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即在Gre中,考生也不需要再考場(chǎng)上分析一句話的語(yǔ)法成分,也不要想這句話有沒(méi)目的有二:一為初學(xué)者如果看不懂句子得結(jié)構(gòu),往往會(huì)感到心情沮喪,或大腦,根本就翻譯,都只是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的輔助工具;最終的目的,是為了提高對(duì)英語(yǔ)的實(shí)際使用能 同時(shí)避免閱讀,克服內(nèi)心和喉頭與嘴唇的顫動(dòng),關(guān)鍵是: d 速度與理解力的平衡點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練 GRE閱讀,包括數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯中的一些題干的一大特點(diǎn),也就是一點(diǎn),就是充斥著一些或很長(zhǎng)、或很怪異的句子,稱之為GRE難句。句子,作為任何閱讀文章最基本的然而,GRE難句絕非不可攻克,只要訓(xùn)練方法得當(dāng),并且能更每天半小時(shí)左右進(jìn)行練習(xí),GRE難句完全可以在一個(gè)月甚至幾周內(nèi)被攻破,而做到這點(diǎn),對(duì) GRE考生的意義 理解力,提高對(duì)文章整體的把握能力;第四,可以增們的自信心,產(chǎn)生一種閱讀中的順暢的愉,使 在學(xué)習(xí)GRE中不再沉浸在一種煩躁的情緒之中,真正的與文章的內(nèi)容GRE難句的由來(lái):知道,GRE文章都摘自的科學(xué)或?qū)W術(shù)。曾經(jīng)到ETS改編和壓縮之后,GRE句子變得句子冗長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、信息量大,讀者的;因此GRE的難句完GRE難句與文章內(nèi)容的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系: 經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),GRE的各種文章中,句子的文學(xué)評(píng)論性文章比較害怕的下一番功夫攻克GRE難句,就顯得更為重要了。;2 Themethodsth ommunitydevisestoperpetuateitselfcomeintobeingtopreserveaspectsoftheculturallegacythatthatcommunityperceivesasessential.讀法:初級(jí):讀出主謂賓來(lái)。分析:主語(yǔ):Themethodscomintobeingto 稱之為“打岔” Moreover,Icanfeelstrongemotionsinresponsetoobjectsofartthatareinterpretationsratherthanrepresentations,of讀法:初級(jí):跳過(guò)語(yǔ);高級(jí):直接讀;查查能力:大腦容量+能 ratiowillbefavoredwhi aximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted. ratiowhiaximizesthenumberofdescendantsthatanindividualwillhaveandhence ratiowhiaximizethenumberofgenecopiestransmittedwillbefavered。難。如上例原句中的省略,在第二個(gè)thenumberof前省略了"rationwhiaximizes".1ab2作:bringtoBA例:YetWaltzer’sargumenthoweverdeficientdoespointtooneofthemostseriousweaknessesofcapitalism-namely,thatitbringstopredominantpositionsinasocietypeoplewho,nomatterhowlegitimaytheyhaveearnedtheirmaterialrewards,oftenlackthoseotherqualitiesthatevokeaffectionoradmiration.類似的情況:throwoverinsertintoimportintoinferfrom,establishforadvocateas例:makepossible單詞或者句子)3althoughwhich(that如:qualities(suchasthecapacityforhardworkessentialinproducing4suchas,sothattootomorethanfromAtoBbetweenAandB5Despitethesevaguecategories,oneshouldnotclaimunequivocallythathostilitybetweenrecognizableclassescannotbelegitima yobserved.GRE難句訓(xùn)練法GRE文章,凡有讀一兩遍不懂的句子,摘下或輸入電腦:每天花204種難句的結(jié)構(gòu),因此可以預(yù)判和自絕無(wú)之感。GRE難句,就是要達(dá)到上面所談的這種高級(jí)讀法的境界,直接讀下來(lái)(3行以上的語(yǔ)就知道句子的意思當(dāng)然這種讀法必須以反復(fù)的針對(duì)難句的訓(xùn)練為前提而如果訓(xùn)練成功ETS所你的種種大腦的能力也就通通無(wú)效了GRE學(xué)習(xí)的大秘訣就在于把考場(chǎng)上你的難點(diǎn)和需要你花大量時(shí)間思考的東西兌換成考場(chǎng)下你的時(shí)間和努力。句子就像是應(yīng)該這樣寫(xiě)、如果是你來(lái)寫(xiě)這些句子,你也要寫(xiě)一樣。特別提一下,經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)速度都得到了大幅度的提高,興奮地來(lái)找告訴再?zèng)]有完全讀不懂的文章了。而大多數(shù)GREGRE學(xué)習(xí)才算真正入了門。為了節(jié)省寶貴的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間,在校長(zhǎng)之鼓勵(lì)下,將GRENO4-No921套題84篇文章及GRE國(guó)內(nèi)題(90-94)1456篇文章中的所有難句進(jìn)行了摘錄和分類,盡列于此。由于絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)對(duì)需要留下10套???,其句子沒(méi)有收錄,且由于題閱讀Tofel100難句,此天意也?Thatratiowillbefavored(有利的)whiaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.(5,下同)willBEfavored那種比例能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)所能擁有的后代數(shù)量并因此能在最大程度上增(Thisis)Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgiveawayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecordexactlyandconcreythestructureandtextureofaflower.(5++)復(fù)雜+倒裝+省略;(這是一種)的此從來(lái)就不會(huì)的取代后面的那種后者是可以將其部分的解為一個(gè)兼任小說(shuō)加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的。Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.(3)n沖動(dòng)(突然的心愿或?qū)е?考慮的行動(dòng)和感受的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無(wú)法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來(lái);另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。