ElectricVehicleBatterySy教學(xué)講解課件

ElectricVehicleBatterySystems1ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIES2ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYEFFICIENCY3ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYCAPACITY4ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYCHARGING5ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYFASTCHARGING6LECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYDISCHARGING7ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYPERFORMANCE8TESTINGANDCOMPUTER-BASEDElectricVehicleBatterySyste1ElectricVehicleBatterySyste1ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIES

1ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIES21ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIES1Roadvehicles-pollutionRoadvehiclesemitsignificantair-bornepollution:18%ofAmerica'ssuspendedparticulates,27%ofthevolatileorganiccompounds,28%ofPb,32%ofnitrogenoxides,62%ofCO.Vehiclesalsorelease25%ofAmerica'senergy-relatedCO2,theprinciplegreen-housegas.Roadvehicles-pollutionRoad3Roadvehicles-pollutionRoadtechnologicalrevolutionsof20thcentury-Electrification, -automotivetransportationenergymarkets-electricalgeneration34%-transportationconsumes27%nation'selectricity:coalandnaturalgasprovidemorethan65%oftheenergyRenewableenergy:lessthan2%oftheenergyusedoilconsumption:-transportation(cars,trucks,andbuses):morethan2/3,-Aircraft:14%,-shipsandlocomotives:5%.technologicalrevolutionsof24technologicalrevolutionsof2Difficultyofelectriccarsdevelopmentofelectriccars:1900-1920theweightofthesevehicles,longrechargingtime,poordurabilityofelectricbarriers1poundofgasoline=100poundsofPb-acidbatteries.Refuelingrequiredonlyminutes,deliverywithrelativelycheapandeasy.Difficultyofelectriccarsde5DifficultyofelectriccarsdeELECTRICVEHICLEOPERATIONBecausepower/torquecurvesforelectricmotorsaremuchbroaderthanthoseforinternalcombustion(IC)engines,theaccelerationofEVcanbemuchquicker.regenerativebrakingoperateveryquietlyhandlingandoperationofEVs~internalcombustioncounterparts.ELECTRICVEHICLEOPERATIONBec6ELECTRICVEHICLEOPERATIONBecElectricVehicleComponentsanelectricmotor,anelectroniccontrolmodule(ECM),atractionbattery,abatterymanagementsystem,asmartbatterycharger,acablingsystem,aregenerativebrakingsystem,avehiclebody,aframe,EVfluidsforcooling,braking,etc.,andlubricants.ElectricVehicleComponentsan7ElectricVehicleComponentsanElectronicDriveSystemsAnEVispropelledbyanelectricmotor.Thetractionmotoriscontrolledbyanelectroniccontrolmodule.Thecontrollertakesasignalfromthevehicle'sacceleratorpedalandcontrolstheelectricenergyprovidedtothemotor,causingthetorquetoturnthewheels.typesofelectricdrivesystems:alternatingcurrent(AC)anddirectcurrent(DC).Inthepast,DCmotorswerecommonlyusedforvariable-speedapplications.ACmotorsarenowmorewidelyusedfortheseapplications.ElectronicDriveSystemsAnEV8ElectronicDriveSystemsAnEVDCmotorsareeasiertocontrolandarelessexpensive,buttheyareoftenlargerandheavierthanACmotors.ACmotorsandcontrollersusuallyhaveahigherefficiencyoveralargeoperationalrange,but,duetocomplexelectronics,theECMsaremoreexpensive.Today,bothACandDCtechnologiescanbefoundincommercialautomobiles.DCmotorsareeasiertocontro9DCmotorsareeasiertocontroBATTERYBASICSAbatterycellconsistsoffivemajorcomponents:(1)electrodes—anodeandcathode;(2)separators;(3)terminals;(4)electrolyte;and(5)acaseorenclosure.Batterycellsaregroupedtogetherintoasinglemechanicalandelectricalunitcalledabatterymodule.

BATTERYBASICSAbatterycellc10BATTERYBASICSAbatterycellcElectrolytecanbealiquid,gel,orsolidmaterial.lead-acid(Pb-acid),nickel-cadmium(NiCd),andothershaveusedaliquidelectrolyte.eitherbeacidicoralkaline,dependingonthetypeofbattery.advancedbatteries:agel,paste,orresin.Pb-acid,NiMH,andLithium(Li)-ionbatteries.Lithium-polymerbatter-ieshaveasolidelectrolyteElectrolytecanbealiquid,ge11Electrolytecanbealiquid,geBATTERYBASICSWhenanelectricalloadsuchasamotorisconnectedtothebatteryterminals,anelectriccircuitiscompleted,andcurrentispassedthroughthemotor,generatingthetorque.thebatterydeliversitsstoredenergyfromachargedtoadischargedstate.Iftheelectricalloadisreplacedbyanexternalpowersourcethatreversestheflowofthecurrentthroughthebattery,thebatterycanbecharged.Thisprocessisusedtoreformtheelectrodestotheiroriginalchemicalstate,orfullcharge.BATTERYBASICSWhenanelectri12BATTERYBASICSWhenanelectriINTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIESEVdevelopment:1900s,1970s,1990s,2007U.S.AdvancedBatteryConsortium(USABC)toacceleratethedevelopmentofadvancedbatteriesforuseinEVdesign.TheUSABChasestablishedbatteryperformancegoalsintendedtomakeEVscompetitivewithconventionalICenginevehiclesinperformance,price,andrange.technologicaldevelopmentforEVbatterieswillemphasizeadvancedPb-acid,NiMHbatteries,Li-ion,andlithium-polymerbatteries.INTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHIC13INTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHICINTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIESsalientfeaturesofthetractionbattery:-onechargetoprovidealongrangeormileage-stablepowerwithdeepdischargecharacteristicstoallowforaccelerationandascendingpowercapabilityoftheEV-Longcyclelifewithmaintenancefreeandhighsafetymechanismsbuiltintothebattery-WideacceptanceasarecyclablebatteryfromtheenvironmentalstandpointINTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHIC14INTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHICThePb-AcidBatteryfloodedlead-acidbatteries(溼式電池):requiresmaintenancebyperiodicreplenishmentofdistilledwater,servicelivesofupto20years,specificgravity:1.215valveregulatedlead-acid(VRLA)battery(免維護(hù)電池):recombinationfactorefficiencyis95to99%,specificgravity:1.3,lowestinternalresistance,TwotypesofVRLAtractionbatteriesareavailablecommercially,theabsorbedglassmat(AGM)battery(吸收式玻纖布蓄電池)andthegeltechnologybattery(凝膠式電池).ThePb-AcidBatteryfloodedle15ThePb-AcidBatteryfloodedleThenegativeandthepositiveplatesarepastedwithanactivematerial—leadoxide(PbO2)andsometimesleadsulphate(PbSO4).Theactivematerialprovidesalargesurfaceareaforstoringelectrochemicalenergy.Theelectrolytesolutionisacombinationofsulphuricacid(H2SO4)anddistilledwater.Duringthechargephase,waterintheelectrolytesolutionisbrokendownbyelectrolysis.Oxygenevolvesatthepositiveplatesandhydrogenevolvesatthenegativeplates.Theevolutionofhydrogenandoxygenresultsinupto30%recombinationIntheVRLAbattery,theefficiencyis95to99%.

