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文檔簡(jiǎn)介

調(diào)查表的設(shè)計(jì)2學(xué)習(xí)目的

Objectives通過(guò)本課程的學(xué)習(xí),應(yīng)掌握(Tounderstand)為什么使用調(diào)查表/調(diào)查表的目的(Whyweusequestionnaires)調(diào)查表的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)

Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofquestionnaires不同類型的問(wèn)題以及其使用情境(不同情況下選擇不同問(wèn)題)

Thedifferenttypesofquestionsthatcanbeusedandthe

circumstancesinwhichtheywouldbeused設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查表的方式,以及怎樣避免一些常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題和缺陷

Thewayinwhichquestionnairescanbedesignedandhow

to

avoidsomecommonproblemsandpitfalls3收集信息的途徑(方式)

WaystoGatherInformation文獻(xiàn)研究(搜索):搜索條件(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))

Literaturesearch:SearchCriteria檔案查詢(回顧):信息摘要表格

Reviewofrecords:AbstractionForm小組訪談:訪談提綱(Focusgroup:InterviewGuide)觀察:觀察資料記錄(Observation:ObservationLog)直接測(cè)量:記錄(Directmeasurement:Record)訪談:調(diào)查表(問(wèn)卷)(Interview:questionnaire)4什么是調(diào)查表?

Whatisaquestionnaire?收集問(wèn)題答案的工具(形式)

Aninstrument(form)tocollectanswerstoquestions收集實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)(資料)–收集信息或測(cè)量值

Collectsfactualdata–gathersinformationormeasures一系列按照固定的、合理順序排列的書面問(wèn)題/項(xiàng)目

Aseriesofwrittenquestions/itemsinafixed,rationalorder每項(xiàng)都需回答(除非特別說(shuō)明不需者)

Everyitemisanswered(unlessinstructedotherwise)誰(shuí)完成它

(Whocompletesit)?應(yīng)答者–公眾/專業(yè)人員(Therespondent–public/professional)可以代表應(yīng)答者的人(Someoneonbehalfoftherespondent)調(diào)查者(Theinterviewer)5好調(diào)查表的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

Whatmakesaneffectivequestionnaire?一份好的調(diào)查表應(yīng)該是一系列問(wèn)題經(jīng)

●合理組織而成的工具,借此可以

●簡(jiǎn)單地用

●相同方法收集

●許多人

●相同類型的信息,以便于可

●定量、系統(tǒng)地分析資料Aneffectivequestionnaireishighlystructuredtoallowthesametypesofinformationtobesimply

collectedfromalargenumberofpeopleinthesameway

sothatthedatacanbeanalysedquantitativelyandsystematically

6調(diào)查表在流行病學(xué)中的角色

RoleofQuestionnairesinEpidemiology暴發(fā)調(diào)查/分析研究

(Outbreakinvestigation/Analyticstudy)監(jiān)測(cè)(Surveillance)評(píng)價(jià)/評(píng)估(Evaluation)

7調(diào)查資料收集方式

Surveydatacollectionmethods自我管理(紙、筆)

Self-administered(paper&pencil)面對(duì)面訪談

Face-to-faceinterview電話調(diào)查(實(shí)況或自動(dòng)化)

Phoneinterview(liveorautomated)自我管理(計(jì)算機(jī)化)

Self-administered-computer8調(diào)查表的類型

TypesofQuestionnaire按時(shí)間(調(diào)查內(nèi)容是否已經(jīng)發(fā)生)分

?前瞻性Prospective

?回顧性Retrospective按調(diào)查表填寫人員分

Completedbyparticipantorresearcher

?自我管理式(被調(diào)查者)self-administered

?調(diào)查者管理式(研究人員)interview-administered?適合于文盲或識(shí)字少的人群(participationbyilliteratepeople)?