VirginiaWoolf’sprovocativestatementaboutherintentionsinwritingMrs.Dallowayhasregularlybeenignoredbythecritics,seithighlightsanaspectofherliryinterestsverydifferentfromthetraditionalpictureofthe"poetic"novelistconcernedwithexaminingstatesofreverieandvisionandwithfollowingtheintricatepathwaysofindividualconsciousness.(5)reverien幻想;(一種抽象狀態(tài) adj錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的=elaborate致力于追尋意識(shí)的通幽曲徑。AssheputitinTheCommonReader,“ItissafetosaythatnotasinglelawhasbeenframedoronestonesetuponanotherbecauseofanythingChaucersaidorwrote;andyet,aswereadhim,weareabsorbingmoralityateverypore.”(5-)andyetassheputitinthecommonreader,”itissafetosaythat的weareabsorbingsthateverypore就像她在《致普通讀者》一書(shū)中所表達(dá)的那樣“盡管可以的說(shuō),沒(méi)有任何法律被指定出來(lái),也沒(méi)有任何高樓被建立起來(lái)是因?yàn)檎f(shuō)了什么或者寫(xiě)了什么;然而,當(dāng) Withtheconclusionofaburstactivity,thelacticacidlevelishighinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerabletoattackuntiltheacidisreconvertedviaoxidativemetabolism新陳代謝bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent(inpart)backtothemusclesforglycogenresynthesis.burst突然破裂,爆發(fā),脈沖n葡萄糖(一種單糖,廣見(jiàn)于大多數(shù)動(dòng)植物組織,是血液中基本的循環(huán)糖和等主要糖"(4+)隨著爆發(fā)出來(lái)的的結(jié)束,再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高,使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到的狀態(tài),直到乳酸通過(guò)有氧新陳代謝,被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成(convertinto)葡萄糖,而葡萄糖接下來(lái)又會(huì)(部分)傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。AlthoughGutmanadmits dseparationbysalefrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’preference,revealedmostclearlyonntationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasveryforstablemonogamy.雖然古承認(rèn)由于而造成的離散甚為頻繁但他還是證明的愛(ài)——在那些并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來(lái)——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制(monogmyGutmanarguesconvinglythatthestabilityoftheBlackfamilyencouragedthetransmissionof-andsowascrucialinsustaining-theBlackheritageoffolklore,music,andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother,aheritagethatwerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanexperiences.(4)Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanruleserningmarriage,which,thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionunionswithclosekin.withclosekin)的。HisthesisworksrelativelywellwhenappliedtodiscriminationBlacksintheUnitedStates,buthisdefinitionofracialprejudiceas"racially-basednegativeprejudgmentsagroupgenerallyacceptedasaraceinanygivenregionofethniccompetition,"canbeinterpretedasalsoludinghostilitytowardsuchethnicgroupsasthe inCaliforniaandtheJewsinmedievalEurope.(4+)針對(duì)該社會(huì)學(xué)家題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)的時(shí),相對(duì)而言尚能適用,但他對(duì)種族利福尼亞州的以及中世紀(jì)的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的態(tài)度。Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalnegligibleItwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconditionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.(5)Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas"commoncurrency"throughoutthenervoussystem.(4)盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同,這一點(diǎn)從來(lái)都沒(méi)有在嚴(yán)格Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.(4)Althoughsomeexperimentsshowthat,asanobjectbecomesfamiliar,itsrepresentationbecomesmoreholisticandtherecognitionprocesscorrespondinglymoreparallel,theweightofevidenceseemstosupporttheserialhypothesis,atleastforobjectsthatarenotnotablysimpleandfamiliar.(4+)hypothesisInlargepartasaconsequenceofthefeministmovement,historianshavefocusedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsondeterminingmoreaccuraythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods.(3+)在很大程度上,由于女權(quán)主義(feministmovement)的緣故,史學(xué)家近年來(lái)匯聚大量的注意力,來(lái)更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個(gè)時(shí)期的地位。FocusAonIfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfact–realAmazoniansocieties–butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.