2023年研究生類研究生入學(xué)考試專業(yè)課英語(yǔ)專業(yè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)題庫(kù)

2023年研究生類研究生入學(xué)考試專業(yè)課英語(yǔ)專業(yè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)題庫(kù)卷I一.歷年考點(diǎn)試題黑鉆版(共50題)1.Senserelationofwords.2.Wordsreferringtospendingandfinance(suchascost,spend,invest,buy,sell)alsohaveabstractmetaphoricaluses,asin:

Thatmistakewillcostyoualot.

Heinvestedalotoftimeintheproject.

You'reonlybuyingtroubleifyoudothat.

Givethreeadditionalexamplesofthemetaphoricaluseofwordsfromtherealmofspendingandfinance.Thendiscusshowthemetaphoricalusesarerelatedtotheconcretefinancialmeanings.3.langueandparole4.Explainthe(communicative)PrincipleofRelevance,anduseittoexplainwhyinanormalcircumstancethesentenceJohnwenttothebankmeansthatJohnwenttoamoney-institutionratherthanthatJohnwenttothebankofariver.5.Cardinalvowel6.TheEnglishsentenceIfonlyIcouldfly!isinimperativemood.7.amusing8.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand______.A.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesB.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.D.Alloftheabove.9.human10.languageuniversals11.V

isthedegreetowhichatestmeasureswhatitismeanttomeasure.12.[Focusonthefelicityconditionsofspeechactperfonnance]A.truthconditionB.sincerityconditionC.essentialconditionD.preparatorycondition13.A.Ahurricanekilledeightpeople

B.Eightpeoplediedinahurricane14.Inthesentence"Moneyisoftensaidtobetherootofallevil","root"isusedinitsconceptualmeaning.15.existent,dependent,detergent,confident16.Modemlinguisticsbeganfrom______,whoisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodemlinguistics".A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure17.Pleaseuseexamplestoillustratethefunctionsoflanguage.18.greed19.______isacognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore"mentalspaces"areintegratedviaprojectingintoanew,blendedspacewhichhasitsuniquestructure.A.TheReferentialTheoryB.SpeechActTheoryC.TheClassicalTheoryD.BlendingTheory20.Atwhatpointismeaningextractedfromthewordsinatext?Thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprocessesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordisencountered;thisisknownasthe______.21.Displacement22.Chomsky'sTransformational-GenerativeGrammarhasbeenchallengedbyanumberofotherapproachestolanguage.23.FourcategoriesofMaximsinGrice'sCooperativePrincipleincludeallthefollowingEX-CEPT______.A.MannerB.RelationC.Qualification24.PaulGricemadeadistinctionbetweenwhathecalled"constatives"and"performatives".25.InHalliday'sSystemicGrammar,asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose.Sotheyaremeanings,whichthegrammarcandistinguish.Theitemsinasystemarecalled______.26.WhydidChomskymakethedistinctionbetweenDeepandSurfacestructures?27.Textualcohesivenesscanberealizedbyemployingallthefollowingcohesivedevicesexcept______.A.conjunctionB.ellipsisC.collocationD.lexicalrepetition28.Synchroniclinguistics29.Thespeechacttheorywasdevelopedby______.A.JohnSearleB.JohnAustinC.LevinsonD.G.Leech30.[Focusonthepropertiesofconversationalimplicature]A.indeterminacyB.calculabilityC.defeasibilityD.interestingness31.finite32.Theylookedupthewordinthedictionary.33.threatened34.WecanrefertoSocratesandPlatowhohavebeendeadforyears.Thisindicatesadesignfeatureoflanguage-d

.35.Whatisyourunderstandingoflinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence?Doyouagreewithdrawingadistinctionbetweenthesetwocompetences?Whyorwhynot?Pleasejustifyyouranswerwithoneortwoexamples.36.Birdandcuckoohavethesenserelationofhyponymy.Whichofthefollowingpairsofwordshasthesamesenserelation?______A.VowelandconsonantB.MouthandtongueC.LexiconandwordD.Numberandgender37.Whatisyouropinionon"truesynonymyisnon-existent"?38.Classifythefollowingpairsofantonyms.

innocent—guilty

parent—child

hospitable—unfriendly

true—false39.Wordswhichhavedifferentmeaningsbutarewrittendifferentlyandsoundalikearecalled

