevewhiteshirtGreyshortsortrousersBlackorwhiteShoes,brownorblacksandals(heelsnomorethan2.5cm)GirlsGreenandwhitestripesorgreenandwhitecheck(方格圖案)BlackorwhiteShoes,brownorblacksandals(heelsnomorethan2.5cm)SecondarySchoolsComprehensiveschools(綜合學(xué)校)

From11to19,studentsattendsecondaryschools.About90%ofsecondaryschoolsarecomprehensiveschoolswhichadmitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilities;providegeneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjecttomorepracticalsubjects.ForeignlanguagesaretaughtasanintegralpartoftheNationalCurriculum,reflectingtheimportanceofBritain’srelationshipwithEurope.

GrammarSchools(selectingchildren)

Thosechildrenwhodonotattendcomprehensiveschoolsattendgrammarschoolsinstead.Grammarschoolsselectchildren,usuallyattheageof11,throughanexaminationcalled

“the11-plus”.

Thosechildrenwiththehighestmarksgotogrammarschools.Theseschoolslayemphasison

advancedacademicsubjects

ratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschoolsandexpectmanyoftheirpupilstogoontouniversities.Butrecently,suchgrammarschoolsarebecomingincreasinglyrare.GCSE―GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation中學(xué)畢業(yè)證書After5yearsofsecondaryeducation,(atabouttheageof16)studentssittheirGCSEexams.Basedontheseresults,pupilsthendecidewhatavenueofeducationtheywouldliketofollow.Theyhaveanumberofchoices,theycandecidetoquitschoolandfindajob;ortheycanpreparetositexamsforuniversityentrance;ortheycanconcentrateonvocationaltraining.GCEA―GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced（高級(jí)水平測試結(jié)業(yè)證書）PupilswhohopetoattenduniversitycarryontheiracademicstudyforafurthertwoyearsandthensitA-levelexams(GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced).Mostpupilstrytoachieve3or4A-levelsinthesubjectstheyaremostproficientat.英國文憑介紹：

普通中學(xué)教育證書GCSE：

16歲時(shí)參加這個(gè)考試，獲得中學(xué)文憑。此課程一年至兩年，為一般基礎(chǔ)課程，然后升高中的繼續(xù)讀高級(jí)證書A-LEVEL及其他課程。準(zhǔn)備就業(yè)的則進(jìn)入職業(yè)培訓(xùn)學(xué)校。

高級(jí)水平考試A-LEVEL：

是準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)入大學(xué)深造的學(xué)生通過GCSE后的大學(xué)預(yù)科班。經(jīng)過一年至兩年的學(xué)習(xí)，通過A-LEVEL，即可申請(qǐng)讀大學(xué)。A-LEVEL是中學(xué)和大學(xué)的銜接課程，其考試成績也是中學(xué)升入大學(xué)的考核標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。GNVQ―GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications（國家專業(yè)資格證書）

It‘sequivalentofA-levels.Pupilswhodecidenottouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltraining.HigherEducation

Britishuniversitiesarepublicbodieswhichreceivefundsfromcentralgovernment.TheUKhasonlyoneprivately-fundeduniversity-----theUniversityofBuckingham.LongHistoryHighereducationhasalonghistoryintheUK.OxfordandCambridgedatefromthe12thand13thCentury.St.Andrews,Glasgow,EdinburghandAberdeen

fromthe14thand15thcentury.Therestin19thand20thcentury.By1994,Britainhad83universities.

BeijingUniversitywasfoundedonMay4th,1898,soithasahistoryof110years.ThefirstpresidentwasCaiYuanpei.NowSDUhas113years’history.FeaturesofUniversities

Universitycampusesarefullofpeopleofdifferentagesandnationalitiesstudyingmanydifferentthings.Inrecentyears,greateffortshavebeenmadetoincreasethenumbersandkindsofpeoplethatpursuehighereducation.※

OpenUniversity

OpenUniversitywasfoundedinBritaininthe1960sforanypeoplewhohasnoformaleducationalqualificationstonormaluniversitiesorgetnoopportunityforhighereducationforeconomicandsocialreasons.