(4)如果先研究一下為什么古人會(huì)提到亞馬遜達(dá)觀察的事實(shí)——真正的亞麻遜社會(huì)的——而是為了對(duì)于婦女在其社會(huì)中的的預(yù)期提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)。Thus,forinstance,itmaycomeasashocktomathematicianstolearnthattheequationforthehydrogenatomisnotali llycorrectdescriptionofthisatom,butonlyanapproximationtoasomewhatmorecorrectequationtakingaccountofspin,maicdipole,andrelativisticeffects;andthatthiscorrected equationisitselfonlyanimperfectapproximationtoaninfinitesetof quantumfield-theoreticalequations.(5)因此,舉例來(lái)說(shuō),對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)家而言,了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已,即(Schrodige考慮在內(nèi)的方程式;而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值,趨近于無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的一整套量子場(chǎng)論方程式。Thephysicistrightlydreadspreciseargument,seanargumentthatisconvingonlyifitispreciselosesallitsiftheassumptionsonwhichitisbasedareslightlychanged,whereasanargumentthatisconvingthoughimprecisemaywellbestableundersmallperturbationsofitsunderlyingassumptions.(5+)與此相反,一個(gè)盡管并不精確無(wú)誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù),在其基本假設(shè)However,astheygainedcohesion,theBluestockingscametoregardthemselvesasawomen’sgroupandtopossessasenseoffemalesolidaritylackinginthesalonnieres,whoremainedisolatedfromoneanotherbytheprimacyeachheldinherownsalon.(4-)Asmyownstudieshaveadvanced,Ihavebeenreasinglyimpressedwiththefunctionalsimilaritiesbetweeninsectandvertebratesocietiesandlesssowiththestructuraldifferencesthatseem,atfirstglance,toconstitutesuchanimmensegulfbetweenthem.(5)隨 研究不斷深入 對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)和脊椎動(dòng)物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來(lái)愈深刻Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.(4)雖然小說(shuō)無(wú)疑于情狀,但其作者則是以非的方式對(duì)這些情狀作出反應(yīng)的,而將小說(shuō)和故事主要地當(dāng)作的工具來(lái)探討,會(huì)在相當(dāng)程度上小說(shuō)Isthisadefect,oraretheauthorsworkingoutof,ortryingtoforge,adifferentkindofaesthetic?(3)Inaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likenToomer’sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefatewhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression?(5)不僅如此,有些小說(shuō)(比如JT的甘蔗)的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義;種技巧是否為流行的提供了一個(gè)和諧的對(duì)應(yīng)呢?這種刻畫(huà)了注意與之相抗?fàn)庍\(yùn),這是一個(gè)通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的。BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan.(4)注意:bringAtoB——〉bringtoBA 注意到了某些引人入(AutobiographyofanEx-ColoredManAlthoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurface,radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.(4)雖然這些分子允見(jiàn)波長(zhǎng)(visiblewavelength)的輻射——陽(yáng)光的絕大部分能量就匯wavelengthemission,Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints—waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat"comenaturally"inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.(4)Whichofthefollowingmostprobablyprovidesanappropriateogyfromhumanmorphologyforthe“details”versus“constraints”disttionmadeinthepassageinrelationtohumanbehavior?(5)Alownumberofalgalcellsinthepresenceofahighnumberofgrazerssuggested,butdidnotprove,thatthegrazershadremovedmostofthealgae.(3+)在存在大量食草動(dòng)物的同時(shí)卻量的水藻花粉囊,這暗示出——但沒(méi)能證明——食Perhapsthefactmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinphytonkton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytonkton(nannonkton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.(5) StudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesofindividualzoonktonspeciesinthelaboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditionsusingtheknownpopulationdensityofgrazers.(5)由哈(Hargrave)和Geen)所進(jìn)行的研究,對(duì)自然條件下的群落捕食速Intheperiods ofpeakzoonktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haneyrecordedumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poor lakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytonktonproduction.(3+)在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的期,亦即在春季后期以及夏季,哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每6.6%114%.Thehydrologiccycle,amajortopicinthisscience,isthecompletecycleofphenomenathroughwhichwaterpasses,beginningasatmosphericwatervapor,passingintoliquidandsolidformasprecipitation,thencealongandintothegroundsurface,andfinallyagainreturningtotheformofatmosphericwatervaporbymeansofevaporationandtranspiration.cycleOnlywhenasystempossessesnaturalorartificialboundariesthatassociatethewaterwithinitthehydrologiccyclemaytheentiresystemproperlybetermedhydrogeologic.(4)ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelosteadilyintheUnitedStatesseabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier——thatis,thedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.(4)史學(xué)家.杰.FrederickJ.Turner)于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道,約18世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿,由于國(guó)內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)(internalIntheearly1950’s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlarge investigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepolitical bishops,andlocal magnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.(4)二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期,研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲(此處可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時(shí)期的歐洲)的史學(xué)家,首次以眾多的人數(shù)(的書(shū)中:第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù),開(kāi)始前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù),而非那些構(gòu)成了與社會(huì)HistorianssuchasLeRoyLaduriehaveusedthestoextractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups(theseattitudeslude,butarenotconfinedto,attitudestowardcrimeandthelaw)andhaverevealedhowtheadministeredjustice.(3+)。象勒羅伊(LeRoyLadurie)一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史(casehistory)來(lái),闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度(這些態(tài)度包括,但并非局限于,對(duì)和法律的態(tài)度并揭示出是如何執(zhí)行審判的。。ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatahistorianwhowishedtocomparecrimeratesperthousandinaEuropeancityinonedecadeofthefifteenthcenturywithcrimeratesinanotherdecadeofthatcenturywouldprobablybemostaidedbybetterinformationaboutwhichofthefollowing?(5)人的率與另外一個(gè)十年中的率的學(xué)家將會(huì)被以下那種信息的提高所最好Mypointisthatitscentralconsciousness—itsprofoundunderstandingofclassandgenderasshainfluencesonpeople’slives—owesmuchtothatearlierliryheritage,aheritagethat,ingeneral,hasnotbeensufficientlyvaluedbymostcontemporarylirycritics.(4)論點(diǎn)是,其作品的意識(shí)——它將和作為人們生活的決定性影響而作Eventherequirementthatbiomaterialsprocessedfromthesematerialsbenontoxictotissuecanbemetbytechniquesderivedfromstudyingthereactionsoftissueculturestobiomaterialsorfromshort-termimnts.(5)Butachievingnecessarymatchesinphysicalpropertiesacrossinterfacesbetweenlivingandnonlivingmatterrequiresknowledgeofwhioleculescontrolthebondingofcellstoeachother—anareathatwehavenotyetexploredthoroughly.(4) clawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw—notwithstanding,ofcourse,aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcerned—thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequaythefullrangeofpossiblelegal?(BothJewishlawandcanonlawaremoreuniformthan claw.)ThoughhistoricallythereisadiscerniblebreakbetweenJewishlawofthesovereignstateofancientIsraelandoftheDiaspora(thedispersionofJewishpeopleaftertheconquestofIsrael,thespiritofthelegalmatterinlaterpartsoftheOldTestamentisveryclosetothatoftheTalmud,oneoftheprimarycodificationsofJewishlawintheDiaspora.(5)盡管從角度來(lái)看,在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國(guó)家的猶太教法與大流散時(shí)Islam,ontheotherhand,representedaradicalbreakawayfromtheArabpaganismthatprecededit;clawistheresultofanexamination,fromareligiousangle,(examination)oflegalsubjectmatterthatwasfarfromuniform,comprisingasitdidthevariouscomponentsofthelawsofpre-cArabiaandnumerouslegalelementstakenoverfromthenon-Arabpeoplesoftheconqueredterritories.