.40.Incomponentialanalysis,______maybeanalyzedintoHUMAN,ADULTandFEMALE.A.boyB.girlC.manD.woman41.Whatkindofwordscanfunctionas"X"?42.Multipleprocessesinwordformation43.phonology44.cohorttheory45.genderdifference46.outbound,outsell,outshine,outgrow47.linguisticdeterminism48.enthuse49.Syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.50.[m]卷I參考答案一.歷年考點(diǎn)試題黑鉆版1.參考答案：(1)Synonymy

Synonymyisusedtomeansamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Synonymsaretwoormoreformswithverycloselyrelatedmeanings,whichareoften,butnotalways,intersubstitutableinsentences.Examplesofsynonymsarethepairsbroad-wide,hide-conceal,almost-nearly,cab-taxi,liberty-freedom,andanswer-reply.

Somesemanticiansmaintain,however,thattherearenorealsynonyms,becausetwoormorewordsnamedsynonymsareexpectedwithoutexceptiontodifferfromoneanotherinoneofthefollowingaspects:inshadesofmeaning(e.g.,finish,complete,close,conclude,terminate,finalize,end,etc.),instylisticmeaning,inemotivemeaning(oraffectivemeaning),inrangeofuse(orcollocativemeaning),inBritishandAmericanEnglishusages[e.g.,autumn(BrE),fall(AmE)].

(2)Antonymy

Antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types:gradableantonymy,complementaryantonymy,andconverseantonymy.

Gradableantonymyisthecommonesttypeofantonymy,inwhichthemembersofapairdifferintermsofdegree.Thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.Forexample,good-bad,big-smallandhot-coldareofthistype.

Complementaryantonymyreferstothesenserelationinwhichthemembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Forexample,single-married,dead-aliveandmale-femaleareofthistype.

Converseantonymyisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.Forexample,buy-sellandparent-childareofthistype.

(3)Hyponymy

Hyponymyinvolvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.Thatistosay,whenXiskindofY,thelowertermXisthe"hyponym",andtheuppertermYisthe"superordinate".Twoormorehyponymssharingthesamesuperordinate.arecalled"co-hyponyms".Forexample,"flower"isthesuperordinateof"tulip","violet"and"rose",whicharetheco-hyponymsof"flower".

(4)Polysemy

Polysemyreferstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

Forexample,"negative"means(1)astatementsayingormeaning"no",(2)arefusalordenial,(3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.

(5)Homonymy

Thetermhomonymyisusedwhenoneform(writtenandspoken)hastwoormoreunrelatedmeanings.Thefollowingtypesareofhomonymy.

(1)Homographs—wordswhichareidenticalinspelling,butdifferentinmeaningandpronunciation:tear

(2)Homophones—wordswhichareidenticalinpronunciation,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning:see/sea.

(3)Completehomonyms—wordswhichareidenticalinspellingandpronunciation,butdifferentinmeaning:bear(v.togivebirthtoababy/tostand)/bear(n.akindofanimal).[解析]本題考查詞匯間的涵義關(guān)系。一般來(lái)說(shuō)有幾種公認(rèn)的涵義關(guān)系：同義關(guān)系、反義關(guān)系、上下義關(guān)系、一詞多義關(guān)系和同音/同形異義關(guān)系。2.參考答案：Thethreeadditionalexamplesofthemetaphoricaluseofwordsfromtherealmofspendingandfinanceare:

①Hetrieshisbesttobuytimebynegotiating.

②Whyinvesttimeandenergyinsomethingthatweallhate?

③Carelessdrivingcosthimhislife.

Traditionally,buy,investandcostareusuallyusedbeforeconcretethings,howeverwecouldalsounderstanditwhenitisusedonabstract.Itisbecausewecouldunderstandthingsfromtheperspectiveofmetaphor.Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.It'softendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.Thetargetdomainistheexperiencebeingdescribedbythemetaphorandthesourcedomainisthemeansthatweuseinordertodescribetheexperience.3.參考答案：Langueandparole:ThesetwotermswereputforwardbySaussuretodistinguishthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker,whichiscalledlangue,andtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics,thatis,parole.Tosayitinanotherway,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.Ontheotherside,parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.4.參考答案：Thetheoryofconversationalimplicaturehasopenedanewwayofexplainingtheuseoflanguage,andcaughttheattentionoflinguistsimmediately.However,thereissomeinconsistencyandredundancyamongtheCPanditsmaxims.SperberandWilsonarguethatallGriceanmaxims,includingtheCPitself,shouldbereducedtoasingleprincipleofrelevance,whichisdefinedas:Everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.Inthissense,acompletecharacterizationofcommunicationisthatitisostensive-inferential.

