2023年研究生類研究生入學考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)語言學歷年高頻考題帶答案難題附詳解

2023年研究生類研究生入學考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)語言學歷年高頻考題帶答案難題附詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）第1卷一.歷年考點試題黑鉆版(共25題)1.caveat2.Phoneticsimilaritymeansthattheallophonesofaphonememustbearsomemorphologicalresemblance.3.Whenateachersays"it'ssohotinhere"duringaclass,whatdoessheprobablymean?Refertothetheoryofpragmaticswhenyouanalyzethesituation.4.Differentiateaptitudetest,proficiencytest,achievementtestanddiagnosistest.5.Therearetwokindsofgrammarbasedondifferentlinguisticpointsofview.Theyareprescriptivegrammaranddescriptivegrammar.Agrammarmaydescribehowlanguageisactuallyspokenand/orwritten,andmaynotstateorpostulatehowitoughttobespokenorwritten.Butagrammarmayalsostatetherulesforwhatisconsideredthebestormostcorrectusage.Whichgrammarisdescriptivegrammar,andwhichgrammarisprescriptivegrammar?Citesomeexamplestogiveyourreasons.6.______isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.AffixationB.Back-formationC.InsertionD.Addition7.TheideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedisusuallyknownastheprincipleofCOMPOSITIONALITY.8."Languageoperatesbyrules"isafundamentalviewaboutlanguage.9.Whatarethecausesoflanguagechange?Discussthemindetail.10.passionate,proportionate,differentiate,affectionate11.Copenhagen

Canberra

develop

create

denomination

cosmopolitan

demonstrative

Whenwepronouncetheword"Canberra,"wethinkwepronounce/n/for"n"in"Canberra."Whatdoweactuallypronounce?12.RelevanceTheoryisanimprovementupontheGrice'sCooperativePrinciple.13.I-principle14.Corpuslinguisticsdealswiththeprinciplesandpracticeofusingcorporainlanguagestudy.Itisacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.15.Performatives16.langueandparole17.[Focusonthecollocation]A.1eanB.relyC.persistD.hinge18.The______functionreferstothatlanguagecanbeusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas.19.Modemlinguisticsbeganfrom______,whoisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodemlinguistics".A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure20.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith"______,bilabial,stop".21.Analogicchangereferstothereductionofthenumberofexceptionalorirregularmorphemes.22.WhatistherelationbetweenSystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar?23.workable24.donate25.Whichofthefollowingisnotaminimalpair?______

A.

B.[sip]

[zip]

C.[sai]

[sei]

D.[keit][feit]第1卷參考答案一.歷年考點試題黑鉆版1.參考答案：2.參考答案：F[解析]本題考查語音相近。語音相近是說一個音位的音位變體語音上必須相似，對其形態(tài)并無要求。3.參考答案：Thisutterancewouldbesemanticallyambiguousifitwasseenisolatedlywithoutanycontextofsituation.Itsinterpretationhastorelyonthecontextinwhichitwasuttered.

Therecouldbegenerallytwotypesofsituationinwhichthisutterancecouldhappen.Onemaybethatitissummer;theteacherjustcomeintotheclassandissweatingheavily.Theothermaybethatinclassthestudentsarequiteactivetowardsthequestionsorproblemstheteacherhasposed,forexample,discussingingroup,ordebatinginalargescale.

Accordingtothecooperativeprinciple,inourconversation,inordertobecooperative,thatis,tomakehisintentionstobeknownbythehearer,thespeakerwilltrytomakehisconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs.

Therefore,accordingtothethirdmaximofcooperativeprinciple,RELATION,whichsays"berelevant",theutterancecouldbeinterpreteddifferentlyasfollows:

Inthefirstsituation,whenthestudentsheartheteachersaying"it'ssohotinhere",theywouldprobablyassumethattheteacherisobeyingthecooperativeprinciple,andwhathesaysisrelevanttothecontext,whichisthattheteacherissweating,andmaybeaccompaniedbyfanninghimselfwithhishand.Therefore,whattheteachermeansisprobablythatthetemperatureishigh.What'smore,ifthewindowsintheclassroomareclosed,thisutterancewillgofurthertobeanimplicationofarequestforopeningthewindows.

Inthesecondsituation,thestudentswouldassumethattheteachershouldhaveobservedthemaximofrelation,sinceitisundernormalcircumstances.Giventhecontextinwhichthestudentsarediscussingordebatingaboutcertainquestionsfuriously,thehearerwouldtendtointerprettheteacher'sutteranceas:"youarediscussing(ordebating)soactively",whichimpliesapraisefortheactiveparticipationofthestudentsinclassactivity.4.參考答案：Classifiedbydifferentaims,thereareatleastfourmajortypesoftest:

(1)Aptitudetest

Aptitudetestattemptstomeasurethelearner'saptitudeornaturalabilitiestolearnlanguages.Thistypeoftestusuallyconsistsofseveraldifferenttestswhichmeasurerespectivelytheabilitytoidentifyandremembersoundpatternsinanewlanguage,theabilitytoidentifythegrammaticalfunctionsofdifferentpartsofsentences,theabilitytoworkoutmeaningswithoutexplanationinanewlanguage,andtheabilitytorememberwords,rulesandsooninanewlanguage.Inordertoassesstheseabilities,artificiallanguagesareoftenemployed.