(4)所致的結(jié)果,而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前國(guó)家(Pre-cArabia)法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非民族借鑒過(guò)來(lái)的無(wú)數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。(asitdid)實(shí)際上是一句語(yǔ)。Onesuchnovelideais that(idea)ofinsertingintothechromosomesofntsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartofthents’naturalconstitution:specifically,theideaofinsertingintononleguminousntsthegenes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfittheleguminousntstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.Hence,(thereis)theintensifiedresearchonlegumes.(,此句最能夠熟讀,更好的是背誦下來(lái)(雜修飾++省略+倒裝)這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是在植物的(chroosoe內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然些倘若這些可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)并被分離開(kāi)來(lái)而這些業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此,對(duì)豆科植物的研究日趨深入。Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonntgrowtheventhoughthents’leavesarebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.(3+)下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)諷刺:土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對(duì)Unlesstheysucceed,theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylostevenifgenesinlegumesthatequipthosentstoenterintoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixersareidentifiedandisolated,andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes,oncetheyarefound,becomespossible.(4)豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)和分離complexItssubject(touseMaynardMack’scategories)is"life-as-spectacle,"forreaders,divertedbyitsvarious Iliad,however,presents"life-aperience":readersareaskedtoidentifywiththemindofAchilles,whosemotivationsrenderhimanotparticularlylikablehero.(5)其〔若借鑒。(MaynardMack的兩個(gè)分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”,因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形的所分散,主要是從外部來(lái)觀察其主人公斯(Odys)的;然而,富于悲劇色彩的《》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”:讀者被要求與(Achills)的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴,而其行為動(dòng)機(jī)(注:hero:人公;withot:外部;ikble:有的Moststrikingamongthemanyasymmetriesevidentinanadultflatfishiseyecement:beforematurityoneeyemigrates,sothatinanadultflatfishbotheyesareonthesamesideofthehead.(3+)AcritiqueofHandlin’sinterpretationofwhylegaldidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenandracialprejudiceshouldbereexamined,andthatexnationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.(4)一個(gè)對(duì)于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的制沒(méi)有在17世紀(jì)60年代以前出現(xiàn)的所作解于在和南美之間的對(duì)黑怒的不同處理的解釋?xiě)?yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。Thebestevidenceforthelayered-mantlethesisisthewell-establishedfactthatvolcanicrocksfoundonoceanicislands,islandsbelievedtoresultfrommantleplumesarisingfromthelowermantle,arecomposedofmaterialfundamentallydifferentfromthatofthemid-oceanridgesystem,whosesource,mostgeologistscontend,istheuppermantle.(5-)些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來(lái)的地幔柱狀溶巖流(mantleplume)——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的Somegeologists,however,onthebasisofobservationsconcerningmantlexenoliths,arguethatthemantleisnotlayered,butthatheterogeneityiscreatedbyfluidsrichin"ompatibleelements"(elementstendingtowardliquidratherthansolidstatepercolatingupwardandtransformingportionsoftheuppermantleirregularly,accordingtothevagariesofthefluids’pathways.(4+)FalloisproposedthatProusthadtriedtobeginanovelin1908,abandoneditforwhatwastobealongdemonstrationofSaint-Beuve’sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreatwriting,foundtheessaygivingriseto almemoriesandfictionaldevelopments,andallowedthesetotakeoveritasteadilydevelonovel.