專業(yè)英語-天然藥化課件

EnglishforNaturalProductsChemistry

殷志琦副教授天然藥化教研室EnglishforNaturalProductsC1色譜法基本原理和分類FundamentalPrincipleandClassificationofChromatography色譜法基本原理和分類2表1按兩相所處狀態(tài)分類(stateoftwophase)流動相(mobilephase)固定相液體氣體液體液-液色譜法氣-液色譜法固體液-固色譜法氣-固色譜法stationaryphase表1按兩相所處狀態(tài)分類(stateoftwop3表2按色譜原理分類名稱分離原理吸附色譜法組份在吸附劑表面吸附固定相是固體吸附劑，各能力不同分配色譜法各組份在流動相和靜止液相（固相）中的分配系數(shù)不同離子交換色譜法固定相是離子交換劑，各組份與離子交換劑親和力不同凝膠色譜法固定相是多孔凝膠，各組份的分子大小不同，因而在凝膠上受阻滯的程度不同親和色譜法固定相只能與一種待分離組份專一結(jié)合，以此和無親和力的其它組份分離adsorptionchromatographygelchromatographyionexchangechromatographypartitionchromatographyaffinitychromatography表2按色譜原理分類名稱分離原理吸附色譜法組份在吸附劑4表3按操作形式不同分類(operationform)名稱操作形式柱色譜法固定相裝于柱內(nèi)，使樣品沿著一個方向前移而達(dá)分離薄層色譜法將適當(dāng)粘度的固定相均勻涂鋪在薄板上，點樣后用流動相展開，使各組份分離紙色譜法用濾紙作液體的載體，點樣后用流動相展開，使各組份分離薄膜色譜法將適當(dāng)?shù)母叻肿佑袡C吸附劑制成薄膜，以類似紙層析方法進(jìn)行物質(zhì)的分離columnchromatographythinlayerchromatographypaperchromatographymembranechromatography表3按操作形式不同分類(operationform)名稱51.IsolationandChromatography1.1PaperChromatography1.2ThinLayerChromatography1.3HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography1.IsolationandChromatograph61.1紙色譜PaperChromatography(PC)

PC1.1紙色譜PC7chromatography

n.色譜法，層析法chromatographic

adj.色譜法的，色譜儀的chromatogram

n.色譜，色譜圖（譜）chromatograph

n.色譜儀v.用色譜法分析PCPC8PCPaperChromatographyPCPaperChromatography9separation：分離、分析filterpaper：濾紙medium：介質(zhì)、媒介；培養(yǎng)基、媒介物reproducibility：可重現(xiàn)性，再生性Rfvalue:比移值

retardationfactor(Rf)compound:化合物

constituent成分、構(gòu)成component成分、組成的、構(gòu)成的anthocyanins：花色素苷，花青苷pigments：色素、顏料、染料vocabularyPC1stparagraphseparation：分離、分析vocabularyP10

OneofthemainadvantagesofPCisthegreatconvenienceofcarryingout

separations

simplyonsheetsof

filter

paper,whichservebothasthe

medium

forseparationandasthesupport.Anotheradvantageistheconsiderable

reproducibility

ofRfvaluesdeterminedonpaper,sothatsuchmeasurementsarevaluableparametersforuseindescribingnewplantcompounds.Indeed,forsubstancessuchasthe

anthocyanins,whichdonothaveotherclearlydefinedphysicalproperties,theRfisthemostimportantmeansofdescribinganddistinguishing

thedifferentpigments.thedifferentpigments.

PC1stparagraphOneofthemainadvantag11Insearchforbioactiveconstituents,wecarriedoutchemicalstudiesonPanaxginseng.WehavesystematicallyinvestigatedthechemicalconstituentsofPanaxginseng.Insearchforbioactivec12partition:n.分割，分配v.分割，分裂，劃分partitionchromatography分配色譜adsorptionchromatography吸附色譜water-immiscible水不溶性的

alcoholic醇的，乙醇的，酒精的alcoholn.酒精，乙醇solventn.