Thenegativeandthepositive16ThenegativeandthepositiveTable1-1Costsassociatedwithbatterymaintenance.FeatureFlooded($)AGM($)Gel($)ModularAGM($)BatteryPrice20,00024,00020,00019,000RackPrice2,2002,2002,200─SpillContainment1,700 ───Installation5,0005,0005,0003,600Ventilation2,000───20-YearMaintenance14,400-7,200-7,200-7,200-45,00038,50035,00030,000InitialInstallationCost30,00031,00027,00022,000AnnualCost2,5002,0002,0001,500Table1-1Costsassociated17Table1-1CostsassociatedTheNiMHBatteryAstronggrowthoftherechargeablebatteryconsumerappliancemarketforlaptopcomputers,mobilephones,andcamcorders1950s-Ni-Cdbatterymid-1980s-NiMHbatteryforthesmallersizeNiMHbattery,thehigherenergydensity8-8.5g/cm3(AB5alloys)~5-7g/cm3(AB2alloys)TheNiMHBatteryAstronggrow18TheNiMHBatteryAstronggrowLi-ionBatterylithiumisthemetalwiththehighestnegativepotentialandlowestatomicweightprovideEVswiththegreatestperformancecharacteristicsintermsofaccelerationandrange.chargeanddischargefasterthanPb-acidandNiMHbatteries.typically40%smallerandweighhalfthanNiMHThesebatterieshaveanopencircuitvoltage(OCV)ofapproximately4.1Vatfullcharge.Li-ionBatterylithiumisthe19Li-ionBatterylithiumistheLi-ionBatteryOverchargingofLi-ionbatterieswillcausedamageintheformofelectrodeorelectrolytedecomposition.Thedevelopmentofadvancedbatterymanagementsystemsisakeytoensuringthatlithium-ionbatteriesoperatesafely,duringnormaloperationaswellasintheeventofvehicleaccidents.Li-ionbatterychargingsystemsmustbecapableofworkingwiththebatterymanagementsystemstoensurethatoverchargingdoesnotoccur.theLi-ionisanenvironmentallyfriendlybatteryincomparisonwithnickel-basedbatteries,whichuseNiMHbatterychemistry.Li-ionBatteryOverchargingof20Li-ionBatteryOverchargingofLi-ionBatteryCommercializationoftheseLi-ionbatteries:1960s-1970ssolid-stateLi-ionbattery:1995ThefirstLi-ioncellsforEVapplicationswerebasedontheLiCoO2(lithium-cobalt-oxide)cathodeanddemonstratedacapacityof30Ahr.60Ahrbatterycellsarenowavailableandcapableofprovidingaspecificenergyof115Whr/kg.Table1-2 DevelopmentofLi-ionbatterysystems.

YearCathodeAnodeElectrolyteBatterySystem1980-1990LiWO2LiCo02,LiNi02PolymerLi/Mo02,LiVOx1990-2000LiC6LiMn204C/LiMn204Li-ionBatteryCommercializatio21Li-ionBatteryCommercializatioTheLi-PolymerBatterydesignchallengesassociatedwithkineticsofthebatteryelectrodes,theabilityofthecathodeandanodetoabsorbandreleaselithiumions,hasresultedinlowerspecificpowerandlimitedcyclelifeforlithium-polymerbatteries.consideredassolid-statebatteriesThepolymerscanconductionsattemperaturesaboveabout60°C(140°F),canbeformedinanysizeorshapeTheLi-PolymerBatterydesign22TheLi-PolymerBatterydesignFUELCELLTECHNOLOGYbattery,chemicalenergyisstoredintheelectrode,fuelcell,theenergyisstoredoutsidetheelectrodes.Thusthereisnophysicallimittotheamountoffuelstored.Water+electricity?2H2+022H2+02?2H20+electricityAnode:H2→[M1]2H++2e?

Cathode:02+4H++4e?→2H2OFUELCELLTECHNOLOGYbattery,23FUELCELLTECHNOLOGYbattery,Table1-3Comparisonbetweenelectrolytesfuel-cellelectrolytes