(5-)F認(rèn)為,P在1908年試圖開(kāi)始寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō),又為了寫(xiě)一部S-B的作品的真本質(zhì)的的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說(shuō),其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一又勾起了其個(gè)人Theveryrichnessandcomplexityofthemeaningfulrelationshipsthatkeptpresentingandrearrangingthemselvesonalllevels,from inligencetoprofounddreamyfeelings,madeitdifficultforProusttosetthemoutcoherently.(5)Butthoseofwhohoped,withKolb,thatKolb’snewlypublishedcompleteeditionofProust’scorrespondencefor1909wouldtheprocessingreaterdetailaredisappointed.(4) NowwemustalsoexaminethecultureasweMexicanAmericanshaveexperiencedit,passingfromasovereignpeopletocompatriotswithnewlyarrivingsettlersto,finally,aconqueredpeople–acharterminorityonourownland.(5-)現(xiàn)在須也按 墨西哥裔的人的經(jīng)歷來(lái)審視這個(gè)文化 的經(jīng)歷是從Itispossibletomakespecificcomplementarys(cs)thatcanserveasmolecularRNs(mRNsofmakingthehormones,thecellswillcontaintheseMrna’S.Iftheproductsthebraellsmakeresemblethehormonesbutarenotidenticaltothem,thenthecsshouldstillbindtothesemRNA’s,butshouldnotbindastightlyastheywouldtomRNA’sforthetruehormones.probeRNs(mRNs就會(huì)含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全Themolecularapproachtodetectingpeptidehormonesusingcprobesshouldalsobemuchfasterthantheimmunologicalmethodbecauseitcantakeyearsoftediouspurificationstoisolatepeptidehormonesandthendeveloperumstothem.(4)采用 探子來(lái)測(cè)定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時(shí)也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速出來(lái),然后再培養(yǎng)出針對(duì)它們的抗。Nevertheless,researchersofthePleistoceneepochhavedevelopedallsortsofmoreorlessfancifulmodelschemesofhowtheywouldhavearrangedtheIceAgehadtheybeenhargeofevents.(3+)來(lái)顯示如果由他們來(lái)決定地質(zhì)的話他們將會(huì)如何安排冰川紀(jì)Thissuccessionwasbasedprimarilyonaseriesofdepositsandeventsnotdirectlyrelatedtoglacialandinterglacialperiods,ratherthanonthemoreusualmodernmethodofstudyingbiologicalremainsfoundininterglacialbedsthemselvesinterstratifiedwithinglacialdeposits.地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì),而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法,去研究間冰層(interglacialbed)中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物,而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化(inerstaifiedTherehavebeenattemptstoexinthesetaboosintermsofinappropriatesocialrelationshipseitherbetweenthosewhoareinvolvedandthosewhoarenotsimultaneouslyinvolvedinthesatisfactionofabodilyneed,orbetweenthosealreadysatiatedandthosewhoappeartobeshamelesslygorging.(5)ManycriticsofFamilyBronte’snovelWutheringHeightsseeitssecondpartasacounterpointthatcommentson,ifitdoesnotreverse,thefirstpart,wherea"romantic"readingreceivesmoreconfirmation.(5)研究。(EmilyBronte)小說(shuō)《呼嘯山莊(WutheringHeights)的許多GrantedthatthepresenceoftheseelementsneednotargueanauthorialawarenessofnovelisticconstructioncomparabletothatofHenryJames,theirpresencedoes(15)encourageattemptstounifythenovel’sheterogeneousparts.(4+)誠(chéng)然,這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對(duì)小說(shuō)架構(gòu)的意識(shí)可與James)的那種意識(shí)相比擬;然則,任何力圖將小說(shuō)所有形形的因素統(tǒng)一起來(lái)的做Grantedthat:=admitted,ofThisisnotbecausesuchaninterpretationnecessarilystiffensintoathesis(althoughrigidityinanyinterpretationofthisorofanynovelisalwaysadanger,butbecauseWutheringHeightshasrecalcitranementsofundeniablepowerthat,ultimay,resistlusioninanall-encompassinginterpretation.(5)解釋中,死板總是一種,而是因?yàn)椤逗魢[山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素,以其無(wú)可辯駁的,最終被囿于一個(gè)囊括無(wú)遺的解釋中。Theisotopiccompositionofleadoftenvariesfromonesourceofcommoncopperoretoanother,withvariationceedingthemeasurementerror;andpreliminarystudiesindicatevirtuallyuniformistopiccompositionoftheleadfromasinglecopper-oresource.(4)Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidentalatta entoftheseedstofeathers,orinternally,bytheswallowingoffruitand excretionofthe通過(guò)方式,即由于鳥(niǎo)類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來(lái)。