澄清含糊不清(clarificationofambiguity)9自我管理式(紙和筆)-優(yōu)點(diǎn)

Self-administered(paper&pencil):Pros花費(fèi)低(Cheap)易管理(Easytoadminister)能用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方式管理

(Canbeadministeredinastandardmanner)個(gè)體或小組均適宜(Canbeindividualorgroup)可以發(fā)郵件或發(fā)電子郵件(Canbedonebymailoremail)能在應(yīng)答者方便時(shí)完成(Canbecompletedatrespondent‘sconvenience)可匿名(Canbedoneanonymously)保護(hù)隱私(Preserveconfidentiality)容易獲取敏感問(wèn)題信息

(Facilitatesdisclosureofsensitiveinformation)10自我管理式(紙和筆)-缺點(diǎn)

Self-administered(paper&pencil):Cons需要更多注意閱讀水平和說(shuō)明

Needmoreattentiontoreadinglevel&direction格式需簡(jiǎn)單(沒(méi)有或很少跳轉(zhuǎn))

Needssimpleformat(fewornoskips)相對(duì)短小的調(diào)查更好

Worksbetterwithrelativelyshortsurvey難以控制不一致性或無(wú)應(yīng)答(項(xiàng)目)Difficulttoaddressinconsistentormissingresponses難以控制應(yīng)答率(隨情形、情景而變)Variableresponserate(dependingonsituation&setting)11

面對(duì)面訪談:優(yōu)點(diǎn)

Face-to-faceinterview:Pros

可以適用復(fù)雜調(diào)查

(Complexsurveyformatcanbeused)使不一致或無(wú)應(yīng)答最小化

(Minimizedinconsistentonmissingresponses)應(yīng)答率一般高(Responseratesaregenerallyhigh)調(diào)查者在場(chǎng)可以渲染氣氛(Interviewerpresenceismotivating)可短可長(zhǎng)(Canbeshortorlong)容易根據(jù)調(diào)查內(nèi)容發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題

(Easytodiagnoseproblemswithsurveycontent)12面對(duì)面訪談:缺點(diǎn)

Face-to-faceinterview:Cons

花費(fèi)高(Expensive)需要培訓(xùn)職員(Requirestrainedstaff)后勤保障復(fù)雜(Complexlogistics)花費(fèi)調(diào)查者和被調(diào)查者時(shí)間長(zhǎng)

(Verytimeconsumingforrespondent&interviewer)社會(huì)期望影響(Socialdesirabilityeffects)隱匿性最?。↙eastanonymity)敏感問(wèn)題應(yīng)答受限制

(Inhibitdisclosureofsensitiveinformation)13電話調(diào)查:優(yōu)點(diǎn)

Phoneinterview:Pros有可能實(shí)施復(fù)雜的調(diào)查(病毒所實(shí)驗(yàn)室感染)

Complexsurveyformatsarepossible使不一致或無(wú)應(yīng)答最小化

Minimizesinconsistentormissingresponse可自動(dòng)化實(shí)施Canbeautomated可能比面對(duì)面訪談更好的獲得敏感信息Somewhatbetterdisclosureofsensitiveinformationthanface-to-face14電話調(diào)查:缺點(diǎn)

Phoneinterview:Cons花費(fèi)高(Canbeexpensive)需要培訓(xùn)職員或特殊軟件

(Requirestrainedstafforspecialsoftware)費(fèi)時(shí)(Verytimeconsuming)調(diào)查需簡(jiǎn)潔(Surveyneedtobebrief)對(duì)于許多應(yīng)答者不愿意

(Uncomfortableformanyrespondents)應(yīng)答率低于面對(duì)面訪談

(Responseratearelowerthanface-to-face)不是每個(gè)人都有電話(Noteveryonehasaphone)許多人監(jiān)督電話(Manypeoplemonitorcalls)15自我管理式(計(jì)算機(jī))-優(yōu)點(diǎn)

Self-administered(computer):Pros

對(duì)于有計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)的人易于管理Easytoadministerforpersonswithcomputerliteracy易于敏感信息的獲取Facilitiesdisclosureofsensitiveinformation可以適用復(fù)雜調(diào)查Complexsurveyformatscanbeused比現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查(訪談)更“中性化”More”neutral”thanaliveinterviewer使不一致或無(wú)應(yīng)答最小化Minimizesinconsistentormissingresponse附錄可能增加理解:音頻、注釋等Supplementspossibletoincreasecomprehension:audio,glossaries,etc.易于資料分析