(2)Proficiencytest

Thepurposeofproficiencytestistodiscoverwhatthetesteealreadyknowsaboutthetargetlanguage.Aproficiencytestisnotconcernedwithanyparticularcoursebutthelearner'sgeneralleveloflanguagemastery.AnexampleofproficiencytestistheAmericanTOEFL,whichisusedtomeasuretheEnglishlanguageproficiencyofforeignstudentswhowishtostudyintheUSA.TheformerEPTandthecurrentPETStestsofferedbytheMinistryofEducationalsobelongtothiscategory.

(3)Achievementtest

Anachievementtestassesseshowmuchalearnerhasmasteredthecontentsofaparticularcourse.Clearly,theitemsinsuchatestshouldbebasedonwhathasbeentaught.Themidtermandfinalexaminationsheldinschoolsanduniversitiesareoftentypicaltestsofthiskind.

(4)Diagnostictest

Adiagnostictestisdesignedtodiscovermainlywhatthetesteedoesnotknowaboutthelanguage.Forexample,adiagnosticEnglishpronunciationtestmaybeusedtoshowwhichsoundsastudentisandisnotabletopronounce.Atestofsuchkindcanhelptheteachertofindoutwhatiswrongwiththepreviouslearningandwhatshouldbeincludedinthefuturework.5.參考答案：Thefirstoneistypicalofdescriptivegrammar,whilethesecondoneisprescriptivegrammar.Thedescriptivegrammaraimstodescribehowpeoplespeakanddetailtheunderlyingknowledge.Itisbelievedindescriptivegrammarthatwhateveroccursinnaturalspeech,suchashesitation,incompleteutterance,shouldbedescribedintheanalysis,andnotbemarkedasincorrect,abnormal,orcorrupt;modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Whereas,theprescriptiveapproachaimstoteachpeoplehowtospeak,read,andwriteaparticularlanguage;inthe18thcentury,allthemainEuropeanlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively.

Forexample,thestatementthat"instandardEnglish,adoublenegativeisrarelyused"isadescription,showinghowthelanguageisusedinstandardEnglish,regardlesswhetheritiscorrectornot."Youshouldneveruseadouble-negative"isatypicalgrammarrulethatprescribeswhatshouldbegrammaticallycorrectintheStandardEnglish.Asforthespelling,prescriptionsays"judgment"iscorrect,butdescriptionaccuratelypointsoutthat"judgement"isconsideredbyEditedEnglishtobecorrecttoo,andadescriptiveaccountforthesetwodifferentspellingswillshowhowthelateroneisusedandwhousesit.6.參考答案：B7.參考答案：T[解析]本題考查組合原則。句子意義通常由成分詞的意義及其組合方式所決定的觀點通常叫做組合原則。8.參考答案：T[解析]本題考查關于語言的一些基本看法。關于語言的基本看法有很多，如兒童學習母語非常迅速、有效，無需什么教育；語言依循一定的規(guī)律運行；語言在緩慢地變化；每個人都說一種方言等。9.參考答案：Languagechangeisthemannerinwhichthephonetic,morphological,semantic,syntactic,andotherfeaturesofalanguagearemodifiedovertime.Alllanguagesarecontinuallychanging.Manyfactorscancausethechangeoflanguage.

1)Economy:Speakerstendtomaketheirutterancesasefficientandeffectiveaspossibletoreachtheircommunicativegoals.Speakinginvolvesthereforeaplanningofcostsandbenefits.

2)Analogy:Ananalogycanreducewordformsperceivedasirregularbyremakingthemintheshapeofmorecommonformsthataregovernedbyrules.Forexample,theEnglishverb"help"oncehadthepreterite"holp"andthepastparticiple"holpen".Theseobsoleteformshavebeendiscardedandreplacedby"helped"bythepowerofanalogy.However,irregularformscansometimesbecreatedbyanalogy;oneexampleistheAmericanEnglishpasttenseformof"dive:dove",formedonanalogywithwordssuchas"drive:drove".Neologismscanalsobeformedbyanalogywithexistingwords.Agoodexampleis"software",formedbyanalogywith"hardware".