溶劑n-butanoln.正丁醇isopropanoln.異丙醇t-butanol叔丁醇vocabularyPCn:normal正（鏈）的iso:isotropic

異,各向同性的,同t:tertiary特,叔,第三2ndparagraphpartition:n.分割，分配v.分割，分裂，13BAW：n-butanol-aceticacid-water4:1:5(上層)

正丁醇-醋酸-水a(chǎn)queous:水的，水溶性的versatile：通用的,萬能的,多用途的,多方面的purines：嘌呤pyrimidines：嘧啶phenolic：酚性的glycoside：苷，配糖物['glaik?said]PCvocabularyglycose單糖glycosidase糖苷酶['glaik?usideis]glycosidation糖苷化glycosyl糖基['glaik?sil]2ndparagraphBAW：n-butanol-aceticacid-14

Chromatographyonpaperusuallyinvolveseither

partition

or

adsorptionchromatography.Inpartition,thecompoundsare

partitioned

betweenalargely

water-immisciblealcoholicsolvent

(e.g.

n-butanol

)andwater.Theclassicsolventmixture,

n-butanol-aceticacid-water

(4:1:5,

toplayer)(abbreviatedas

BAW)wasindeeddevisedasameansofincreasingthewatercontentofthen-butanollayerandthusimprovingtheutilityofthesolventmixture.PC2ndparagraphChromatographyonpap15

PC2ndparagraph

Indeed,BAWisstillwidelyapplicableasageneralsolventformanyclassedofplantconstituent.Bycontrast,adsorptionforcesareoneofthemainfeaturesofPCin

aqueous

solvent.Purewaterisaremarkablyversatile

chromato-graphicsolventanditcanbeusedtoseparatethecommon

purinesand

pyrimidines

andisalsoapplicableto

phenoliccompounds

andto

plantglycosides

ingeneral.PC2ndparagraphInd16horizontal

PC：水平紙色譜circular

PC：環(huán)形紙色譜TLC：ThinLayerChromatography薄層色譜resolution：分辨率carotenoids：類胡蘿卜素，類葉紅素descendingPC:下行紙色譜法over-run：過度展開PCvocabularydescendingdevelopment下行展開法ascendingdevelopment上行法two-dimensionaldevelopment二維分離3rdparagraphhorizontalPC：水平紙色譜PCvocabula17

ThechoiceofapparatusforPCdependstosomeextentontheamountoflaboratoryspaceavailable.

Horizontalorcircular

PC,forexample,takesuplittlemorespacethanastandard

TLC

tank.Ithasremarkablygood

resolution

andisused，forexample,forseparating

carotenoids.

Inmostlaboratories,PCiscarriedoutbydescent,in

tankswhichwillaccommodate

Whatmanpapers

ofthesize46×57cm.

DescendingPC

ismostusefulsincethesolventcanbemoreeasilyover-runifthisisdesired;itisalsoslightlymoreconvenientfor

two-dimensionalseparations.PC3rdparagraphThechoiceofapparatusf18descending

developmentdescendingdevelopment19ascending

developmentascendingdevelopment20two-dimensionaldevelopmenttwo-dimensional21cellulose：纖維素silicicacid：硅酸

silicagel:硅膠silicon:硅siliconeoil：硅油alumina：[?'lju:min?]氧化鋁，礬土lipids：脂，類脂paraffin：石蠟油，煤油['p?r?fin]reversed-phasechromatography：反相色譜milligram：毫克deci(分)dm,centi(厘)cm,milli(毫)mm,mg,mlmicro(微)μm,μg,μlnano(納)nm,ngPCvocabulary4thparagraphcellulose：纖維素deci(分)dm,22