Facilitatesdataanalysis16自我管理式(計(jì)算機(jī))-缺點(diǎn)

Self-administered(computer):Cons計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)或計(jì)算機(jī)恐怖癥限制采用Computerliteracyorcomputerphobiacanlimituse相對(duì)于其他方法需花更多時(shí)間管理Administrationistimeconsumingcomparedtoothermethods需要注意閱讀水平和說(shuō)明Needsattentiontoreadinglevel&directions設(shè)計(jì)/規(guī)劃費(fèi)用高和/或費(fèi)時(shí)Programmingcanbeexpensive&/ortime-consuming基于PC管理的答案容量巨大BulkyifreplyingonPC-basedadministration17資料收集方法的選擇

Choosingdatacollectionmethod方法選擇的原則(Choiceofmethodwillbeeffectedby):成本(Cost)時(shí)間(Time)后勤保障(Logistics)資源(Resources)調(diào)查內(nèi)容(如:敏感問(wèn)題)

Questioncontent(e.g.,sensitiveitems)18資料收集方法-2

Implicationsofdatacollectionmethod-2方法影響(Methodwilleffect):調(diào)查表的長(zhǎng)度(Lengthofthesurvey)調(diào)查的復(fù)雜性(Complexityofthesurvey)項(xiàng)目需要的閱讀水平(Readingleveloftheitems)敏感信息的獲?。―isclosureofsensitiveinformation)資料質(zhì)量(Dataquality)資料錄入、分析難易(Easyofdataentryandanalysis)19評(píng)價(jià)調(diào)查表的指標(biāo)

(EvaluationIndexsofquestionnaire)可靠性/信度

Reliability準(zhǔn)確性/效度

Validity20可靠性/信度

Reliability可靠性-反映同一主題的調(diào)查重復(fù)進(jìn)行時(shí)獲得信息的相似程度(一致性)Reliability

-referstothedegreeofsimilarityofinformationobtainedwhenthemeasurementisrepeatedinthesamesubject(consistency)每次進(jìn)行的測(cè)量是否獲得相同測(cè)量值(結(jié)果/評(píng)價(jià))?

Isthesamevaluearrivedateverytimethemeasurementistaken/made?重復(fù)實(shí)施時(shí)測(cè)量值(結(jié)果/評(píng)價(jià))是否變化較大?

Dothevaluesvaryalotonrepeatedadministration為提高可靠性,需強(qiáng)調(diào)變異來(lái)源

Toimprovereliabilityweneedtoaddressthesourcesofvariation21準(zhǔn)確性/效度

Validity反映測(cè)量值與真值吻合的程度

Referstotheextenttowhichameasureactuallymeasureswhatitismeanttomeasure(accuracy)如果一個(gè)觀測(cè)員或一臺(tái)儀器重復(fù)測(cè)量一個(gè)體某特征值時(shí),總比真值高或總比真值低,則測(cè)量缺乏準(zhǔn)確性

Themeasurelacksvalidityifanobserveroraninstrumentmeasuresthecharacteristicinthesameindividualrepeatedlyhigherorrepeatedlylowerthantherealvalue系統(tǒng)誤差導(dǎo)致的偏倚

Thissystematicerrorintroducesabias可能可靠性好但不一定準(zhǔn)確

Ameasurecanbereliablebutnotvalid22變異來(lái)源

SourcesofVariation測(cè)量?jī)x器(Theinstrument)如果一臺(tái)儀器對(duì)同一被測(cè)個(gè)體給出不同的結(jié)果

Iftheinstrumentitselfgivesdifferentresultsforthesameindividual如血壓計(jì)(e.g.bloodpressurecuff)觀測(cè)者(Theobserver)觀測(cè)者間變異(不同觀測(cè)者)

Inter-observervariation-differencesamongobservers觀測(cè)者內(nèi)變異(同一觀測(cè)者)

Intra-observervariation-differencesinthesameobserver被測(cè)者/客體(Thesubject)生物學(xué)上的不一致性(Biologicalinconsistencies)記憶(Memory)……23偏倚