SperberandWilsongivethreedefinitonsofrelevance,andthefirstdefinitionrelatesittoacontext:Anassumptionisrelevantinacontextifandonlyifithassomecontextualeffectinthatcontext.Butrelevanceisalsoacomparativeconcept.Someassumptionsmaybemorerelevantthanothers.Sotheyhaveimprovedonthepreviousdefinitionbyadoptinganextent-conditionformat:

Extentcondition1:Anassumptionisrelevantinacontexttotheextentthatitscontextualeffectsinthiscontextarelarge.

Extentcondition2:Anassumptionisrelevantinacontexttotheextentthattheeffortrequiredtoprocessitinthiscontextissmall.

Withthehelpofthetwoconditionsabove,wecanunderstandwhyinanormalcircumstancethesentence"Johnwenttothebank"meansthatJohnwenttoamoney-institutionratherthanthatJohnwenttothebankofariver."Johnwenttothebank"canbeviewedasanambiguoussentence,whichmaymeanthat"Johnwenttoamoney-institution"or"Johnwenttothebankofariver".Butwhenthesentenceisutteredinanormalcircumstance,"amoney-institution"maybeeasilyassociatedwith"thebank"inourdailylife,exceptthatJohnlivedorworkednearthebankofariver.Therefore,theefforttounderstand"thebank"as"amoney-institution"islessthanas"thebankofariver".Inotherwords,"amoney-institution"ismorerelevanttothespecificcontextintheostensivecommunication.[解析]本題考查關(guān)聯(lián)理論及其應(yīng)用。Sperber&Wilson簡(jiǎn)化了格萊斯的那些會(huì)話準(zhǔn)則，包括CP本身，提出了他們的關(guān)聯(lián)理論(relevancetheory)。關(guān)聯(lián)原則認(rèn)為：每一個(gè)明示交際行動(dòng)，都傳遞一種假定：該行動(dòng)本身具備最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性。此后，他們又從“程度條件”角度對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)性做了定義：如果一個(gè)設(shè)想在一個(gè)語(yǔ)境中的語(yǔ)境效應(yīng)大或所需的處理努力小，那么這個(gè)設(shè)想在這個(gè)語(yǔ)境中就具有關(guān)聯(lián)性。5.參考答案：Cardinalvowel:Thecardinalvowelsareasetvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.6.參考答案：B[解析]Itisinsubjunctivemood.7.參考答案：amusing-amusement8.參考答案：D9.參考答案：inhuman10.參考答案：Whilemanylinguistshaverecognizedtheextenttowhichlanguagesaresubjecttovariation,theyhavealsonotedtheextenttowhichalllanguageshavecertaincommonproperties.Thosecommonproperties,whichcanbedescribedasthosedefinitivefeaturesoflanguage,arecalledlanguageuniversals.[解析]本題考查語(yǔ)言的普遍性概念。11.參考答案：Validity[解析]本題考查測(cè)試中效度的定義。測(cè)試中的效度是指測(cè)試在何種程度上考查了它想要考查的內(nèi)容。12.參考答案：A[解析]J.L.Austin把言語(yǔ)(utterances)分成performatives和constatives兩大類，認(rèn)為performatives要想成功必須滿足一定的條件(即適切條件)，比如sinceritycondition(真誠(chéng)條件)、preparatorycondition(準(zhǔn)備條件)等，其中不存在真假的問(wèn)題，“Thoughperformativescannotbetrueorfalse,therearestillconditions…”，可見A并非perfomatives的適切條件之一，僅此一點(diǎn)就可以斷定A為答案。13.參考答案：Therearestilldifferencesofthematicstructuresbetweenthesetwosentences,withthefirstoneabout"Ahurricane"andthesecondoneabout"eightpeople".What'smore,insentenceA,theverb"kill"emphasizesadirectrelationshipbetweenthehurricaneandtheeightpeople,thatis,itisthehurricanethatcausedthepeopletodie.Whereas,insentenceB,ameaninglikeaboveisnotentailed.14.參考答案：F[解析]