Aconsiderablerangeofmodifiedfilterpapersareavailablecommerciallyforachievingparticularchromatographicseparations.Forexample,the

polarpropertiesofcellulose

canbereducedbyinincorporating

silicicacid

or

alumina

intothepapers,makingthemmoresuitableforseparating

lipids.Paperscanlikewisebemodifiedinthelaboratory,forexample,bysoakingthemin

paraffin

or

siliconeoil

inordertocarryout

reversed-phasechroma-tography,againforlipids.Forlarge-scaleseparations,thicksheetsofchromatographyfilterpaperareavailable(Whatmanno.3or3MM)andthesewillcopewithseveral

milligramsofmaterialpersheet.PC4thparagraphAconsiderablerangeofm23UV-fluorescent：紫外熒光

UV:ultraviolet紫外fluorescent:

熒光chromogenicreagent:顯色劑

chromogenic發(fā)色的，發(fā)色體的diffusion：擴散developthecolors：顯色PC5thparagraphvocabularydevelopingagent(solvent)/tank/time展開溶劑/缸/時間developmentagent/rate/system/solution展開溶劑/速度/系統(tǒng)/液UV-fluorescent：紫外熒光PC5thparag24InPC,compoundsareusuallydetectedascolouredorUV-fluorescentspots,afterreactionwithachromogenic

reagent,usedeitherasasprayorasadip.Forlargesheets,dippingisusuallyeasierbutthesolventcontentofthesprayshouldbemodifiedinordertofacilitatequickdryingandthusavoiddiffusionduringthedipping.Thepapermaythenbeheatedinordertodevelopthecolors.PC5thparagraphInPC,compoundsareusu25solventfront：溶劑前沿origin：原點fraction：分?jǐn)?shù)；部分，餾份PC6thparagraphvocabularyTheEtOHextractwassubjectedtosilicagelcolumnchromatographyusingCHCl3-CH3OH(9:1/5:5)aseluenttoyield(afford)fourfractions.TheEtOAcextractwaschromatographedonsilicagelelutingwithCHCl3-CH3OH(9:1/5:5)toyield(afford)fourfractions.solventfront：溶劑前沿PC6thpara26TheRfvalueisthedistanceacompoundmovesinchromatographyrelativetothesolventfront.Itisobtainedbymeasuringthedistancefromtheorigintothecenterofthespotproducedbythesubstance,andthisisdividedbythedistancebetweentheoriginandthesolventfront(i.e.thedistancethesolventtravels).Thisalwaysappearsasafractionandliesbetween0.01and0.99.Itisconvenienttomultiplythisby100andRFarequotedinthisbookasRFs(×100).Elsewhere,RF(×100)issometimesreferredtoasthehRFvalue.PC6thparagraphTheRfvalueisthedis27WhencomparingRFvaluesofaseriesofstructurallyrelatedcompounds.Itisusefultorefertoanotherchromatographicconstant,theRMvalue.ThisisrelatedtoRFbytheexpression:structurallyrelated:結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)性的PC7thparagraphWhencomparingRFval28專業(yè)英語-天然藥化ppt課件291.2薄層色譜ThinLayerChromatography(TLC)TLC1.2薄層色譜TLC30TLC：thinlayerchromatography薄層色譜sensitivity：n.靈敏度adsorbent：吸附劑（物質(zhì)）a.能吸附的

adsorption：n.吸附（作用）TLCvocabularysilicagel：硅膠celite：n.硅藻土ionexchangeresin：離子交換樹脂polyamide：聚酰胺Sephadex：葡聚糖凝膠polyvinylpyrrolidone：聚乙烯吡咯烷酮

polyvinyl：n.a.聚乙烯基化合物（的）pyrrolidone：吡咯烷酮1thparagraphTLC：thinlayerchromatography31aluminium鋁calcium鈣magnesium鎂sodium鈉TLCvocabularycalciumhydroxide:氫氧化鈣calciumchloride：氯化鈣calciumoxide:氧化鈣calciumphosphate：磷酸鈣calciumsulphate：硫酸鈣1thparagraphaluminium鋁TLCvocabularycalci32Thespecialadvantagesof

