高考英語專題解析課件閱讀理解說明文

說明文說明文1◆文體概述說明文是用平實的語言客觀地解說事物、闡明事理,給人以知識的文體。它通過對實體事物(如儀器、產(chǎn)品、自然環(huán)境)的解說,或?qū)Τ橄笫吕?如概念、原理、定律)的闡釋,使人們對事物的形態(tài)、特征、構(gòu)造、性能、種類、成因、功能等有所了解,或?qū)κ吕淼奶攸c、來源、演變、異同等有所認識，從而獲得有關(guān)的知識。說明文實用性很強,它包括廣告、說明書、內(nèi)容提要、規(guī)則章程、解說詞、科學小品等。復習這類文體,注意以下幾點：◆文體概述說明文是用平實的語言客觀地解說事物2主要題材：題材涉及科技、社會和文化生活等各個領(lǐng)域。如：介紹科學領(lǐng)域的最新成果、機器的制造過程、產(chǎn)品工藝流程或使用說明、工程項目的規(guī)劃、社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中出現(xiàn)的新生事物、生物的生存狀況、自然或社會現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因和解決辦法、人文地理知識等。說明順序：時間順序(如事物的發(fā)展變化)、空間順序(如建筑結(jié)構(gòu))、邏輯順序(如因果、現(xiàn)象與本質(zhì))。主要題材：題材涉及科技、社會和文化生活等各個領(lǐng)域。如：介紹科3說明方法：為了把事物的本質(zhì)特征說清楚,或者把事理闡述明白,常用下列說明方法：舉例子、作比較、分類別、析因果、列數(shù)字、作詮釋、打比方、下定義、列圖表、作引用、作假設(shè)、對比說明相異、類比說明相似等。說明方法：為了把事物的本質(zhì)特征說清楚,或者把事理闡述明白,4結(jié)構(gòu)特點：說明文的大體結(jié)構(gòu)有：(1)總體敘述+細節(jié)或過程說明+概括評述；(2)現(xiàn)象或變化+細節(jié)或原因闡述+引發(fā)的后果和相關(guān)啟示。語言特點：高考英語閱讀理解中的說明文多為科普知識方面的題材,文中常包含有結(jié)構(gòu)復雜、句意深奧的長句難句。因?qū)W術(shù)性強、抽象度高,解題的難度相對較大，在高考閱讀中多為最后一篇。結(jié)構(gòu)特點：說明文的大體結(jié)構(gòu)有：5閱讀說明文的關(guān)鍵是：抓住說明對象的本質(zhì)特征。閱讀時須注意：(1)注意說明的順序,了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu),把握文章的脈絡(luò)。(2)在閱讀過程中劃出長難句的主干成分(主謂賓)、標出關(guān)鍵詞、有的可邊看邊畫草圖或結(jié)構(gòu)、流程圖。◆閱讀方法閱讀說明文的關(guān)鍵是：抓住說明對象的本質(zhì)特征。閱讀時須注意：◆6◆仿真練析(1)短文略，見資料書P87A.helpstudentsgetahigh-paidjobB.helpstudentsworkinGoogleC.encouragestudentstogiveupscienceD.arousestudents’interestinliberalarts1.StanfordUniversityheldalectureofliteratureandphilosophyto___.1.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段的第一句Seekingtore-arouseinterestintheliberalarts可知?！舴抡婢毼?1)短文略，見資料書P87A.helpstu7A.aperiodwhensomethingbeginstobeaccepted.B.aperiodwhensomethingisout-dated.C.aperiodwhensomethingismostpopular.D.aperiodwhensomethingisreplacedbyanotherthing.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“heyday”mean(inpara.6)?2.C詞義推測題。根據(jù)第六段morethan1in3Stanfordstudentsmajoredinlanguages,literature,thearts,history,culturalstudiesandphilosophy可知超過1/3的斯坦福學生主修人文學科,與現(xiàn)在10%的數(shù)據(jù)比較起來,那是個主修文科的鼎盛時期。A.aperiodwhensomethingbeg8A.Only10%ofuniversitystudentsmajorinthehumanities.B.Moreandmorestudentschoosescienceastheirmajor.C.MorestudentsstudythehumanitiesinStanfordthanotheruniversities.D.Thetrendofwhatmajortostudyhasneverchanged3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoparagraph7?3.B細節(jié)理解題。由第六段最后一句可知。A.Only10%ofuniversitystud9A.Becausethehumanitiescan’thelpstudentsfindjobs.B.Becausestudentsnevercareaboutlifemeaning.C.Becausestudentsbelievesciencecanhelpthemgethigh-paidjobs.D.Becausethetuitionfeesofthehumanityeducationarehigher.4.Whydostudentsloseinterestinthehumanities?4.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段ButforstudentswhocameofageintheGreatRecession,thesirensongofsciencecanbetoughtoresist和最后一段Shakespearewasn’tinitforthemoney可知,學生選擇理科是因為能找到賺錢的工作。A.Becausethehumanitiescan’10A.Approving. B.Doubtful.C.Negative. D.Indifferent.5.WhatisSatz’sattitudetowardstheeducationofhumanities?5.A情感判斷題。通過文章最后一段最后一句Butsheaddedhumanitiesstudentswhogoontograduateschoolandlandjobsintech’intensivefieldsdojustfine可知。