TypeElectrolyteTemperature(℃)FeaturresAlkalineKOH(OH?)60-120HighefficiencyPEMFCPolymerelectrolyte(H+)20-120High-powerdensityPAFCPhosphoricacid(H+)160-220LimitedefficiencyMCFCMoltenCarbonate(C03?)550-650ComplexcontrolSOFCSoliddopedZr-oxide(0?)850-1,000Stationary,powergenerationTable1-3Comparisonbetweene24Table1-3ComparisonbetweeneFUELCELLTECHNOLOGYFuel+oxidant→H20+otherproducts+electricityTheopencircuitvoltage(OCV)is1.25V,Assoonasthecurrentflowsthroughthecellwithaloadconnectedtotheterminals,fuelcellvoltagedrops,andtheefficiencyofthefuelcelldrops.currentdensityof0.8-1.2A/cm2ispossiblefromasinglefuelcellwithintherangeof0.55-0.75V.connectedinseriesorparalleltoformafuelcellbatterystackpracticalefficiencyof50to60%higherthanthe25to35%fortheheatengine.FUELCELLTECHNOLOGYFuel+oxi25FUELCELLTECHNOLOGYFuel+oxiFUELCELLTECHNOLOGYpowerdensityof0.3to0.35kW/LMostthermalcombustionengineshavepowerdensitiesofapproximately1kW/L,ICenginepowertraincostsrangebetween$20/kWto$30/kW

FUELCELLTECHNOLOGYpowerdens26FUELCELLTECHNOLOGYpowerdensFUELCELLTECHNOLOGYThecompressedhydrogentanksizerequiredtocontain6.8kgofhydrogenfora3-L,1,500-kgvehiclewithadrivingrangeof560kmis340Lat25MPa,and160Lat52MPa.Atypicalgastankvolumeforsuchavehicleis70L.Thusthelimitedenergystoragecapacityofhydrogenandthelackofaninfrastructuretosupplyitmakesitnecessarytodevelopaprocesstoextracthydrogenfromgasoline.FUELCELLTECHNOLOGYThecompre27FUELCELLTECHNOLOGYThecompreCHOICEOFABATTERYTYPEFORELECTRICVEHICLES

Li-ionbatteriesarecapableofstoringuptothreetimesmoreenergyperunitweightandvolumethantheconventionalPb-acidandNiMHbatteries.Becauseofthehigh-energycharacteristics,Li-ionbatteriesfindwide-spreadapplicationsincludingaerospace,EV,andhybridEVdesigns.Theself-dischargerateofthesolid-stateLi-ionbatteryisfairlylow—5%ofthecapacitypermonth,comparedtothe15%fortheVRLAbatteryand25%forNiMHbattery.CHOICEOFABATTERYTYPEFORE28CHOICEOFABATTERYTYPEFORECHOICEOFABATTERYTYPEFORELECTRICVEHICLESmemoryeffect: -Li-ionbattery:no -theNiMHandtheVRLAbattery:yesthecyclelifetypicallydropsto80%oftheratedcapacityattheC-rate(onehourchargefollowedbyaonehourdischarge): -NiMH500cycles -Li-ion1,200cyclesmass-producedatlessthana$1perWhr:solidLi-ionbatteries,NiMHbatteryCHOICEOFABATTERYTYPEFORE29CHOICEOFABATTERYTYPEFOREcharacteristicsoftheLi-ionbatteryarefavorableforEVHighgravimetricandvolumetricenergydensitiesAmbienttemperatureoperationLonglifecycle(SeeFigure1-1)GoodpulsepowerdensitycharacteristicsoftheLi-ion30characteristicsoftheLi-ionTable1-5DevelopingLi-ionbatterychemistryandcharacteristics.

BatteryCapacity5hoursC/5Ahr65EnergyDensity5hoursWhr/1270SpecificEnergy5hoursW/kg115PowerDensity30sec80%DODW/1435SpecificPower30sec80%DODW/kg180CycleLife80%ofCapacity700RateCapabilityCap@C/l/Cap@C/5%80ChargeTimeHr4-5Table1-5DevelopingLi-ion31Table1-5DevelopingLi-ionnextgenerationdesigneffortstofurtherextendthebatteryservicelifeto10yearstocutthebatterycostssignificantlynextgenerationdesignefforts32nextgenerationdesignefforts~END~~END~33~END~~END~33ElectricVehicleBatterySystems1ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIES2ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYEFFICIENCY3ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYCAPACITY4ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYCHARGING5ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYFASTCHARGING6LECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYDISCHARGING7ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERYPERFORMANCE8TESTINGANDCOMPUTER-BASEDElectricVehicleBatterySyste34ElectricVehicleBatterySyste1ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIES

1ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIES351ELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIES1Roadvehicles-pollutionRoadvehiclesemitsignificantair-bornepollution:18%ofAmerica'ssuspendedparticulates,27%ofthevolatileorganiccompounds,28%ofPb,32%ofnitrogenoxides,62%ofCO.Vehiclesalsorelease25%ofAmerica'senergy-relatedCO2,theprinciplegreen-housegas.Roadvehicles-pollutionRoad36Roadvehicles-pollutionRoadtechnologicalrevolutionsof20thcentury-Electrification, -automotivetransportationenergymarkets-electricalgeneration34%-transportationconsumes27%nation'selectricity:coalandnaturalgasprovidemorethan65%oftheenergyRenewableenergy:lessthan2%oftheenergyusedoilconsumption:-transportation(cars,trucks,andbuses):morethan2/3,-Aircraft:14%,-shipsandlocomotives:5%.technologicalrevolutionsof237technologicalrevolutionsof2Difficultyofelectriccarsdevelopmentofelectriccars:1900-1920theweightofthesevehicles,longrechargingtime,poordurabilityofelectricbarriers1poundofgasoline=100poundsofPb-acidbatteries.Refuelingrequiredonlyminutes,deliverywithrelativelycheapandeasy.Difficultyofelectriccarsde38DifficultyofelectriccarsdeELECTRICVEHICLEOPERATIONBecausepower/torquecurvesforelectricmotorsaremuchbroaderthanthoseforinternalcombustion(IC)engines,theaccelerationofEVcanbemuchquicker.regenerativebrakingoperateveryquietlyhandlingandoperationofEVs~internalcombustioncounterparts.ELECTRICVEHICLEOPERATIONBec39ELECTRICVEHICLEOPERATIONBecElectricVehicleComponentsanelectricmotor,anelectroniccontrolmodule(ECM),atractionbattery,abatterymanagementsystem,asmartbatterycharger,acablingsystem,aregenerativebrakingsystem,avehiclebody,aframe,EVfluidsforcooling,braking,etc.,andlubricants.ElectricVehicleComponentsan40ElectricVehicleComponentsanElectronicDriveSystemsAnEVispropelledbyanelectricmotor.Thetractionmotoriscontrolledbyanelectroniccontrolmodule.Thecontrollertakesasignalfromthevehicle'sacceleratorpedalandcontrolstheelectricenergyprovidedtothemotor,causingthetorquetoturnthewheels.typesofelectricdrivesystems:alternatingcurrent(AC)anddirectcurrent(DC).Inthepast,DCmotorswerecommonlyusedforvariable-speedapplications.ACmotorsarenowmorewidelyusedfortheseapplications.ElectronicDriveSystemsAnEV41ElectronicDriveSystemsAnEVDCmotorsareeasiertocontrolandarelessexpensive,buttheyareoftenlargerandheavierthanACmotors.ACmotorsandcontrollersusuallyhaveahigherefficiencyoveralargeoperationalrange,but,duetocomplexelectronics,theECMsaremoreexpensive.Today,bothACandDCtechnologiescanbefoundincommercialautomobiles.DCmotorsareeasiertocontro42DCmotorsareeasiertocontroBATTERYBASICSAbatterycellconsistsoffivemajorcomponents:(1)electrodes—anodeandcathode;(2)separators;(3)terminals;(4)electrolyte;and(5)acaseorenclosure.Batterycellsaregroupedtogetherintoasinglemechanicalandelectricalunitcalledabatterymodule.