TLC

comparedtoPCincludeversatility,speedand

sensitivity.Versatilityisduetothefactthatanumberofdifferent

adsorbents

besidescellulosemaybespreadontoa

glass

plate

orothersupportandemployedforchromatography.Although

silicagel

ismostwidelyused,layersmaybemadeupfrom

aluminiumoxide,celite,calciumhydroxide,ionexchangeresin,magnesiumphosphate,polyamide,Sephadex,polyvinylpyrrolidone,celluloseandfrommixtures

oftwoormoreoftheabovematerials.TLC1thparagraphThespecialadvantagesof33ThegreaterspeedofTLCisduetothemorecompactnatureoftheadsorbentwhenspreadonaplateandisanadvantagewhenworkingwithlabilecompounds.Finally,thesensitivityofTLCissuchthatseparationsonlessthanμgamountsofmaterialcanbeachievedifnecessary.

TLC1thparagraphThegreaterspeedofTLC34spreadingglassplates:鋪板automaticspreadingdevices：自動鋪板器acetone：丙酮grease：n.油脂（狀物）slurry：n.漿，泥漿hemihydrate：半水合物TLCvocabularypetroleumether：石油醚ether：乙醚chloroform：氯仿ethylacetate:乙酸乙酯methanol：甲醇ethanol：乙醇butanol：正丁醇2ndparagraphspreadingglassplates:鋪板TLCv35airdried：a.風(fēng)干的，晾干的activated：a.活化的，活性的，激活的inorganicsalt：無機鹽

silvernitrate硝酸銀

nitrate硝酸根TLCvocabularyinorganic：

a.無機的，無生物的organic:a.有機的，有機體的

inorganicacid/chemistry

無機酸/無機化學(xué)

organicacid/solvent/chemistry有機酸/有機溶劑/有機化學(xué)2ndparagraphairdried：a.風(fēng)干的，晾干的TLCvocab36OneoftheoriginaldisadvantagesofTLCwasthelabourofspreadingglassplateswithadsorbent,alaboursomewhateasedbythelaterintroductionofautomaticspreadingdevices.Nevertheless,evenwiththese,certainprecautionsarenecessary.TLC2ndparagraphOneoftheoriginaldisa37Theglassplateshavetobecarefullycleanedwithacetonetoremovegrease.Thentheslurryofsilicagel(orotheradsorbent)inwaterhastobevigorouslyshakenforasettimeinterval(e.g.90s)beforespreading.Dependingontheparticlesizeoftheadsorbent,calciumsulphatehemihydrate(15%)mayhavetobeaddedtohelpbindtheadsorbentontotheglass.TLC2ndparagraphTheglassplateshave38Finally,platesafterspreadinghavetobeairdriedandthenactivatedbyheatinginanovenat100-110℃for30min.Insomeseparations,itisadvantageoustomodifythepropertiesoftheadsorbentbyaddinganinorganicsalt(e.g.silvernitrateforargentationTLC)andthisisbestdonewhentheplateisbeingspread.Anotherreasonforstillusingplatescoatedinthelaboratoryisthatthemoisturecontentofthesilicagelcanbecontrolled,afactorwhichiscriticalforsomeseparations.TLC2ndparagraphFinally,platesaftersp39precoatedplates：預(yù)制板aluminiumsheets：鋁片fluorescentindicator:熒光指示劑quenchthefluorescence：熒光淬滅wavelength：波長microparticlesofsilica：硅膠微粒HPLC：highperformanceliquidchromatography高效液相色譜HPTLC：highperformancethinlayerchromatography高效薄層色譜TLCvocabulary3rdparagraphprecoatedplates：預(yù)制板TLCvocabu40

