聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署-與自然和平相處：應(yīng)對氣候變化、生物多樣性喪失和污染危機的科學(xué)藍(lán)圖（英文）-2021.4正文版

MakingPeacewithNatureAscienti?cblueprinttotackletheclimate,biodiversityandpollutionemergencies?2021UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeISBN:JobNo:978-92-807-3837-7DEW/2335/NAThispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandinanyformforeducationalornon-pro?tserviceswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgementofthesourceismade.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource.NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleoranyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,CommunicationDivision,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,P.O.Box30552,Nairobi00100,Kenya.DisclaimersThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorcityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfron-tiersorboundaries.Someillustrationsorgraphicsappearinginthispublicationmayhavebeenadaptedfromcontentpublishedbythirdparties.Thismayhavebeendonetoillustrateandcommunicatetheauthors’owninterpretationsofthekeymessagesemergingfromillustrationsorgraphicsproducedbythirdparties.Insuchcases,materialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeconcerningthesourcematerialsusedasabasisforsuchgraphicsorillustrations.MentionofacommercialcompanyorproductinthisdocumentdoesnotimplyendorsementbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeortheauthors.Theuseofinformationfromthisdocumentforpublicityoradvertisingisnotpermitted.Trademarknamesandsymbolsareusedinaneditorialfashionwithnointentiononinfringementoftrademarkorcopyrightlaws.Theviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyre?ecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Weregretanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenunwittinglymade.Thispublicationwasproducedwiththe?nancialsupportoftheEuropeanUnion.ItscontentsarethesoleresponsibilityoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeanddonotnecessarilyre?ecttheviewsoftheEuropeanUnion.?Maps,photosandillustrationsasspeci?edCoverdesign:JosephSchmidt-KlingenbergandSebastianObermeyerGraphicDesign:Joseph&SebastianLayout:Joseph&SebastianSuggestedcitationUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2021).MakingPeacewithNature:Ascienti?cblueprinttotackletheclimate,biodiversityandpollutionemergencies.Nairobi./resources/making-peace-natureCo-fundedby:UNEPpromotesenvironmentallysoundpracticesgloballyandinitsownactivities.OurdistributionpolicyaimstoreduceUNEP‘scarbonfootprintAcknowledgements(recentassessments;a?liation(s))ReportLeads:IvarA.Baste(GEO,IPBES;NorwegianEnvironmentAgency,Norway)andRobertT.Watson(IPCC,IPBES;UEA,UK)SectionLeads:KateA.Brauman(IPBES;UniversityofMinnesota,USA),KaiM.A.Chan(IPBES;UniversityofBritishColumbia,Canada),NebojsaNakicenovic(TheWorldin2050,IPCC;InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis,Austria),PaulL.Lucas(GEO,GBO;PBLNetherlandsEnvironmentalAssessmentAgency,theNetherlands),StephenPolasky(IPBES;UniversityofMinnesota,USA)andRobertJ.Scholes(IPBES,IPCC;UniversityoftheWitwatersrand,SouthAfrica)Authors:RicardoBarra(GEO,GCO;UniversityofConcepción,Chile),EduardoS.Brondizio(IPBES,GEO-6;Nepam-Unicamp,Brazil,IndianaUniversity,USA),Shob-hakarDhakal(IPCC,GEO-6;AsianInstituteofTechnology,Nepal),RebeccaM.Garland(IPCC;CouncilforScienti?candIndustrialResearch,SouthAfrica),YacobMulugetta(IPCC;UniversityCollegeLondon,UK),PaulA.Newman(MontrealProtocol’sScienti?cAssessmentPanel;NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,USA),BelindaReyers(IPBES;StockholmResilienceCentre,Sweden),CristiánSamper(WildlifeConservationSociety,USA),SoniaI.Seneviratne(IPCC;ETHZürich,Switzerland),DetlefvanVuuren(IPBES,IPCC,GEO-6;PBLNetherlandsEnvironmentalAssessmentAgency,theNetherlands),ChrisWalzer(WildlifeConservationSociety,USA),RachelWarren(IPCC;UniversityofEastAnglia,UK),BiancaWernecke(SouthAfricanMedicalResearchCouncil,SouthAfrica)andCaradeeY.Wright(IPCC,GEO-6;SouthAfricanMedicalResearchCouncil,SouthAfrica)Scienti?cAdvisoryGroup:HesiquioBenitez-Diaz(CONABIO,Mexico),JuliaCarabias(NationalAutonomousUniversityofMexico,Mexico),JohnM.Christen-sen(IPCC;UNEP-DTU,Denmark),H.DavidCooper(GBO;CBD,UK),PaulEkins(IPCC,GEO-6;UniversityCollegeLondon,UK),DavidW.Fahey(IPCC;NOAA,USA),JoyeetaGupta(IPCC,GEO-6;UniversityofAmsterdam,theNetherlands),MadhavKarki(IPBES;CentreforGreenEconomyDevelopment,Nepal),NicholasKing(IPBES,IPCC,GEO-6;NorthWestUniversity,SouthAfrica),ThomasLovejoy(AmazonBiodiversityCenter,USA),JockMartin(EuropeanEnvironmentAgency,Denmark),ValérieMasson-Delmotte(IPCC;FrenchAlternativeEnergiesandAtomicEnergyCommission,France),PeterMesserli(GSDR;UniversityofBern,Switzerland)ShantanuMukherjee(UNDESA,India),EndahMurniningtyas(GSDR;IndonesiaAgricultureEconomistAssociation,Indonesia),BrunoOberle(SwissAgencyfortheEnvironment,ForestsandLandscape,Switzerland),JanezPoto?nik(GRO;SYSTEMIQ,Slovenia),DebraRoberts(IPCC;eThekwiniMunicipality,Durban,SouthAfrica),JohanRockstr?m(GEO-6;PotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearch,Germany),CyrieSendashonga(IUCN,Canada),SonaliSena-ratnaSellamuttu(IPBES;InternationalWaterManagementInstitute,SriLanka),JimSkea(IPCC;ImperialCollegeLondon,UK)andYoubaSokona(IPCC;AfricanClimatePolicyCentre,Mali)ResearchFellows:MariaJesusIraola(GEO-6;AsesoramientoAmbientalEstratégico,Uruguay),AkshayJain(GEO-6;MesotopePteLtd,India),ToobaMasood(GEO-6;AsianInstituteofTechnology,Pakistan),JaeeNikam(GEO-6;StockholmEnvironmentInstitute,India),AmitPatel(GEO-6;CadmusGroupLLC,USA),PritiPatel(GEO-6;NUBordersLLC,USA),SemieSama(GEO-6;McGillUniversity,Canada),SamantaVillegasEspinosa(GEO-6;FundacióndeConservaciónJocotoco,Ecuador),LeilaZamani(GEO-6;DepartmentofEnvironmentofIslamicRepublicofIran,Iran)andEmilyZhang(TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,USA)Reviewers:SandySheard(TheDasguptaReview),ValentinFoltescuandPushpamKumar(UNEPEconomyDivision),LinxiuZhang,TimChristopherson,MichelePoletto,RiccardoZennaroandDoreenRobinson(UNEPEcosystemsDivision),ArnoldKreilhuber(UNEPLawDivision),SusanMutebi-RichardsandMarietaSaka-lian(UNEPPolicyandProgrammeDivision),SandraAverous-Monnery(UNEPChemicalsandHealthBranch),DanielCooney(UNEPCommunicationsDivision),JianLiuandLudgardeCoppens(UNEPScienceDivision),JinhuaZhang(UNEPAsia-Paci?cO?ce),TomasMarques(UNEPEuropeO?ce),SimiThambiandDivyaDatt(UNEPIndiaO?ce),JasonJabbour,JaneEisenhardtandLoganEnde(UNEPNorthAmericaO?ce),NevilleAshandHilaryAllison(UNEP-WCMC),KatarinaMagulova(Basel,RotterdamandStockholmConventions),AlexanderShestakov,JillianCampbell,KieranNoonan-Mooney,ChristopherPereira,JulieBotzas-Coluni,CaridadCanalesandJosephAppiott(ConventiononBiologicalDiversity),TomDeMeulenaer(ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora),ChristinaBodouroglou(InternationalResourcePanel),EisakuToda(MinamataConventiononMercury),TinaBirmpili,MegSekiandSophiaMylona(ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer)ReportProductionTeamUNEPSecretariatCoreteam:RachelKosse,BrigitteOhanga,AdeleRoccatoandEdoardoZandriExtendedteam:PierreBoileau,CarolineKaimuru,MaartenKappelle,JianLiu,CarolineMureithi,JosephineMule,FranklinOdhiambo,PinyaSarasasandSharifShawkyCommunicationsTeam:DavidCole,DanielCooney,FlorianFu?stetter,MariaVittoriaGalassi,StephenGraham,NancyGroves,DuncanMoore,PoojaMunshi,StephaniePascaleFoote,KeishamazaRukikaire,ReaganSirengoandNehaSudDesignandlayout:SebastianObermeyerandJosephSchmidt-KlingenbergScienceCommunicationsEditor:StephenGrahamMaps:MagdaBiesiada,JaneMuriithiandEmilyZhang3UNSecretary-General’sForewordHumanityiswagingwaronnature.Thisissenselessandsuicidal.Theconsequencesofourrecklessnessarealreadyapparentinhumansuffering,toweringeconomiclossesandtheacceleratingerosionoflifeonEarth.Endingourwardoesnotmeansurrenderinghard-wondevelop-mentgains.Nordoesitcanceltherightfulaspirationofpoorernationsandpeopletoenjoybetterlivingstandards.Onthecontrary,makingpeacewithnature,securingitshealthandbuildingonthecriticalandundervaluedbene?tsthatitprovi-desarekeytoaprosperousandsustainablefutureforall.Theurgentneedtotransformourrelationshipwithnaturerisksbeingoverlookedamidthehugesufferingin?ictedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Savingpreciouslivesandlivelihoodsisourtoppriority.Butbyexposinghumanity’svulnerability,thepandemiccanalsohelpmake2021aturningpointtowardsamoresustainableandinclusiveworld.ourwater,landandoceans.Developingcountriesneedmoreassistancetoredressenvironmentaldecline.OnlythencanwegetbackontracktoachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsby2030.Thisreportshowsthatwehavetheabilitytotransformourimpactontheworld.Asustainableeconomydrivenbyrene-wableenergyandnature-basedsolutionswillcreatenewjobs,cleanerinfrastructureandaresilientfuture.Aninclusiveworldatpeacewithnaturecanensurethatpeopleenjoybetterhealthandthefullrespectoftheirhumanrightssotheycanlivewithdignityonahealthyplanet.Thisreportprovidesthebedrockforhope.Bybringingtogetherthelatestscienti?cevidenceshowingtheimpactsandthreatsoftheclimateemergency,thebiodiversitycrisisandthepollu-tionthatkillsmillionsofpeopleeveryyear,itmakesclearthatourwaronnaturehaslefttheplanetbroken.Butitalsoguidesustoasaferplacebyprovidingapeaceplanandapost-warrebuildingprogramme.Bytransforminghowweviewnature,wecanrecognizeitstruevalue.Byre?ectingthisvalueinpolicies,plansandeconomicsystems,wecanchannelinvest-mentsintoactivitiesthatrestorenatureandarerewardedforit.Byrecognizingnatureasanindispensableally,wecanunleashhumaningenuityintheserviceofsustainabilityandsecureourownhealthandwell-beingalongsidethatoftheplanet.Makingpeacewithnatureisthede?ningtaskofthecomingdecades.WemustseizetheopportunitypresentedbytheCOVID-19crisistoacceleratechange.Thisyear,severalmajorinternationalconferences,includingonclimatechange,bio-diversityanddeserti?cation,provideanopportunitytoincrea-seambitionandactiononrecoveringbetterandaddressingclimatedisruption