BiasinQuestions信息偏倚=在應(yīng)答測(cè)量中系統(tǒng)差異

InformationBias=systematicdifferencesinthe

measurementofaresponse回憶偏倚-如,病例比對(duì)照更易于記憶某暴露因素/癥狀

Recallbias–egcasesbeingmorelikelytoremember

thancontrols觀察偏倚-觀察者間和觀察者內(nèi)偏倚-調(diào)查表是減少此偏倚的重要方法

Observerbias–interandintra–aquestionnaireisan

importantwaytoreducethis無(wú)應(yīng)答偏倚(Non-responsebias)應(yīng)答者與無(wú)應(yīng)答者之間差異

Thosewhorespondaredifferentfromthosewhodonot保證高應(yīng)答率降低(Reducebyensuringhighresponserate)or分析時(shí)校正(如年齡、性別、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況)

Correctingforduringanalysis(egage,sex,SEG)24為什么我們需要調(diào)查表

Andwhydowewantone?一份好的調(diào)查表(Awelldesignedquestionnaire):為回答所研究問(wèn)題提供足夠的資料

(Willgiveyouappropriatedatawhichshouldallowyoutoansweryourresearchquestion)使可能的偏倚來(lái)源最小化,提高調(diào)查表的效度

(Willminimisepotentialsourcesofbias,thusincreasingthevalidityofthequestionnaire)25基本原理

FundamentalPrinciple

流行病學(xué)調(diào)查是一個(gè)驗(yàn)證假設(shè)的科學(xué)閉環(huán)(Anepidemiologicalinvestigationisascientificloop

thattestsahypothesis)難(主)題(Problem)假設(shè)(Hypothesis)研究(Study)調(diào)查表(Questionnaire)問(wèn)題(Question)結(jié)果(Results)Answer26假設(shè)

Assumptions調(diào)查表的使用是基于一定假設(shè)基礎(chǔ)上的

Theuseofquestionnairesisbasedoncertainassumptions個(gè)體應(yīng)該對(duì)所研究的具體問(wèn)題有共同的理解,并且有一般的信念

Thatindividualswillhavehadcommonofparticularissuesandwillsharegeneralbeliefs

參加婚禮/盡力發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的腦膜炎患者,因?yàn)檫@種疾病對(duì)孩子是一種威脅

(wenttoawedding/thatwearetryingtofindoutmoreaboutmeningitisbecausethisdiseaseisathreattoourchildrenandyoungpeople)這種理解和這些信念是共有的,并可清楚地表達(dá)、予以量化Thatthisunderstandingandthesebeliefsaresharedandcanbeclearlyexpressedandquantified27開(kāi)始前

Beforestarting…..調(diào)查表的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)是研究的主要部分之一,而不是附加的

Questionnairedesignshouldbeanintegralpartofthe

study,notan“add-on”因此(Therefore)確定研究的目標(biāo)(研究者本人或其他人員)

Decideonthegoalsofthestudy(foryourselfandforothers)了解主體-語(yǔ)言,專業(yè)(Knowthesubject–literature,experts)了解應(yīng)答者-社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況,職業(yè),特殊敏感性,教育水平、種族

Knowthe

respondents-(SEG,occupation,specialsensitivities,educational,ethnic)了解多少-成本,時(shí)間,樣本量,應(yīng)答率

Know

howmuch

–cost,time,samplesize,responserate28調(diào)查表設(shè)計(jì)步驟-12步

StepsforQuestionnaireDesign1.概念化調(diào)查表(Conceptualizequestionnaire)2.確定后勤(Determinelogistics)3.設(shè)置問(wèn)題(Developquestions)4.修改問(wèn)題(Revisequestions)5.預(yù)調(diào)查(Pilottestquestionnaire)6.數(shù)據(jù)錄入預(yù)檢測(cè)(Pilottestdataentry)29調(diào)查表設(shè)計(jì)步驟-12步

StepsforQuestionnaireDesign7.培訓(xùn)調(diào)查員(Traininterviewers)8.實(shí)施調(diào)查(Implementquestionnaire)9.數(shù)據(jù)錄入(Entrydata)10.分析資料(Analyzedata)11.報(bào)告結(jié)果(Reportresults)12.利用發(fā)現(xiàn)(Usethefindings)30設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查表的階段