Nowadays,however,itisusualtoemployprecoatedplatesofcommercialmanufactureinmostwork,sincethesearemoreuniformandprovidemorereproducibleresults.Therearearangeofsuchplatesavailablewithdifferentadsorbents,coatedonglass,aluminiumsheetsorplastic.Thesemaybewithorwithoutafluorescentindicator,theadditionofwhichallowsthedetectionofallcompoundswhichquenchthefluorescence,whentheplateisobservedinUVlightof254nmwavelength.TLC3rdparagraphNowadays,however,itis41ThemostrecenttypeofTLCplateisthatcoatedwiththesamefinemicroparticlesofsilicathatareusedinthecolumnsforHPLC.SuchchromatographyistermedHPTLCanditusuallygivesmoreefficientandrapidseparationsthatonconventionalsilicalayers.TLC3rdparagraphThemostrecenttypeof42solventsystem：溶劑系統(tǒng)referencecompounds：參照（對照）化合物paper-lined：襯上濾紙saturated：a.飽和的Horizontal

TLC：水平薄層色譜over-run：過度展開electrophoresis：電泳TLCvocabulary4thparagraphsolventsystem：溶劑系統(tǒng)TLCvocabula43

AwiderrangeofsolventshavebeenappliedtoTLCthantoPCandingeneral,thereismoreatitudeintheexactproportionsofdifferentsolventsusedinasolventsystem.RFvaluesareconsiderablylessreproduciblethanonpaperanditisthereforeessentialtoincludeoneormorereferencecompounds

asmarkers.ItispossibletostandardizeconditionsforaccuratemeasurementofRFinTLC,butthisisaverytediousprocess.TLC4thparagraphAwiderrangeofsolvent44TLCisusuallycarriedoutbyascent,inatankwhichispaper-linedsothattheatmosphereinsideissaturatedwiththesolventphase.Horizontal

TLCisemployed，eitherwhenplatesneedtobeover-runwithsolventorwhenTLCisusedincombinationwithelectrophoresis.TLC4thparagraphTLCisusuallycarriedo45byspraying:噴霧，噴洗conc.

H2SO4：濃硫酸detectionreagent：檢測試劑steroids：甾體，甾族類化合物

steroidal:a.甾族的

sterol:n.甾醇，固醇TLCvocabularysulphuricacid:硫酸nitricacid：硝酸hydrochloricacid：鹽酸5thparagraphbyspraying:噴霧，噴洗TLCvocabular46DetectionofcompoundsonTLCplatesinnormallycarriedoutbyspraying,thesmallerareaoftheplate(20×20cm)makingthisarelativelysimpleprocedure.OneadvantageoverPCisthatglassplatesmaybesprayedwithconc.

H2SO4,ausefuldetectionreagentforsteroidsandlipids.TLC5thparagraphDetectionofcompoundso47preparativeTLC:制備薄層色譜adsorbent：n.吸附劑eluting：洗脫centrifuging：離心(centrifuge)TLCvocabularyelute:v.洗脫（提），流出elution:n.洗脫，流出，淋洗bufferelution緩沖洗脫gradientelution梯度洗脫isocraticelution等度(無梯度)洗脫eluant:n.洗脫（提）液，展開劑eluate:n.洗脫液，提取液（物）6thparagraphpreparativeTLC:制備薄層色譜TLCvoc48

PreparativeTLCiscarriedoutusingthick(upto1mm)insteadofthin(0.10-0.25mm)layersofadsorbent.Manufacturedplatesareavailableforthis.Separatedconstituentsarerecoveredbyscrapingofftheadsorbentattheappropriateplacesonthedevelopedplate,elutingthepowderwithasolventsuchasetherandfinallycentrifugingtoremovetheadsorbent.TLC6thparagraphvocabularyPreparativeTLCiscarrie491.3高效液相色譜HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography(HPLC)