BATTERYBASICSAbatterycellc43BATTERYBASICSAbatterycellcElectrolytecanbealiquid,gel,orsolidmaterial.lead-acid(Pb-acid),nickel-cadmium(NiCd),andothershaveusedaliquidelectrolyte.eitherbeacidicoralkaline,dependingonthetypeofbattery.advancedbatteries:agel,paste,orresin.Pb-acid,NiMH,andLithium(Li)-ionbatteries.Lithium-polymerbatter-ieshaveasolidelectrolyteElectrolytecanbealiquid,ge44Electrolytecanbealiquid,geBATTERYBASICSWhenanelectricalloadsuchasamotorisconnectedtothebatteryterminals,anelectriccircuitiscompleted,andcurrentispassedthroughthemotor,generatingthetorque.thebatterydeliversitsstoredenergyfromachargedtoadischargedstate.Iftheelectricalloadisreplacedbyanexternalpowersourcethatreversestheflowofthecurrentthroughthebattery,thebatterycanbecharged.Thisprocessisusedtoreformtheelectrodestotheiroriginalchemicalstate,orfullcharge.BATTERYBASICSWhenanelectri45BATTERYBASICSWhenanelectriINTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIESEVdevelopment:1900s,1970s,1990s,2007U.S.AdvancedBatteryConsortium(USABC)toacceleratethedevelopmentofadvancedbatteriesforuseinEVdesign.TheUSABChasestablishedbatteryperformancegoalsintendedtomakeEVscompetitivewithconventionalICenginevehiclesinperformance,price,andrange.technologicaldevelopmentforEVbatterieswillemphasizeadvancedPb-acid,NiMHbatteries,Li-ion,andlithium-polymerbatteries.INTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHIC46INTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHICINTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHICLEBATTERIESsalientfeaturesofthetractionbattery:-onechargetoprovidealongrangeormileage-stablepowerwithdeepdischargecharacteristicstoallowforaccelerationandascendingpowercapabilityoftheEV-Longcyclelifewithmaintenancefreeandhighsafetymechanismsbuiltintothebattery-WideacceptanceasarecyclablebatteryfromtheenvironmentalstandpointINTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHIC47INTRODUCTIONTOELECTRICVEHICThePb-AcidBatteryfloodedlead-acidbatteries(溼式電池):requiresmaintenancebyperiodicreplenishmentofdistilledwater,servicelivesofupto20years,specificgravity:1.215valveregulatedlead-acid(VRLA)battery(免維護(hù)電池):recombinationfactorefficiencyis95to99%,specificgravity:1.3,lowestinternalresistance,TwotypesofVRLAtractionbatteriesareavailablecommercially,theabsorbedglassmat(AGM)battery(吸收式玻纖布蓄電池)andthegeltechnologybattery(凝膠式電池).ThePb-AcidBatteryfloodedle48ThePb-AcidBatteryfloodedleThenegativeandthepositiveplatesarepastedwithanactivematerial—leadoxide(PbO2)andsometimesleadsulphate(PbSO4).Theactivematerialprovidesalargesurfaceareaforstoringelectrochemicalenergy.Theelectrolytesolutionisacombinationofsulphuricacid(H2SO4)anddistilledwater.Duringthechargephase,waterintheelectrolytesolutionisbrokendownbyelectrolysis.Oxygenevolvesatthepositiveplatesandhydrogenevolvesatthenegativeplates.Theevolutionofhydrogenandoxygenresultsinupto30%recombinationIntheVRLAbattery,theefficiencyis95to99%.