A.Approving. B.Doubtful.5.11The1,718incomingstudents—nearlyhalfofwhomarriveintendingtomajorinthesciencesorengineering—listenedtoalectureorganizedbytheCollegeofHumanitiesandArts,wherefamousauthorandphysicianAbrahamVerghesepraisedthemeaning,andopportunities,ofaliberalartseducation.【難句理解】結(jié)構(gòu)分析:nearlyhalfofwhom引導一個定語從句,在這個定語從句中wherefamousauthorandphysicianAbrahamVerghesepraisedthemeaning,andopportunities,ofaliberalartseducation是從句中的另一個定語從句。The1,718incomingstudents—12漢語大意：1718個新入學的學生—其中半數(shù)都打算主修科學或者工程學—聽了一個由人文藝術(shù)學院組織的講座。在這個講座中,作為作家和內(nèi)科醫(yī)生的AbrahamVerghese贊揚了文科教育的意義和機遇。漢語大意：1718個新入學的學生—其中半數(shù)都打算主修科學或者13outnumberv.數(shù)量上超過humanitystudents人文學科的學生comeofage成年,長大成人theGreatRecession(經(jīng)濟)大蕭條時期【助讀詞匯】outnumberv.數(shù)量上超過【助讀詞匯】14A.Touchingsomeone’sarmwhentalkingtohim.B.Sayinghellotosomebodywithawarmhug.C.Givingsomeoneagreetingwithkisses.D.Nottotouchsomeone’sarmwhenmeetinghim.6.Allthataren’tconsideredcoldinMediterraneancountriesarementionedEXCEPT____.6.D事實細節(jié)題。從文中第一段的第一句InMediterraneancountries,ifyoutrynottotouchsomeone’sarmwhentalkingtothemorifyoudon’tgreetthemwithkissesorawarmhug,you’llbeconsideredcold.可知答案應(yīng)選D。(2)短文略，見資料書P88A.Touchingsomeone’sarmwhen15A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.7.HowmanyinadvisablebehaviorsinKoreanareclearlymentioned?7.B事實細節(jié)題。從文中第一段的第二句Butbackslapsomeonewhoisn’tafamilymemberoragoodfriendinKorea,andyou’llmakethemuncomfortable.與文章倒數(shù)第三段的第一句butfailtoremoveyourshoesbeforeenteringahomeinKorea,Hawaii,orthePacificIslandsandyou’llbeconsidereddisrespectful.可知文章中明確提到的有兩處在韓國屬于不得體的行為,因此答案應(yīng)選B。A.One.B.Two.C.Thr16A.Annoying. B.Miserable.C.Negative. D.Selfish.8.Whatdoes“disgusting”inpara.3referto?8.A詞義猜測題。從文中第三段的第二句TheJapaneseandChinesealsodisliketheideaofahandkerchief.日本人和中國人也都不喜歡手絹,可知disgusting應(yīng)與dislike是同一類型的意思,因此可知答案應(yīng)選A。A.Annoying. B.Miserable.817A.PuttingonclothesB.TalkingoverdinnerC.BlowingyournoseD.Touchingsomeone9.AllthefollowingculturalmistakesaredescribedEXCEPT___.9.A事實細節(jié)題。文中的第一、二段描述的內(nèi)容是touchingsomeone;第三、四段描述的內(nèi)容是blowingyournose;第五段描述的內(nèi)容是talkingoverdinner;第六、七段描述的內(nèi)容是takingoffyourshoesornot。puttingonclothes這一內(nèi)容文中沒提及，因此答案應(yīng)選A。A.PuttingonclothesB18A.politicalsystemsB.historicaleventsC.worldcultureD.popularscience10.Thepassageislikelytobefoundinawebsiteabout____.10.C推理判斷題。文章介紹了國外時要特別留心并盡量避免誤入的幾種文化陷阱。因此可判斷出在網(wǎng)站的文化板塊中可以閱讀到這篇文章。A.politicalsystemsB.19Notonlydoesshoeremovalverypracticallykeepsandanddirtoutofthehouse,it’sasignofleavingtheoutsideworldbehind.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：Notonly位于句首,其后接的句子要進行半倒裝,而butalso后接的句子則保持正常語序。該句省略了butalso。這句話的正常語序為：Shoeremovalnotonlyverypracticallykeepssandanddirtoutofthehouse,(butalso)it’sasignofleavingtheoutsideworldbehind.【難句理解】Notonlydoesshoeremovalver20漢語大意：脫掉鞋子不僅把沙粒與塵土留在了門外,更意味著把外面的世界拋之腦后。followsuit跟著做letalone更不用說sacredadj.神圣的uncivilizedadj.不文明的【助讀詞匯】漢語大意：脫掉鞋子不僅把沙粒與塵土留在了門外,更意味著把外21A.climboveryourheadB.quitlookingforawayC.searchforanotherwayD.keepclimbingaround11.Ifyoutrytostopantsgoingforward,theywill___.11.C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的Ifthey’reheadedsomewhereandyoutrytostopthem;they’lllookforanotherway.