1.3高效液相色譜50專業(yè)英語-天然藥化ppt課件511fluidreservior2pump3autosampler3sampleinjector4column(inside)1fluidreservior2pump3524column4column531fluidreservior2pump5detectorI3autosampler5detectorII3sampleinjector4column(inside)1fluidreservior2pump5546dataprocessingsystemsamplecolumnautosamplerusingmobilephasemonitorbyinjectorelutebydetectordata6dataprocessingsystemsampl55chromatogramSamplenameInjectorvolumeRuntimeMethodnameHPLCchromatogramSamplenameHPLC56chromatogramSamplenameRetentiontimeAreaHPLCchromatogramSamplenameHPLC57GLC：氣相色譜Gasliquidchromatographysensitivity:靈敏度、靈敏性quantitative:定量的

qualitative:定性的bond:鍵，結(jié)合

bonded：鍵合的，化合的vocabularylinearityandlimitofdetection(LOD)線性和檢測限precision（精密度）reproducibility（重復(fù)性）recovery（加樣回收率）stability（穩(wěn)定性）HPLC1stparagraphGLC：氣相色譜Gasliquidchromatog58stationaryphase:

固定相octadecylsilylsilicagelmobilephase：

流動相misciblesolventmixture:

可互溶的混合溶劑C18orODSC8silicagelSephadexionexchangeresinmethanol,acetonitrile(乙腈)distilledwateraceticacidphosphoricacid(磷酸)buffersalt(緩沖鹽)MeOH:H2O=85:15CH3CN:H2O=70:30vocabularyHPLC1stparagraphstationaryphase:固定相C18orOD59polymer：聚合物

polymerase聚合酶hydrolase水解酶

polymerization聚合作用decomposition分解作用isocraticelution:

等度洗脫gradientelution:

梯度洗脫elute:洗脫,流出,流出物eluting:洗脫,流出elution:洗脫,流出

elutiontime/volume/program/systemvocabularyHPLC1stparagraphpolymer：聚合物vocabularyHPLC1stp60detector：檢測器

UVD:ultraviolet-visibledetector

(紫外可見吸收檢測器)

PDAD:photodiodearraydetector(光電二極管陣列檢測器)

RID:refractiveindexdetector(示差折光檢測器）

FD:fluorescencedetector

(熒光檢測器)

ECD:

electrochemicaldetector

(電化學(xué)檢測器)

ELSD:evaporativelight-scatteringdetector(蒸發(fā)光散射檢測器）vocabularyHPLC—aminoacid,vitamin,steroids,enzyme—lipids,sugars,aminoacid,steroids,highpolymers,saponin1stparagraphdetector：檢測器vocabularyHPLC—ami61

HPLCisanalogoustoGLCinitssensitivityandabilitytoprovidebothquantitativeandqualitativedatainthesingleoperation.Itdiffersinthatthestationaryphase,bondedtoaporouspolymerisheldinanarrow-borestainlesssteelcolumnandtheliquidmobilephaseisforcedthroughunderconsiderablepressure.1stparagraphHPLCHPLCisanalogousto62TheapparatusforHPLCismoreexpensivethanGLC,mainlybecauseasuitablepumpingsystemisrequiredandallconnectionshavetobescrew-jointedtowithstandthepressuresinvolved.Themobilephaseisamisciblesolventmixture,whicheitherremainsconstant(isocraticseparation)or,maybechangedcontinuouslyinitsproportions,byincludingamixingchamberintotheset-up(gradientelution).1stparagraphHPLCTheapparatusforHP63Thecompoundsaremonitoredastheyeluteoffthecolumnbymeansofadetector,usuallymeasuringintheultraviolet.Acomputingintegratormaybeaddedtohandlethedataastheyemergeandthewholeoperationcanbecontrolledthroughamicroprocessor.1stparagraphHPLCThecompoundsaremo64atambient