Thenegativeandthepositive49ThenegativeandthepositiveTable1-1Costsassociatedwithbatterymaintenance.FeatureFlooded($)AGM($)Gel($)ModularAGM($)BatteryPrice20,00024,00020,00019,000RackPrice2,2002,2002,200─SpillContainment1,700 ───Installation5,0005,0005,0003,600Ventilation2,000───20-YearMaintenance14,400-7,200-7,200-7,200-45,00038,50035,00030,000InitialInstallationCost30,00031,00027,00022,000AnnualCost2,5002,0002,0001,500Table1-1Costsassociated50Table1-1CostsassociatedTheNiMHBatteryAstronggrowthoftherechargeablebatteryconsumerappliancemarketforlaptopcomputers,mobilephones,andcamcorders1950s-Ni-Cdbatterymid-1980s-NiMHbatteryforthesmallersizeNiMHbattery,thehigherenergydensity8-8.5g/cm3(AB5alloys)~5-7g/cm3(AB2alloys)TheNiMHBatteryAstronggrow51TheNiMHBatteryAstronggrowLi-ionBatterylithiumisthemetalwiththehighestnegativepotentialandlowestatomicweightprovideEVswiththegreatestperformancecharacteristicsintermsofaccelerationandrange.chargeanddischargefasterthanPb-acidandNiMHbatteries.typically40%smallerandweighhalfthanNiMHThesebatterieshaveanopencircuitvoltage(OCV)ofapproximately4.1Vatfullcharge.Li-ionBatterylithiumisthe52Li-ionBatterylithiumistheLi-ionBatteryOverchargingofLi-ionbatterieswillcausedamageintheformofelectrodeorelectrolytedecomposition.Thedevelopmentofadvancedbatterymanagementsystemsisakeytoensuringthatlithium-ionbatteriesoperatesafely,duringnormaloperationaswellasintheeventofvehicleaccidents.Li-ionbatterychargingsystemsmustbecapableofworkingwiththebatterymanagementsystemstoensurethatoverchargingdoesnotoccur.theLi-ionisanenvironmentallyfriendlybatteryincomparisonwithnickel-basedbatteries,whichuseNiMHbatterychemistry.Li-ionBatteryOverchargingof53Li-ionBatteryOverchargingofLi-ionBatteryCommercializationoftheseLi-ionbatteries:1960s-1970ssolid-stateLi-ionbattery:1995ThefirstLi-ioncellsforEVapplicationswerebasedontheLiCoO2(lithium-cobalt-oxide)cathodeanddemonstratedacapacityof30Ahr.60Ahrbatterycellsarenowavailableandcapableofprovidingaspecificenergyof115Whr/kg.Table1-2 DevelopmentofLi-ionbatterysystems.

YearCathodeAnodeElectrolyteBatterySystem1980-1990LiWO2LiCo02,LiNi02PolymerLi/Mo02,LiVOx1990-2000LiC6LiMn204C/LiMn204Li-ionBatteryCommercializatio54Li-ionBatteryCommercializatioTheLi-PolymerBatterydesignchallengesassociatedwithkineticsofthebatteryelectrodes,theabilityofthecathodeandanodetoabsorbandreleaselithiumions,hasresultedinlowerspecificpowerandlimitedcyclelifeforlithium-polymerbatteries.consideredassolid-statebatteriesThepolymerscanconductionsattemperaturesaboveabout60°C(140°F),canbeformedinanysizeorshapeTheLi-PolymerBatterydesign55TheLi-PolymerBatterydesignFUELCELLTECHNOLOGYbattery,chemicalenergyisstoredintheelectrode,fuelcell,theenergyisstoredoutsidetheelectrodes.Thusthereisnophysicallimittotheamountoffuelstored.Water+electricity?2H2+022H2+02?2H20+electricityAnode:H2→[M1]2H++2e?

Cathode:02+4H++4e?→2H2OFUELCELLTECHNOLOGYbattery,56FUELCELLTECHNOLOGYbattery,Table1-3Comparisonbetweenelectrolytesfuel-cellelectrolytes

TypeElectrolyteTemperature(℃)FeaturresAlkalineKOH(OH?)60-120HighefficiencyPEMFCPolymerelectrolyte(H+)20-120High-powerdensityPAFCPhosphoricacid(H+)160-220LimitedefficiencyMCFCMoltenCarbonate(C03?)550-650ComplexcontrolSOFCSoliddopedZr-oxide(0?)850-1,000Stationary,powergenerationTable1-3Comparisonbetweene57Table1-3ComparisonbetweeneFUELCELLTECHNOLOGYFuel+oxidant→H20+otherproducts+electricityTheopencircuitvoltage(OCV)is1.25V,Assoonasthecurrentflowsthroughthecellwithaloadconnectedtotheterminals,fuelcellvoltagedrops,andtheefficiencyofthefuelcelldrops.currentdensityof0.8-1.2A/cm2ispossiblefromasinglefuelcellwithintherangeof0.55-0.75V.connectedinseries