可以推知,螞蟻找其他路lookfor=searchfor。(3)短文略，見資料書P89A.climboveryourhead11.If22A.Thinkwinterallsummer.B.Alwaysberealistic.C.Neverbecomelazyinsummer.D.Alwayslookahead.12.Whatisthesecondphilosophyofants?12.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三的第一句antsthinkwinterallsummer.四段最后1句Thinkahead.可以推知答案。文章的最后一段此句Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.也進行了歸納。A.Thinkwinterallsummer.12.23A.Alwaysstaypositive.B.Alwaysremindyourself.C.Alwaysthinksummer.D.Alwaysbehardworking.13.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethethirdpartoftheantphilosophy?13.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第1、2句antsthinksummerallwinter.Thatissoimportant.Duringthewinter,antsremindthemselves,“Thiswon’tlastlong;we’llsoonbeoutofhere.”可以得知,螞蟻在冬天里總是想著夏天,想著希望,總是提醒自己冬天來了,夏天不遠了,故保持積極的心態(tài)staypositive。其他選項與螞蟻的這種生活哲學不符,只是在本段出現(xiàn)的一些詞,學生選了,則犯了斷章取義的錯誤。A.Alwaysstaypositive.13.Wh24A.neverstopgatheringfoodinthesummerB.alwaysgetpreparedforthewinterC.gatherasmuchaspossibleforthefutureD.dowhateverwecanforthefuture14.Wecanlearnfromthelastpartoftheantphilosophythatweshould___.14.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句Whatanincrediblephilosophy,the“all-you-possibly-can”philosophy.可以推斷應(yīng)該選D。A.neverstopgatheringfoodi25A.TheConceptofAntsB.TheAntPhilosophyC.NeverGiveupD.DoAllYouCan15.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?15.B主旨大意題。最后一段Wow,whatagreatseminartoattend—theantseminar.Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.是文章的主題段,完整的歸納了文章大意。A選項是說螞蟻的概念,C和D選項以偏概全。B選項全面概括了螞蟻的四個哲學。A.TheConceptofAnts26concept概念seminarn.研討會realisticadj.現(xiàn)實的can’twaittodosth迫不及待做……【助讀詞匯】concept概念seminarn.研討27(4)短文略，見資料書P90A.theyarefloatingabovetheirownbodiesB.theyarewalkingtowardsalightC.theyareflyingintheskyD.theyareseeingabrightlight16.Whenpeoplearedying,somemayhavethefollowingfeelingsexceptthat___.16.C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段可知。(4)短文略，見資料書P90A.theyarefloa28A.Bystudyingchemicalmaterialsindyingpeople’sbrains.B.Bystudyingchangesinthebrainthatcausesuchexperience.C.Bylisteningtopeople’sdescriptionsofout-of-bodyexperienceD.Bymonitoringpatients’behavioronascree.17.Howdidscientistsstudythecauseofout-of-bodyexperience?17.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段reviewedstudiesintochangesinthebrainthatcausecertainsensationsassociatedwithnear-deathexperiences可知。A.Bystudyingchemicalmateri29A.achemicalmaterialreleasedbyhumanbodiesB.amedicinetohelppeoplewithstressandinjuriesC.amedicinewhichhelppeoplefeelloveandpeaceD.achemicalmaterialtocausethedeathofpeople18.The“hormonenoradrenalin”(inPara10)isprobably___.18.A詞義判斷題。由倒數(shù)第四段的whichisreleasedwhenwesufferfromstressandinjuries可知。A.achemicalmaterialrelease30A.SamParniadoesn’tthinkthatpeople’snear-deathexperiencesarereal.B.SamParniahasn’tfinishedthestudyofpeople’snear-deathexperiences.C.Thecausesofnear-deathexperiencesandotherfeelingsaredifferent.D.It’simpossibletoknowtheca