temperature常溫，室溫，環(huán)境溫度besubjectedto:使遭受，使屬于，可能thermal

re-arrangement：熱重排thermostatically

controlled

jacket：

溫度控制護(hù)套HPLCvocabulary2ndparagraph

Then-BuOHextractwassubjectedtosilicagelcolumnchromatographyusingCHCl3-CH3OH(9:1/5:5)aseluenttoyield(afford)4fractions.….waschromatographedonsilicagelelutingwithCHCl3-CH3OH(9:1/5:5)toyield(afford)4fractions.atambienttemperature常溫，室溫，環(huán)境65coated:被包裹的，覆蓋的precoated:預(yù)制的poisoning：污染，毒害impurities:雜質(zhì)，不純物purify：純化，精練

putification:精制,純化plant

extracts:植物提取物

extract:

v.提取，萃取，抽提n.提取液，萃取液，浸膏HPLCvocabulary2ndparagraphextractant：提取劑，萃取劑extraction：提取(法)，萃取(法)extractive：n.提取物,浸出物,浸出制劑a.抽提的,浸出的coated:被包裹的，覆蓋的precoated:66HPLCvocabulary2ndparagraphIsolationandExtractionDriedleavesofPanaxginseng(10kg)wereextracted

withEtOH(95%)underreflux.TheEtOHextractwassuspendedinwaterandthensuccessivelyextractedwithpetroleumether,chloroform,ethylacetateandn-butanol.HPLCvocabulary2ndparagraphIso67AmajordifferencebetweenHPLCandGLCisthattheformerprocedurenormallyoperatesatambient

temperature,sothatthecompoundsarenotsubjectedtothepossibilityofthermal

re-arrangementduringseparation.Temperature

controloftheHPLCcolumnmay,however,beadvantageousforcriticalseparationssothatathermostatically

controlled

jacketmaybeneeded.HPLC2ndparagraphAmajordifferencebetw68Thecolumn,whichisusuallypackedwithverysmallsphericalparticlesofsilicacoated

or

bonded

with

stationary

phase,isparticularly

sensitiveto

poisoningbyimpurities,sothatitisessentialto

purify

andfilter

plant

extractsbeforeinjectingthemattheheadofthecolumn.HPLC2ndparagraphThecolumn,whichisusua69non-volatile：非揮發(fā)性的spectrum：n.光譜，波譜，譜refractive

index

detector：示差折光檢測器HPLCvocabulary3rdparagraphnon-volatile：非揮發(fā)性的HPLCvocabul70HPLCvocabulary3rdparagraphterpenoids：萜類化合物

terpene:萜，萜烯terpane：萜烷alkaloids：生物堿carbohydrates：碳水化合物flavonoids：黃酮類化合物coumarins:

香豆素quinone:

醌benzoquinone苯醌

naphthoquinone萘醌

anthraquinone蒽醌steroids:甾體類化合物lignanoid：木脂素HPLCvocabulary3rdparagraphter71

HPLCismainlyusedforthoseclassesofcompoundwhicharenon-volatile,e.g.higher

terpenoids,phenolicsofalltypes,alkaloids,lipidsandsugars.Itworksbestforcompounds,whichcanbedetectedintheultravioletorvisibleregionsofthespectrum.Anexampleoftheseparationof

flavonoidsbyHPLCisshowninFig.1.3.Forsugars,whichdonotshowanyUVabsorption,itispossibletousearefractive

index

detector,butthisisalesssensitiveprocedure.ProteinshavebeenseparatedbyHPLConcolumnsofmodifiedSephadex,silica

gelsorion

exchangers.HPLC3rdparagraphHPLCismainlyusedfo72prepacked

columns：預(yù)填充柱

prepacked：預(yù)先裝入的silica

microporous

particle

column：

硅膠微孔粒柱non-polar

compounds：非極性化合物polar

compounds：極性化合物ultrapure：超純ultra：超，過，越，極端，異常degas：脫氣vocabulary4thparagraphHPLCprepackedcolumns：預(yù)填充柱vocabula73InmostmodernHPLCseparations,prepacked