Along-heldviewofthehistoryofEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’stowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthhangetoamoreimperial,dominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectives,generatedthetensionsthatultimayledtotheAmericanRevolution.(4+)一個(gè)對(duì)于后來(lái)成了的英國(guó)殖民地的的長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為英國(guó)在1763年策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴(kuò)張主義的目標(biāo)所左右——產(chǎn)生了最終導(dǎo)致的緊張氣Itisnotknownhowrarethisresemblanceis,orwhetheritismostoftenseeninlusionsofsilicatessuchasga,whosecrystallographyisgenerallysomewhatsimilartothatofdiamond;butwhenpresent,theresemblanceisregardedascompellingevidencethatthediamondsandlusionsaretrulycogic.(4)旦存在,這種類似就被視作極有說(shuō)服力的,證明石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodel,suchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSociety,attachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority.(4+)即使是對(duì)這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評(píng),諸如《的社會(huì)(DividedSociety)一書(shū)中所那種,亦將少數(shù)民族同化問(wèn)題過(guò)分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)移動(dòng)性的因素聯(lián)Theyarecalledvirtualparticlesinordertodistinguishthemfromrealparticles,whoselifetimesarenotconstrained inthesameway,andwhichcanbedetected.(3)particleOpenacknowledgementoftheexistenceofwomen’soppressionwastooradicalfortheUnitedStatedinthefifties,andBeauvoir’sconclusion,thatchangeinwomen’seconomiccondition,thoughinsufficientbyitself,“remainsthebasicfactor”inimprovingwomen’ssituation,wasparticularlyunacceptable.(4+)公開(kāi)對(duì)婦女的存在的承認(rèn)對(duì)于50年代的而言有些過(guò)分激進(jìn),而且B的結(jié)論OthertheoristsproposethattheMoonwasrippedoutoftheEarth’srockymantlebytheEarth’scollisionwithanotherlargecelestialbodyaftermuchoftheEarth’sironfelltoitscore.(4)其他的理論家提出,在地球的大部分鐵沉入到地核,由于地球與另一個(gè)However,recentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdisttlyPuritan,suchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulse,werenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawhole,butwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofMassachusettsandConnecticut.(4)是在很大程度上只局限與諸賽和兩個(gè)州。Thus,whatontrasttothePuritancoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitiveness,astronginterestinpoliticsandthelaw,andatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticut,butalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.(4)殊南方色彩的特征——對(duì)和法律的濃厚以及培養(yǎng)大都市文化模式的傾向——不僅僅要比清教的諸塞州和康乃涅克州所展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的文化模式更具有典型的英國(guó)色彩,并且?guī)缀醯貥?gòu)成了絕大多數(shù)其它早期近代英國(guó)殖民地的特征,從巴巴多斯北至和新罕布什爾州。PortrayalsofthefolkofMecklenburgCounty,NorthCarolina,whomheremembersfromearlychildhood,ofthejazzmusiciansandtenementroofsofhisHarlemdays,ofPittsburghsteelworkers,andhisreconstructionofclassicalGreekmythsintheguiseoftheancientBlackkingdomofBenin,attesttothis.(5)MH話得寵俗,都表現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。Intheguiseof:”假借、在…的幌子下,假裝”。Averyspecializedfeedingadaptationinzoonktonisthatofthetadpolelikeappendicularianwholivesinawalnut-sized(orsmaller)balloonofmucusequippedwithfiltersthatcaptureandconcentratephytonkton.(4)Thesehistorians,however,haveyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.但是,這些史學(xué)家還不曾充分地分析同一時(shí)期中那些具體的女權(quán)和活動(dòng)的發(fā)Apparentlymostmassivestarsmanagetolosesufficientmaterialthattheirmassesdropbelowthecriticalvalueof1.4Mbeforetheyexhausttheirnuclearfuel.(5)1.4M以下。難在:sufficient…that…=somuch(many)…that…Thisissoeventhougharmedsoperateinanethosofinstitutionalchangeorientedtowardoccupationalequalityandunderthefederalsanctionofequalpayforequalwork.(5)即使是是在一種趨向職業(yè)的制度變遷的風(fēng)氣中運(yùn)作的時(shí)候,而且即使Whenthecoreofagiantstarwhosemasssurpasses1.4timesthepresentmassofour(M⊙)exhaustsitsnuclearfuel,itisunabletosupportitsownweightandcollapsesintoatinyneutronstar.(4) 無(wú)法支撐自身的重量,并收縮成為一顆小型中子星(neutronstarAnimpact(ontheMars)capableofejectingafragmentoftheMartiansurfaceintoanEarth-intersectingorbitis
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