3)Languagecontact:Languagecontactoccurswhenspeakersofdistinctspeechvarietiesinteract.Whenspeakersofdifferentlanguagesinteractclosely,itistypicalfortheirlanguagestoinfluenceeachother.Generallytherearefiveformsofinfluences.(1)Borrowingofvocabulary.Themostcommonwaythatlanguagesinfluenceeachotheristheexchangeofwords,like"toufu"isborrowedfromChinese"豆腐"for"beancurd".(2)Borrowingofotherlanguagefeatures.Theinfluencecangodeeper,extendingtotheexchangeofevenbasiccharacteristicsofalanguagesuchasmorphologyandgrammar.Forexample,astomorphologychange,EnglishhasbecomelessinflectionalthanancientEnglishinfluencedbyotherlanguages.(3)Languageshift.Theresultofthecontactoftwolanguagescanbethereplacementofonebytheother.Thisismorecommonwhenonelanguagehasahighersocialposition.Thissometimesleadstolanguageendangermentorextinction.(4)Substratalinfluence.However,whenlanguageshiftoccurs,thelanguagethatisreplaced(knownasthesubstratum)canleaveaprofoundimpressiononthereplacinglanguage(knownasthesuperstratum),whenpeopleretainfeaturesofthesubstratumastheylearnthenewlanguageandpassthesefeaturesontotheirchildren,leadingtothedevelopmentofanewvariety.Forexample,thedistinctpronunciationofthedialectofEnglishspokeninIrelandcomespartiallyfromtheinfluenceofthesubstratumofIrish.(5)Creationofnewlanguages:Creolizationandmixedlanguages.Languagecontactcanalsoleadtothedevelopmentofnewlanguageswhenpeoplewithoutacommonlanguageinteractclosely,developingapidgin,whichmayeventuallybecomeafull-fledgedcreolelanguagethroughtheprocessofcreolization.Amuchrarerbutstillobservedprocessistheformationofmixedlanguages.Whereascreolesareformedbycommunitieslackingacommonlanguage,mixedlanguagesareformedbycommunitiesfluentinbothlanguages.

4)Themediumofcommunication.Themostdistinctexampleisinternetlanguage,whichiscausedbythedevelopmentofinternetcommunication,withnewcharacteristics.[解析](本題考查引起語言發(fā)展變化的原因，并舉例說明。)10.參考答案：Thesuffix-atecarriestwosenses,onereferringto"make,leadto"byconvertingintoverbs,theotherreferringtopossesscertaincharacteristics,usuallyintheformofadjectives.Hence,"differentiate"shouldbedeletedfromthisgroupbecauseitisdifferentfromotherwordsintheirwordclass.11.參考答案：

Whatweactuallypronounceisasoundwhichisapproximatetothesound[m],becauseoftheassimilationofthefollowingsound[b],whichisabilabialconsonant.12.參考答案：RelevanceTheory(RT)wasformallyproposedbySperberandWilson.TheyarguethatallGriceanmaxims,includingtheCPitself,shouldbereducedtoasingleprincipleofrelevance,whichisdefinedas:Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.ToseeitsrelationwithGrice'sCooperativePrinciple,wehavetobeclearthattherearesomeproblemsamongtheCPanditsmaxims.First,althoughGricehasnoticedthatcommunicationisnotsimplyamatterofencodinganddecodingbutalsoinvolvesinference,hedidnotclarifywhodidtheworkofinferring.Nevertheless,inRTitismaintainedthatinferencehasonlytodowiththehearer.Therefore,theimageofcommunicationbecomesmorerounded:fromthespeaker'sside,communicationshouldbeseenasanactofmakingclearone'sintentiontoexpresssomething,andfromthehearer'sside,communicationshouldbeseenasanactofinferringthespeaker'sintention.

Second,theconceptofcontextinRTisdifferentfromthatinCP.AccordingtoGrice,itisthecontextnottherelationthatisgiven.However,asSperberandWilsonfound,sometimescontexthastoincludeallthebackgroundinformation,butsometimessomeinformationmustexcluded,otherwisetheeffortwillbeenlargedwithoutincreasingtheeffect.Inotherwords,thesizeofcontextisdeterminedbytheassumptiontoprocess.Itisnotgiven,butchosen;anditisrelevancethatisgiven.

Third,intheframeworkofRT,everyutterancecomeswithapresumptionofthebestbalanceofeffortagainsteffect,whichisquitedifferent,oradvancedfromthatofCP,inwhichanutterancecomeswiththespeaker'sobservationoftheCP,whichsomewhatconflictswiththefactthatpeopledonotalwaysfollowthatprincipleintheirdailyconversation.13.參考答案：TheI-principleisoneofthetripartitemodel,whichwassuggestedbyLevinsonmainlyinhis1987paper"PragmaticsandtheGrammarofAnaphor:APartialPragmaticReductionofBindingandControlPhenomena".Inessence,Levinsonsays,theQ-,I-andM-principlesareGrice'stwomaximsofQuantityandamaximofMannerreinterpretedneo-classically.

TheI-principleistheSpeaker'sMaxim:theMaximofMinimization."Sayaslittleasnecessary",i.e.producetheminimallinguisticinformationsufficienttoachieveyourcommunicationalends(bearingtheQ-principleinmind).[解析]本題考查語言學家Levinson提出的信息原則的