Stagesindesigningaquestionnaire確定研究的目標(biāo)和使用調(diào)查表的目的

Decideonaimofthestudyandthepurposeofusingaquestionnaire確定問(wèn)題目錄(Decideoncontentofthequestions)確定問(wèn)題的格式(Decideontheformatofthequestions)確定調(diào)查表的版面設(shè)計(jì)(Decideonpresentationandlayout)制定編碼表(如合適)

Formulatecodingschedule(ifappropriate)調(diào)查表的預(yù)調(diào)查和修訂(Pilotandrefinequestionnaire)31

識(shí)別信息

(Identifyinginformation)

人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)信息(Demographics)

臨床信息(Clinicalinformation)

暴露因素

(Exposures)

其他相關(guān)資料

(Otherdatathatmayberelevant)

調(diào)查表框架OutlineofQuestionnaires32

姓名(Name)

-與姓名相聯(lián)系的ID碼(IDcodelinkingtoname)

-隨訪信息(如電話,電子郵件)

follow-upinformation(iephone,email)

敏感問(wèn)題加密

Encryptionmaybenecessaryforsensitive

information識(shí)別信息IdentifyingInformation33

性別

(Gender)

婚姻狀況(maritalstatus)

教育(education)

職業(yè)(occupation)

收入(income)

小組/家庭成員數(shù)(groupmemberships)

從屬關(guān)系(單位)(affiliations)

宗教(religion),

主要收入者(principalwageearner),

每戶房子數(shù)(numberofroomsperhousehold)

…人口學(xué)信息

DemographicInformation34最后詢問(wèn)收入或其他敏感問(wèn)題

Askquestionsaboutincomeorothersensitiveissuesattheend

用靈活的方式詢問(wèn)私人問(wèn)題,如:

Askpersonalquestionsinasensitivemanner,Examples:

?包括您本人在內(nèi)共有多少人居住在這兒?

“Howmanypeople,includingyourself,liveatthisaddress?”

?婚姻狀況?“Whatisyourmaritalstatus?”

?誰(shuí)是家中收入主要來(lái)源者?“Whoistheprinciplewageearnerinthehousehold?”人口學(xué)信息收集策略StrategiesforCollectingDemographicInformation35

從醫(yī)療記錄中得到

(Getfrommedicalrecord)

確保覆蓋病例定義的所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Besuretocoverallcriteriaforcasedefinitions)

登記日期(Recorddates)臨床信息ClinicalInformation36

考慮病因推斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Considercriteriaforcausality)

-先因后果(exposureoccursbeforeevent)

-一致性(consistentwithotherreports)

-聯(lián)系強(qiáng)度(strengthofassociation)

-生物學(xué)合理(biologicallyplausible)

-劑量反應(yīng)關(guān)系(doseresponseeffect)暴露信息ExposureInformation37隨研究而變化

(Variesbystudy)

生態(tài)(Ecologic)

-

降雨量(rainfall),植被(vegetation),...

實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Laboratory)

-抗生素耐藥性(antimicrobialresistance),

-

分子標(biāo)記物(molecularmarkers),..

居住處所(Residence)

-暴露(Exposures),地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS),

…可能相關(guān)的其他信息OtherInformationthatMaybeRelevant38制定調(diào)查表基本原則

BasicRules保持調(diào)查表短、簡(jiǎn)單(KISS

keepitshortandsimple)調(diào)查表外觀重要,影響(Appearance

iscrucialandaffects)應(yīng)答率(Responserate)易于資料匯總、分析(Easeofdatasummarisationandanalysis)調(diào)查表的長(zhǎng)度:短應(yīng)答率

Length

ofquestionnaire:shorterresponserates問(wèn)題順序很重要(Questionorderisimportant):

由易到難(Easydifficult)由一般到特殊(Generalparticular)由具體到抽象(Factualabstract)以封閉式問(wèn)題開(kāi)始(Startwithclosedformatquestions).以主要主題相關(guān)的問(wèn)題開(kāi)始