本題考查的是詞的不同意義。Leech將語(yǔ)義分為七類，第一類就是概念意義(conceptualmeaning)，又叫邏輯意義(logicalmeaning)，它以概念意義為基礎(chǔ)，是語(yǔ)言交際的核心因素，具有穩(wěn)定性、明確性和有限性。本題題干中的“金錢是萬(wàn)惡之源”中的“root”一詞使用的是它的反映意義(reflectedmeaning)，指通過(guò)與同一詞語(yǔ)的另一意義(根本，根源)的聯(lián)想來(lái)傳遞的意義。15.參考答案："Detergent"doesnotinaccordancewiththeotherthreewords.Thesuffix-entmakes"detergent"anoun.Itoriginallymeans"thesate,thecircumstance".Aswecansee,"existent,dependent,confident"arealladjectivesindicating"thestate",transformedthroughaddingthesuffix-ent.16.參考答案：D17.參考答案：(1)Informative:Formostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage.Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud,forinstance,whentheyareworkingonamathproblem.Thisisalsocalledtheideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

(2)InterpersonalFunction:Byfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageistheinterpersonalfunction,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothers(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,Yourobedientservant)andrefertothemselvesindicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.

(3)Performative:Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.Thekindoflanguageemployedinpersormativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.

(4)EmotiveFunction:Thisfunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingridofournervousenergywhenweareunderstress,e.g.swearwords,obscenities,involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartOrscenery;conventionalwordsorphrases,e.g.God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Oh,...

(5)PhaticCommunion:Whenwecommunicatewithpeople,weallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.RitualexchangesabouthealthorweathersuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Nicedayoftenstatetheobvious.

(6)Recreationalfunction:Peopleuselanguageforsheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.

(7)MetalingualFunction:Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Forexample,Icanusethewordbooktotalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression"thewordbook"totalkaboutthesign"book"itself.[解析]此題考查的是考生對(duì)語(yǔ)言功能的理解。語(yǔ)言具有七個(gè)基本功能：同時(shí)，考生還應(yīng)該理解并掌握語(yǔ)言的其六個(gè)功能：informative(信息功能)、interpersonal(人際功能)、performative(施為功能)、emotive(感情功能)、phaticcommunion(寒暄功能)、recreational(娛樂(lè)功能)、metalingualfunction(元語(yǔ)言功能)。18.參考答案：greed-greedy19.參考答案：D20.參考答案：immediacyassumption[解析]本題考查即時(shí)假定。讀者應(yīng)該每遇到一個(gè)單詞就馬上展開所需過(guò)程來(lái)理解該單詞及它與句中之前單詞的關(guān)系，這叫做即時(shí)假定。21.參考答案：Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.[解析]本題考查的是語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)特征之一——移位性。移位性是指人類語(yǔ)言可以讓使用者在交際時(shí)使用語(yǔ)言符號(hào)代表時(shí)間上和空間上并不可及的物體、事件或觀點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)特征還包括arbitrariness(任意性)、duality(二重性)、creativity(創(chuàng)造性)等，考生也需要掌握。22.參考答案：①Chomsky'sTGgrammarhasthefollowingfeatures.First,Chomskydefineslanguageasasetofrulesorprinciples.Secondly,Chomskybelievesthattheaimoflinguisticsistoproduceagenerativegrammarwhichcapturesthetacitknowledgeofthenativespeakerofhislanguage.Thisconcernsthequestionoflearningtheoryandthequestionoflinguisticuniversals.Thirdly,Chomskyandhisfollowersareinterestedinanydatathatcanrevealthenativespeaker'stacitknowledge.Theyseldomusewhatnativespeakerssay;theyrelyontheirownintuition.Fourthly,Chomsky'smethodologyishypothesis-deductive,whichoperatesattwolevels:(1)thelinguistformulatesahypothesisaboutlanguagestructure—agenerallinguistictheory;thisistestedbygrammarsforparticularlanguages,and(2)eachsuchgrammarisahypothesisonthegenerallinguistictheory.Finally,Chomskyfollowsrationalisminphilosophyandmental-isminpsychology.