.Ourcentralobjectiveistobuildaglobalcoalitionforcarbonneutrality.Ifadoptedbyeverycountry,city,?nancialinstitutionandcompanyaroundtheworld,thedrivetoreachnet-zeroemissionsby2050canstillaverttheworstimpactsofclimatechange.AntónioGuterresSimilarurgencyandambitionareneededtotransformothersystems,includinghowweproduceourfoodandmanageSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations,February20214UNEPExecutiveDirector’sForewordBeforetheCOVID-19pandemic,2020wasemergingasamomentoftruthforourcommitmenttosteerEarthanditspeopletowardsustainability.Momentumwasbuildingandglobalmeetingsweresettodiscussboldactiononthethreeinterconnectedplanetarycrisesfacinghumanity,namelytheclimatecrisis,thenaturecrisisandthepollutioncrisis.Thesecrises,drivenbydecadesofrelentlessandunsustainableconsumptionandproduction,areamplifyingdeepinequali-tiesandthreateningourcollectivefuture.Thisreportmakesthestrongestscienti?ccaseyetforwhyandhowthatcollectivedeterminationmustbeurgentlyappliedtoprotectingandrestoringourplanet.Drawingonauniqueandcomprehensivesynthesisofglobalenvironmen-talassessments,itdetailstheself-defeatinganddangerousconsequencesofouroverconsumptionofresourcesandoverproductionofwaste.Thereportoutlineswhatthe“repair”ofourplanetentails,thetransformativeactionsthatcanunleashhumaningenuityandcooperationtosecurelivelihoodsandwell-beingforall.Repairmeanssolutionsthatrecognizehowourenvironmental,socialanddevelopmentchallengesareinterconnected.Repairmeansshiftingourvaluesandworldviewsaswellasour?nancialandeconomicsystems.Repairmeanstakingawhole-of-societyapproach.Andrepairmeansbeingfairandjust.Thescienceisclearthatweareputtingextremepressuresontheplanet.Accordingtothe2020UNEPEmissionsGapReport,whilethepandemicresultedinatemporarydeclineingreenhousegasemissions,weareheadingforatleasta3°Ctemperaturerisethiscentury.OurcolleaguesattheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices(IPBES)havesoundedthealarmontherapiddeclineofnatureandwhatthismeansforAgenda2030andtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDG).Withscienceasourguidinglight,UNEP’sMedium-TermStrategy(2022-2025)seekstoensurethelinkbetweensci-ence,policyanddecision-makingremainsstrongerthanever,sustainedbystrongenvironmentalgovernanceandsupportedbyeconomicpoliciesthatcanbethefoundationofacatalyticresponsetothechallengesofclimatechange,biodiversitylossandpollution.Indoingso,wesupportmemberstates,workingwithpartners,scientists,civilsocietyandbusinesstotacklethethreeinterconnectedcrisessothatwestabilizeclimate;liveinharmonywithnatureandsecureapollutionfreeplanet.Lossofbiodiversityandecosystemintegrity,togetherwithclimatechangeandpollutionwillundermineoureffortson80percentofassessedSDGTargets,makingitevenmoredi?culttoreportprogressonpovertyreduction,hunger,health,water,citiesandclimate.WeneedtolooknofurtherthantheglobalpandemiccausedbyCOVID-19,azoonoticdisease,i.e.transmittedfromanimaltohuman,toknowthatthe?nely-tunedsystemofthenaturalworldhasbeendisrupted.And?nally,the“toxictrail”ofeconomicgrowth–pollutionandwastewhichresultseveryyearintheprema-turedeathsofmillionsofpeopleacrosstheworld.2021mustberememberedastheyearwetookituponoursel-vestoensurethatthepandemicisrememberednotonlyasahumantragedy,butasthemomentwhenpeoplereconsideredtheirprioritiesasindividualsandsocietiesandtooktoheartthatsafeguardingthehealthandwell-beingofcurrentandfu-turegenerationsmeanssafeguardingthehealthofourplanet.WhiletheresponsetothemedicalemergencyofCOVID-19rightlypreoccupiesgovernmentbudgetsandpoliticalaction,theresponsetothispandemicmustultimatelyacceleratetheeconomicandsocialtransformationsneededtoaddresstheplanetaryemergency.AstheUNSecretary-Generalno-tedinhisStateofPlanetspeech,“COVIDrecoveryandourplanet’srepairmustbetwosidesofthesamecoin.”IngerAndersenExecutiveDirectorUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,February20215MakingPeacewithNature:ascienti?cblueprinttotackletheclimate,biodiversityandpollutionemergenciesPrefaceThisreportpresentsascienti?cblueprintforhowclimatechange,biodiversitylossandpollutioncanbetackledjo-intlywithintheframeworkoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Thereportisasynthesisbasedonevidencefromglobalenvironmentalassessments.IthasbeenaprivilegetooverseetheproductionandpeerreviewofthereportbytheeminentgroupofexpertsandadvisorsappointedbyIngerAndersen,theExecutiveDirectorofUNEP,fortheirleadingcontributionstoandintimateunderstandingoftheinterfacebetweenscienceandpolicyinaddressingtheenvironmentalchallengesoftoday.IvarA.BasteRobertT.WatsonTheexpertanalysisrestsonthesynthesisofkey?ndingsfromarangeofrecentintergovernmentalglobalenviron-mentalassessmentsandassessmentspreparedundertheauspicesofMultilateralEnvironmentalAgreements,UNbodiesandothers(seeannex1).Thereportmakesreferencetotheassessments,nottheoriginalliteraturereferredthe-rein.Thepresentationofthe?ndingsfromtheassessmentsistheresponsibilityoftheauthorsofthecurrentreport.Inalimitednumberofcases,additionalhigh-impactpeer-re-viewedliteratureandgreyliteraturehavebeenassessedandreferencedinordertopresentacompleteandupdatedpictureoftheknowledgebase.dancebythemembersofthescienti?cadvisorygroupwhopeer-reviewedthereportmultipletimes.Wewouldparticu-larlyliketoacknowledgethesustainedenthusiasmforthisendeavourbyauthorsandadvisorsgiventheirmanyothercommitments.WearealsoindebtedtothestrongsupportreceivedfromtheUNEPsecretariat,researchfellows,desig-nersandthesciencecommunicationseditor,inparticularthevisionaryguidanceandinspirationprovidedbyIngerAndersenandtheunwaveringcommitmentofthecoreteamofthesecretariat.Theresultsofthissynthesisarepresentedfordecisionmakersintheformofclear,digestibleandfacts-basedkeymessagesandanexecutivesummarysubstantiatedandrefe-rencedinthemainreport.PartIofthereportshowshowthe?ndingsoftheassessmentsareinterlinkedandadduptoanunparalleledplanetaryemergency.Whilemostoftheunder-lyingassessmentsarerelevantforpolicyformulation,PartIIgoesastepfurtherinrecommendinghowtheaccumulatedscienti?cevidencecanbeturnedintoconcreteandfar-rea-chingactionsbyabroadrangeofactorsacrosssocietyinordertotransformhumankind’srelationshipwithnature.IvarA.BasteReportLeadFebruary2021ThisreportwaspreparedamidthechallengesoftheCOVID-19pandemic,whichmeantthattheauthors,scien-ti?cadvisorygroupandsecretariathadtoworkwithoutevermeetingfacetoface.Allworkwascarriedoutthroughdozensofvirtualconferencecalls.Thissynthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheworkundertakenfortheinternationalassessmentsusedastheevidencebaseinthisreportandthecontributionbyexpertsfromtheseassessments.Wealsohighlyappreciatetheoutstandingcontributionsbythegroupofexpertswhohavejoinedusinauthoringthisreportandthevaluablegui-RobertT.WatsonReportLeadFebruary20217TableofcontentsAcknowledgements3Forewords4Preface7KeyMessages13ExecutiveSummary21Mainreport1Tacklingtheplanetaryemergencyandlightingapathtoasustainablefuturewithnewopportunities47PartI:Transformingnatureputshumanwell-beingatrisk2ThecurrentmodeofdevelopmentdegradestheEarth‘s?nitecapacitytosustainhumanwell-being512.1Humanwell-beingiscriticallydependentontheEarth’snaturalsystems512.2Economicand?nancialsystemsfailtoaccountfornature522.3Rapidlyexpandinghumanactivitiesaredrivingenvironmentalchange533.Societyisfailingtomeetmostofitscommitmentstolimitenvironmentaldamage673.1Societyisnotoncoursetoful?ltheParisAgreementtolimitglobalwarming673.2NoneofthegoalsfortheprotectionoflifeonEarthhavebeenfullymet693.3Theworldisnotoncoursetohaltlanddegradation713.4Airpollutionisnotsu?cientlyreducedtoprotecthumanwell-being743.5Chemicalsandwastearenotalwaysmanagedsafely753.6StronginternationalcoordinatedactionisrestoringEarth‘sprotectiveozonelayer763.7Thedifferentformsofenvironmentalchangeareintertwined784TheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsisthreatenedbyenvironmentalrisks894.1Environmentaldeclineimpedesprogressoneconomicdevelopmentandendingpoverty(SDGs1and8)898MakingPeacewithNature:ascienti?cblueprinttotackletheclimate,biodiversityandpollutionemergencies4.2TheEarth’scapacitytosupplyfoodandwaterweakensinthefaceofenvironmentaldecline(SDGs2and6)904.3Thedeterioratingenvironmentalhealthoftheplanetundermineshumanhealth(SDG3)924.4Environmentalchangeaccentuatesinequalities(SDGs5and10)954.5Environmentaldegradationimpedeseffortstopromotepeace(SDG16)964.6Environmentaldegradationhamperseffortstomakecitiesandcommunitiessustainable(SDG11)96PartII:Transforminghumankind’srelationshipwithnatureisthekeytoasustainablefuture5Humanknowledge,ingenuity,technologyandcooperationcantransformsocietiesandeconomiesandsecureasustainablefuture1015.1Transformativesystemicchangeisaprerequisiteforasustainablefuture1015.2Theleversandleveragepointsfortransformativechange1025.3Implementingtransformationsandovercomingbarriersfrominertiaandvestedinterests1046Earth’senvironmentalemergenciesmustbeaddressedtogethertoachievesustainability1076.1Scaled-upandacceleratedactionstoaddressclimatechangeinthisdecadeareessential1076.2Scalingupandacceleratingtheconservation,sustainableuseandrestorationofbiodiversityiscritical1096.3Transforminglandmanagementcanmeethumanneeds,whilehelpingbiodiversityandtheclimate1116.4Science-basedmanagementcanreducetheadverseeffectsofchemicalsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment1136.5Aligningobjectivesandactionscandelivertransformativechangeforboththeenvironmentandhumandevelopment1147Transformingeconomic,?nancialandproductivesystemscanleadandpowerandtheshifttosustainability1197.1Transformingeconomicand?nancialsystemstobecomesustainableandjust1197.2Transformingfoodandwatersystemstobecomeequitableandresilient1209Tableofcontents7.3Transformingtolow-carbonenergysystemswithaccesstocleanenergyforallispossible1238Keepingtheplanethealthyiskeytoprovidinghealthandwell-beingforall1278.1Reversingenvironmentaldeclinereducesthreatstohumanhealthandwell-being1278.2Promotingpeacefulsocietiesiskeytoreducingenvironmentaldegradation1298.3Makingcitiesandcommunitiessustainableiscritical1299Allactorshaveapartplayintransforminghumankind’srelationshipwithnature133AnnexI:AssessmentReportsUsedinthisSynthesisReport140Glossary143Acronymslist150References152ListofTables,BoxesandFiguresFigureKM.1:MakingPeacewithNature18BoxES.1:COVID-19andOneHealth22FigureES.1:EnvironmentaldegradationthreatenstheachievementoftheSDGs26BoxES.2:RecoveringfromtheCOVID-19pandemic29FigureES.2:Globalgreenhousegasemissiongaps31TableES.1:Actorsandactionstotransformhumankind’srelationshipwithnature37Figure1.1:ComparisonofriskthresholdsacrossIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)assessments48Figure1.2:Milestonesinthehistoryofstratosphericozonedepletion49Box2.1:TheroleofscenarioanalysisandthesharedSocioeconomicPathways(SSPs)54Figure2.1:Sharedsocio-economicpathways(SSPs)55Figure2.2:Developmentpathwaysinhumanrelationshipwithnature56Figure2.3:Developmentpathwaysbycountryincome57Figure2.4:Domesticmaterialconsumptionandfootprintbycountryincome,20175810MakingPeacewithNature:ascienti?cblueprinttotackletheclimate,biodiversityandpollutionemergenciesFigure2.5:Globalprimaryenergyconsumptionbysource59Figure2.6:Ratioofbiomassofmammals60Figure2.7:Globaluseofice-freelandaroundyear201561Figure2.8:Globalgreenhousegasemissionsfromallsourcefrom1989to202062Figure3.1:Relativeglobalimpactofdirectdriversonmajorecosystems69Figure3.2:AssessmentofprogresstowardstheAichiBiodiversityTargets70Figure3.3:Lossofbiodiversitybetween2015and205072Box3.1:Teasingapartlanddegradationandlandtransformation72Figure3.4:Landdegradationworldmaps73Figure3.5:Chemicalintensi?cation76Figure3.6:Milestonesinthehistoryofstratosphericozonedepletion77Figure3.7:Speciesprojectedtoloseover50percentoftheirclimaticallydeterminedgeographicrange79Figure3.8:ImpactsandRiskstoHumansandEcosystemsfromClimateChange80Figure3.9:Theinteractionsbetweenclimatechange,landuseandbiodiversity82Figure4.1:EnvironmentaldegradationthreatenstheachievementoftheSDGs87Figure4.2:Differentsocioeconomicpathwaysaffectlevelsofclimate-relatedrisks90Figure4.3:Environmentalrisksandhumanhealth92Box4.1:Theriskofpandemics:thecaseofCOVID-1994Table5.1:Theactionoftheleversandleveragepointsinfosteringthesixkeysystemtransformations105Figure6.1:Globalgreenhousegasemissiongaps108Figure6.2:Bendingthecurveofbiodiversityloss110Figure6.3:AlignedactionsforprotectingandrestoringlifeonEarth115Box8.1:Avoidingpandemicsandthetransitiontoasustainableworld128Figure8.1:Pathogenspilloverevents129Table9.1:Actorsandactionstotransformhumankind’srelationshipwithnature13411MakingPeacewithNature:ascienti?cblueprinttotackletheclimate,biodiversityandpollutionemergenciesKeyMessagesHumanity’senvironmentalchallengeshavegrowninnumberandseverityeversincetheStockholmConferencein1972andnowrepresentaplanetaryemergency.Whiletacklingtheemergencyisdemanding,thisreport,MakingPeacewithNature,lightsapathtoasustainablefuturewithnewpossibilitiesandopportunities(?gureKM.1).Thetop?ve?Environmentalchangesareundermininghard-wondevelopmentgainsbycausingeconomiccostsandmillionsofprematuredeathsannually.Theyareimpedingprogresstowardsendingpovertyandhunger,reducinginequalitiesandpromotingsustainableeconomicgrowth,workforallandpeacefulandinclusivesocieties.?Thewell-beingoftoday‘syouthandfuturegenerationsdependsonanurgentandclearbreakwithcurrenttrendsofenvironmental