Startwithquestionsrelevanttothemainsubject.盡量避免用人口學(xué)和個(gè)人問(wèn)題開(kāi)始

Trytoavoidstartingwithdemographicandpersonalquestions39制定調(diào)查表基本原則

BasicRules所有項(xiàng)目和頁(yè)編號(hào)

Number

allitemsandpages所有頁(yè)上注明標(biāo)識(shí)符

Putanidentifyingmarkonallpages注明調(diào)查表寄送地址

Putthereturn

addressonthequestionnaire首頁(yè)用粗體字標(biāo)明研究標(biāo)題

Putthe

studytitleinbold

onthefirstpage說(shuō)明部分用粗體字

Print

directionsinbold唯一的標(biāo)識(shí)符

Rememberthe

UniqueIdentifier40制定調(diào)查表基本原則

BasicRules按主題或答案選項(xiàng)來(lái)組合問(wèn)題

Groupquestions

bytopicorresponseoptions不要將最重要的條目放在最后

Don’tputthemostimportantitemlast以相關(guān)的無(wú)脅迫性的問(wèn)題開(kāi)始

Openwithrelevant

non-threatening

questions盡可能短、邏輯性強(qiáng)、相關(guān)、悅目的調(diào)查表最可能被完成

Itismostlikelytobecompletedif

easyontheeye,relevant,

logical

andas

shortaspossible.41制定調(diào)查表基本原則

BasicRules每次提問(wèn)只問(wèn)一個(gè)信息

Askforonepieceofinformationatatime:如果你一直看JamesBond的電影而6個(gè)小時(shí)沒(méi)有上衛(wèi)生間,此時(shí)你妻子給你拿來(lái)了三明治,你會(huì)在20分鐘內(nèi)起床去衛(wèi)生間嗎?

Ifyouhadnotpassedwaterfor6hoursbutwerewatchingaJamesBondmovie,andyourwifebroughtyouasandwichwouldyougetuptogotothetoiletinthenext20minutes?Y/N記住“不知道”

(Remember“don’tknow”)42制定調(diào)查表基本原則

BasicRules準(zhǔn)確-你經(jīng)常晚上不得不起來(lái)上衛(wèi)生間嗎?(是/否)

Beprecise–Doyouoftenhavetogetupatnightto

passwater?Y/N適當(dāng)/敏感-內(nèi)部習(xí)慣

Beappropriate/sensitive–bowelhabits目的總是減少偏倚

Aimalwaystominimisebias43

事實(shí)(Factual)

-人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),實(shí)驗(yàn)室,臨床信息

demographic,laboratory,clinicalinformation

觀念與態(tài)度(OpinionsandAttitudes)

-與研究主題相關(guān)的信念、理想、體質(zhì)、價(jià)值等

Beliefs,ideas,predispositions,andvaluesrelatedtothe

topic

understudy

信息/知識(shí)(Information/knowledge)

-測(cè)量人們知識(shí)水平(知識(shí)擁有或缺乏)

measureswhatpeopleknow(presenceorabsenceofknowledge)

-正確或錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)(correctorincorrectknowledge)調(diào)查問(wèn)題的類型TypesofQuestions44

行為(Behavior)

-行為描述(descriptionofbehavior)

(難以評(píng)價(jià)人們所想與實(shí)際所為)(difficulttoevaluatehow

peoplethinktheybehaveversuswhattheyactuallydo)

構(gòu)造/組合(Constructs)

-多個(gè)問(wèn)題反映一個(gè)結(jié)果

multipleresponsestocaptureasingleoutcome

(如通過(guò)詢問(wèn)職業(yè)、教育程度、收入水平來(lái)反映社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況)

(iesocioeconomicstatusiscapturedwithquestionsonoccupation,education,andincomelevel)調(diào)查問(wèn)題的類型TypesofQuestions45問(wèn)題的內(nèi)容

ContentofQuestions對(duì)所研究的問(wèn)題保持高度關(guān)注

Keepaclearfocusonyourresearchquestion

文獻(xiàn)研究:為了詢問(wèn)最相關(guān)和探索性的問(wèn)題,必須知道的知識(shí)、信息等

(Literaturesearch;whatdoweneedtoknowinorderto

askthemostrelevantandprobingquestions?)人口學(xué)信息(Demographicinformation)