②StructuralgrammarandTGgrammarhavedifferentviewsonthenatureoflanguage.First,Bloomfielddefinedlanguageasasetofutterancesandasetof"lexicalandgrammaticalhabits".Secondly,forstructuralgrammar,theaimoflinguisticsistodescribeoneorasetoflanguages;suchadescriptionisoftenevaluatedintermsoftheusetowhichitisgoingtobeput.Thirdly,thefocusofthestudyisdifferent.StructuralgrammaremphasizesonwhatChomskyhascalledlanguageperformance,whichtoChomsky,isdegeneratedandremotefromthe"real".Fourthly,thestructrualists'methodologyisessentiallyinductive,whereasChomsky'sishypothesis-deductive.Finally,thetwogrammarsviewlanguagelearningdifferently.Thestructuralistsfollowempiricisminphilosophyandbehaviourisminpsychology.Chomskyfollowsrationalisminphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.

③Systemic-FunctionalGrammar.Halliday'sSystemic-Functional(SF)Grammarisasociallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.Itactuallyhastwocomponents:SystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar.SystemicGrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork,ormeaningpotential.Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystemsfromwhichlanguageusersmakechoices.FunctionalGrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction,basedontheassumptionthatlanguagesystemandtheformsthatmakeitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusersorfunctionswhichtheyserve.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisbasedontwofacts:

(1)Languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction;

(2)Languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.Thus,ittakesactualusesofguageastheobjectofstudy,inoppositiontoChomsky'sTGGrammarwhichtakestheidealspeaker'slinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.

④GenerativeSemantics

GenerativeSemanticsisanimportantlinguistictheorythatgrewinthelate1960sandearly1970s,asareactiontoChomsky'ssyntactic-basedTGGrammar.TheleadingfiguresofthisapproachareJohnR.Ross,GeorgeLakoff,JamesD.McCawley,andPaulPostal.GenerativeSemanticsconsidersthatallsentencesaregeneratedfromasemanticstructure.Linguistsworkinginthistheoryholdthatthereisnoprincipleddistinctionbetweensyntacticprocessesandsemanticprocesses.Andthisnotionwasaccompaniedbyanumberofsubsidiaryhypotheses.

GenerativeSemanticshadcollapsedwellbeforetheendofthe1970s.Bytheendofthe1970s,virtuallynobodyacceptedthegenerative-semanticattempttohandleallpragmaticphenomenagrammatically.AlthoughGenerativeSemanticsisnolongerregardedasaviablemodelofgrammar,thereareinnumerablewaysinwhichithasleftitsmarkonitssuccessors.Forexample,itwasGenerativeSemanticiststhatstartedanintensiveinvestigationofsyntacticphenomenawhichdefiedformalizationbymeansoftransformationalrules.23.參考答案：C[解析]本題考查Grice合作原則的準(zhǔn)則內(nèi)容。Grice合作原則包括數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、關(guān)系和方式四條準(zhǔn)則。24.參考答案：B[解析]JohnLangshawAustin'sfirstshotattheSpeechActTheoryistheclaimthattherearetwotypesofsentences:performativesandconstatives.25.參考答案：options[解析]本題考查系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法中的選項(xiàng)。一個(gè)系統(tǒng)就是一個(gè)選擇。所以它們是語(yǔ)法能夠辨別的意義。系統(tǒng)中的項(xiàng)目被稱為選項(xiàng)。26.參考答案：Ingenerativegrammar,deepstructureistheabstractsyntacticrepresentationofasentence,theunderlyinglevelofstructuralorganizationwhichspecifiesallthefactorsgoverningthewaythesentenceshouldbeinterpreted.Ontheotherhand,surfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothephonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostcloselycorrespondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.

AccordingtoChomsky,itisnecessarytomakethedistinction,sinceitishelpfultodifferentiateandanalyzesyntacticstructuressuchas"Johniseasytoplease"and"Johniseagertoplease",andalsotodisambiguatestructureslike"theshootingofthehunters".Moreimportantly,itreflectstwoofthestagesofhowthelanguageisprocessedthroughthegenerativegrammar:thedeepstructure,whichisanunderlyingstructure,hastobetransformedtothesurfacestructureviaasetoftransformationalrules.27.參考答案：C28.參考答案：Synchroniclinguisticsisthestudyoflanguagebytakingafixedtheoreticalinstant(usually，butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation．[解析]此題考查的是考生對(duì)共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)這一概念的理解。共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)是指在某一理論上的時(shí)間點(diǎn)研究語(yǔ)言的方法。同時(shí)考生還應(yīng)理解與此相對(duì)應(yīng)的歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的概念。29.參考答案：B30.參考答案：D[解析]從會(huì)話隱含義的特點(diǎn)來(lái)看，只有D“趣味性”不是會(huì)話含義的特點(diǎn)，其他三個(gè)都是。會(huì)話含義的特點(diǎn)還包括non-detachability和non-conventionality。31.參考答案：finite—//32.參考答案：Thereisaphrasalverb"lookup"inthissentence,whichisseparablebecausewemaysay"lookitupinthedictionary."33.參考答案：threatened—//34.參考答案：displacement[解析]本題考查語(yǔ)言的區(qū)別性特征中移位性的概念。移位性指人類語(yǔ)言可以讓使用者來(lái)表示在說(shuō)話時(shí)并不存在的物體、事件和觀點(diǎn)。35.參考答案：Iagreewithdrawingadistinctionbetweenlinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence.LinguisticcompetenceoriginallycomesfromChomsky.Itreferstothegrammaticalknowledgeoftheideallanguageuserandhasnothingtodowiththeactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Thisconceptoflinguisticcompetencehasbeencriticizedforbeingtoonarrowandpresentinga"GardenofEdenView".