IntheOpenUniversity

inEnglandittakes3years’fulltimestudytogetthefirst

degreeforanopenuniversitylearner;4yearsinScotland.

UniversitycoursesarefollowedthroughTV,radio,correspondence,videosandanetworkofstudycenters.AttheendoftheirstudiesattheOpenUniversity,successfulstudentsareawardedauniversitydegree.TypesofdegreesBA(BachelorofArts)orBSc(BachelorofScience)MA(MasterofArts)orMSc(MasterofScience)PhD(DoctorofPhilosophy)kindergartenprimaryschoolcomprehensiveschoolssecondaryeducationgrammarschoolsA-levelFurthereducationvocationaltrainingschoolnormaluniversityhighereducation

OpenuniversityUniversitiesintheUKOxford牛津大學(xué)oxfordisauniqueandhistoricinstitution.

studentstheuniversityofoxford'stotalstudentpopulationnumbersisjustover16,100(studentsinresidence,1998-9).Almostaquarterofthesestudentsarefromoverseas,includingthecountriesoftheEuropeanunion.Morethan130nationalitiesarerepresentedamongthestudentbody.Almost5,000studentsareengagedinpostgraduatework.Ofthese,around3,000areworkingintheartsandhumanities.

牛津產(chǎn)生了4位英國國王，46位諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者，25位英國首相，3位圣人，86位大主教以及18位紅衣主教。TOEFL600分，IELTS7.5分

雅思IELTS考試，即國際英語語言測試系統(tǒng)(InternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystem)，主要測試在英語國家學(xué)習(xí)或生活的考生的語言能力，內(nèi)容涵蓋聽力、閱讀、寫作和口語四項(xiàng)語言技能。

主辦方：IELTS考試由劍橋大學(xué)考試委員會(huì)、英國文化協(xié)會(huì)及澳大利亞教育國際開發(fā)署：IELTS澳大利亞，所共同擁有。在中國，英國文化協(xié)會(huì)和澳大利亞IDP教育組織共同組成中國IELTS網(wǎng)絡(luò)，負(fù)責(zé)管理在中國的IELTS考試。9分是滿分。

6分的雅思等於是英語六級(jí)的水平托福

TOEFL（TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage---作為外語的英語考試）是由美國教育考試服務(wù)處（EducationalTestingService）舉辦的為申請(qǐng)去美國或加拿大等國家上大學(xué)或入研究生院學(xué)習(xí)的非英語國家學(xué)生提供的一種英語水平考試。美國教育考試服務(wù)處由1965年開始承辦此項(xiàng)考試的管理工作。

總分為677，其中閱讀67分，聽力68分，語法68分

總和乘以10除以三。新托福的滿分為：120

一般名校要求托福為100以上

GRE考試是研究生的入學(xué)考試，它適用于除了法律（需參加LSAT考試）與商業(yè)（需參加GMAT考）以外的各種學(xué)科與專業(yè)的研究生考試。GRE考試分為兩種，一種是普通GRE考試（GREGeneral），也就是大部分中國學(xué)生參加的GRE考試。另一種是專項(xiàng)GRE考試(GRESubject)。參加GRE專項(xiàng)考試的中國考生并非很多，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)美國院校不要求提供專項(xiàng)GRE成績，只要求普通GRE成績。但申請(qǐng)研究生專業(yè)與申請(qǐng)人本科專業(yè)不一致的申請(qǐng)人，是需要提供專項(xiàng)GRE成績的。CambridgeTheUniversityofCambridge

isoneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheworld,andoneofthelargestintheUnitedKingdom.Ithasaworld-widereputationforoutstandingacademicachievementandthehighqualityofresearchundertakeninawiderangeofscienceandartssubjects.TheUniversitypioneersworkintheunderstandingofdisease,thecreationofnewmaterials,advancesintelecommunicationsandresearchintotheoriginsoftheuniverse.Ittrainsdoctors,architects,engineersandteachers.AtalllevelsabouthalfofthestudentsatCambridgestudyartsandhumanitiessubjects,manyofwhomhavegoneontobecomeprominentfigure