相關(guān)信息

(Contactinformation)46調(diào)查問(wèn)題的格式

FormatofQuestions

兩種主要的提問(wèn)形式(Twomainquestionformats)封閉式給出固定的答案

Closedformatgivea‘fixed’response答案分類是已知的(Responsecategoriesareknown)答案不需要細(xì)節(jié)(Responsedonotrequireelaboration)答案必需清楚,簡(jiǎn)單,明確,中立(不重疊)

Categoriesneedtobeclear,Simple,unambiguous,neutral47開(kāi)放式允許人用自己的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)

Openformatallowpeopletoexpresstheirviewsintheirownwords:答案分類未知(Responsecategoriesareunknown)答案需要細(xì)節(jié)(Responserequireelaboration)你最痛苦、煩惱的癥狀是什么?請(qǐng)描敘(Whatisyourmostdistressingsymptom?Pleasedescribe:)________________________________________________________________________________________________48不同格式問(wèn)題的意義

Implicationsofitemstype封閉式(Close-endeditemsare)更可靠(Morereliable)對(duì)于逐步展開(kāi)更具有挑戰(zhàn)性(Morechallengingtodevelop)易被任何資料收集方法所采用

Easyusedwithanydatacollectionmethod開(kāi)放式依賴于(Open-endeditemsrelyon)應(yīng)答者動(dòng)機(jī)(Motivationofrespondent)調(diào)查者技巧

Skillofinterviewer(ifpresent)資料收集方法Datacollectionmethod(workbestininterviews)需充足的時(shí)間(Havingenoughtime)49測(cè)量水平

Levelsofmeasurement名詞性(無(wú)序分類):互相排斥的分類來(lái)區(qū)別(是/否,男/女)Nominal:distinguishbetweenmutuallyexclusivecategories(yes/no,male/female)有序分類:按分類順序排序(如社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位)Ordinal:rankorderamongcategories(e.g.SES)間距:各分類間間距相等排序(如Farenheitscale)

Interval:rankorderwithequalspacingbetweencategories(e.g.Farenheitscale)比:以真零點(diǎn)分類排序(如:攝氏溫度,年齡)

Ratio:rankorderingwithatruezero(e.g.Celsiusscale,age)50措詞的一般性考慮

Generalconsiderationsinitemwording易于理解和回答(Easytoadminister&answer)語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單(Simplesentencestructure)避免“雙重問(wèn)題”(Avoid“double-barreled”questions)避免“否定式”提問(wèn)(Avoidaskingabout“negatives”)避免行話-定義術(shù)語(yǔ)(Avoidjargondefineterms)適當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x水平(一般人8級(jí))

Appropriatereadinglevel(8thgradeforgen’lpop)能回憶起來(lái)的實(shí)際時(shí)間(Realistictimeframesforrecall)51你服用過(guò)毒品嗎?

Haveyoueveruseddrugs?52避免:太一般化

WhatAvoid:Beingtoogeneral太一般化:你服用過(guò)毒品嗎?

Toogeneral:Haveyoueveruseddrugs?更好的提問(wèn)方式(Abetterchoice):

你曾服用過(guò)下列任何一種嗎?Haveyoueverusedanyofthefollowing:

酒精(Alcohol)

大麻(Marijuana)

甲安菲他明等

Methamphatamine(speed,crystalmeth)etc53大多數(shù)人應(yīng)該更多的鍛煉身體、吃更多的水果與蔬菜?

Mostpeopleshouldexercisemoreoftenthannormallydoandeatmorefruits&vegetables?54避免:雙重問(wèn)題-1

WhatAvoid:Doublebarreledquestion-1雙重問(wèn)題(Doublebarreled):

大多數(shù)人應(yīng)該比目前更多的鍛煉身體、吃更多的水果與蔬菜

Mostpeopleshouldexercisemoreoftenthannormallydoandeatmorefruits&vegetables.