columnsareemployedandmanytypesareavailablefromthemanufacturers.However,itispossibletocarryoutmostseparationsusingeitherasilica

microporous

particle

column(fornon-polar

compounds)orareverse-phase

C18

bonded

phase

column(forpolar

compounds).Onefinalpracticaldetailneedsmentioning：thesolventshavetobeultrapureandneedtobedegassed

beforeuse.4thparagraphHPLCInmostmodernHPLCs74chromatographic

technique:色譜技術(shù)phytochemist’s：植物化學(xué)家的

phytochemistry:植物化學(xué)

armoury：裝備，武器庫，軍械庫quantitative:定量的

separations

on

a

preparative

scale：制備分離vocabulary5thparagraphHPLCchromatographictechnique:色譜技75HPLCisthelatestchromatographic

techniquetobeaddedtothephytochemist’s

armoury.Apartfromtheexpenseoftheapparatusandthesolvents,itpromisestobeamostimportantandversatilemethodofquantitativeplantanalysisbutithasyettoproveitselfforseparations

on

a

preparative

scale.5thparagraphHPLCHPLCisthelatestc762.SpectralIdentification

2.1ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE(UV-VIS)SPECTROSCOPY

紫外-可見（UV-VIS）吸收光譜UV-VIS2.SpectralIdentification

2.77electromagneticspectrum電磁譜

infrared：紅外

visiblelight：可見光

wavenumbers:波數(shù)proportionaltoenergy:能量成正比

redlight:紅外線

violetlight:紫射線

spectrum：光譜,波譜,譜spectra(復(fù)數(shù)）spectral:光譜的spectroscopy:光譜學(xué),波譜學(xué),光譜法spectroscopic:分光鏡的

spectroscope:分光器，分光鏡UV-VISvocabulary1stparagraphelectromagneticspectrum電磁譜s78Theportionoftheelectromagneticspectrum(Figure14.1)thatliesjustbeyondtheinfraredregionisvisiblelight.Visiblelightoccupiestherelativelynarrowregionbetween12,500and25,000cm-1.Wavenumbersaredirectlyproportionaltoenergy,sovisiblelightisapproximately10timesmoreenergeticthaninfraredradiation.Redlightisthelow-energyendofthevisibleregion,violetlightthehigh-energyend.UV-VIS1stparagraphTheportionofth79

Ultravioletradiationliesbeyondthevioletendofvisiblelight:itencompassestheregionfrom25,000to50,000cm-1.Positionsofabsorptioninvisiblespectroscopyarecustomarilyexpressedinunitsof10-9m.

ornanometers(nm).Thus,thevisibleregioncorrespondsto800to400nm,andtheultravioletregionto400nmto200nm.UV-VIS1stparagraphUltravioletradiatio80ultraviolet(UV)spectrum紫外譜

conjugateddiene共軛二烯

absorptionmaxima最大吸收峰

UVspectra紫外光譜absorptionpeak吸收峰wavelength波長

absorbanceA吸收值A(chǔ)

concentrationinsolution溶液的濃度pathlength厚度molarabsorptivity摩爾吸收系數(shù)

UV-VIS2ndparagraphvocabularyultraviolet(UV)spectrum紫外81Figure14.31showstheultraviolet(UV)spectrumofaconjugateddiene,cis,trans1,3-cyclooctadiene,measuredinethanolassolventintherange200to280nm.Therearenoadditionalabsorptionmaximabeyond280nm.Sothatportionofthespectrumhasbeenomitted.AsistypicalofmostUVspectra,theabsorptionpeakisratherbroad.Thewavelengthatwhichabsorptionisamaximumisreferredtoastheλmaxofthesample.Inthiscaseλmaxis230nm.UV-VIS2ndparagraphFigure14.31show82TheabsorbanceAofasampleisproportionaltoitsconcentrationinsolutionandthepathlengththroughwhichthebeamofultravioletradiationpasses.Tocorrectforconcentrationandpathlength,absorbance