Toexpandtheconceptofcompetence,D.H.Hymesproposescommunicativecompetence,

whichhasfourcomp6nents:possibility,feasibility,appropriatenessandperformance.InHymes'view,theleameracquiresknowledgeofsentencesnotonlyasgrammaticalbutalsoasappropriate.Itstressesthecontextinwhichanutteranceoccurs,whichalsoleadstoaconcentrationondiscourse,inHymes'termlinguisticroutines-thesequentialorganizationbeyondsentences.Initsapplication,theteachermayteachhowindifferentsituationsthesamesentencecanperformthefunctionofstatement,command,orrequest.Ontheotherhand,whileintroducingdifferentlinguisticformswiththesamesemanticstructure,forexamplethetwoformsof"you"inChinese,hemaydrawspecialattentiontodifierentcontextsinwhichtheyareused.Thus,intheteachingofliterature,theteachercantbcusonfeaturesofdifferentgenres.Intheteachingofconversation,hecanintroducesuchstrategiesasopening,continuing,turn-takingandclosing.[解析]本題考查Chomsky的語(yǔ)言能力與Hymes的交際能力。36.參考答案：B37.參考答案：Generallyspeaking,synonymsarethewordswhichhavedifferentformsbutsimilarmeaning.Thereareseveraltypesofsynonyms:dialectalsynonyms,suchaslift/elevator,flat/apartment;synonymsofdifferentstyles,asshowningentleman/guy;synonymsofdifferentregisters,suchassalt/sodiumchloride;synonymsdifferinginaffectivemeaning,suchasattract/seduce;synonymsdifferingincollocation,suchasbeautiful/handsome,able/capable.38.參考答案：innocent-guilty(complementaryantonyms)

hospitable-unfriendly(gradableantonyms)

parent-child(converseantonyms)

true-false(complementaryantonyms)[解析]本題考查的是反義詞的類型。反義詞主要有三種主要類型：漸次反義(gradableantonymy)、互補(bǔ)反義(complementaryantonymy)和相反反義(converseantonymy)。漸次反義是指成對(duì)詞中的成分詞在程度上存在著差異，一般更高程度的那個(gè)詞可以充當(dāng)涵蓋詞?；パa(bǔ)反義是指構(gòu)成詞對(duì)的兩個(gè)詞是完全排斥、完全否定的，對(duì)一個(gè)的肯定意味著對(duì)另外一個(gè)的否定，反之亦然。構(gòu)成相反反義的詞對(duì)意味著兩個(gè)實(shí)體之間關(guān)系的顛倒。39.參考答案：homophones40.參考答案：D[解析]本題考查語(yǔ)義成分分析法。41.參考答案：Verbscanfunctionas"X".42.參考答案：Multipleprocessesinwordformation.Wordformation,initsbroadsense,includesseveralprocesses,suchasinvention,blending,abbreviation,acronym,back-formation,analogicalcreation,andborrowing.Multipleprocessisanoperationofmorethanoneprocessatworkinthecreationofaparticularword.(a)Inventionreferstotheprocessbywhichmanynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromtheconsumeritems,theirproducersortheirbrandnames,suchasCoke.(b)Blendingreferstotheprocessinwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Suchas"smog",thisisablendingfrom"smoke"and"fog".(c)Abbreviationreferstotheprocessinwhichanewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpart,cuttingtheinitialpart,orcuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordingly.Forexample,"ad"isabbr