極不一致強(qiáng)烈一致

Stronglydisagreestronglyagree

55避免:雙重問(wèn)題-2

WhatAvoid:Doublebarreledquestion-2更好選擇(Betteralternative):

大多數(shù)人應(yīng)該更多的鍛煉身體

Mostpeopleshouldexercisemoreoftenthannormallydonow.

Stronglydisagreestronglyagree

大多數(shù)人應(yīng)該吃更多的水果與蔬菜

Mostpeopleshouldeatmorefruits&vegetablesthannormallydonow.

56感染HIV的醫(yī)生和護(hù)士應(yīng)該不能照料病人?

是—否

Doctors&nurseswithHIVshouldnotbeabletocareforpatients?

—yes—no57避免:否定措詞

WhatAvoid:“Negativewording”否定措詞:感染HIV的醫(yī)生和護(hù)士應(yīng)該不能照料病人

是—否

Negativewording:Doctors&nurseswithHIVshouldnotbeabletocareforpatients.

—yes—no更好:感染HIV的醫(yī)生和護(hù)士應(yīng)該可以照料病人

是—否

Betterwording:Doctors&nurseswithHIVshouldbeabletocareforpatients.

—yes—no58

你是否患過(guò)性傳播疾病?

Haveyoueverhadasexuallytransmitteddisease?59避免:行話

WhatAvoid:Jargon太多的行話:你是否患過(guò)性傳播疾???

Toomuchjargon:Haveyoueverhadasexuallytransmitteddisease?更好:醫(yī)生或其他醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)提供者是否告訴你患有:

-梅毒-淋病-其他等Better:Hasadoctororotherhealthcareprovidertoldyouthatyouhad:SyphilisGonorrheaetc60

一生中你看了多少次???

Howmanytimeshaveyouvisitedadoctorinyourlifetime?___61避免:不合理的時(shí)間框架

WhatAvoid:Unreasonabletimeframes不合理的時(shí)間框架(Unreasonabletimeframe):

一生中你看了多少次???

Howmanytimeshaveyouvisitedadoctorinyourlifetime?___更合理的時(shí)間框架(和措詞):

Morereasonabletimeframe(&wording):

最近6個(gè)月你看過(guò)病嗎?

Haveyouvisitedadoctorinthe6months?62更多考慮:抽樣人群

Moreconsiderations:samplepopulation一般人群和住院病人或“危險(xiǎn)人群”

Generalpopulationvs.clinicalpopulationor“riskgroup”不同需要、興趣、經(jīng)歷(Differentneeds,interests,experiences)影響措詞(Effectwording)影響抽樣和補(bǔ)充(Caneffectsample&recruitment)文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Culturalnorms)語(yǔ)言差異(Linguisticdifferences)63調(diào)查問(wèn)題的順序

Orderingofitemsonsurvey以對(duì)每個(gè)人合適的措詞/問(wèn)題開(kāi)始

Starw/questionthatapplytoeveryone然后到更敏感、特異的問(wèn)題

Thenmovetomorespecificormoresensitivequestions為轉(zhuǎn)移到新的主題提供說(shuō)明

Havestandarddirectionsformakingtransitionstonewtopics考慮最好的方式來(lái)喚起回憶

Considerbestwaystofacilitaterecall以對(duì)每個(gè)人合適的措詞/問(wèn)題結(jié)束

Finishw/questionsthatapplytoeveryone以“謝謝”結(jié)束(Endbyincludinga“thankyou”)64編碼

CodingSchedule調(diào)查表能預(yù)編碼(Questionnairecanbepre-coded)

資料錄入Epi-Info或SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件前更容易更快的了解(掌握)應(yīng)答情況

QuickerandeasiertohandsresponsespriortodataentryehEpi-InfoorSPSS如(Examples):M=1;F=2;DK=3Ill=1;Notill=2;DK=3Single=1;Married=2;Separated=3;Divorced=4;DK=5Nomedicalintervention=1;SawGP=2;WentOPD=3;AdmittedHospital=4;AdmittedICU=5;Died=6;DK=765預(yù)調(diào)查

Pilotingsurveyitems對(duì)象:與調(diào)查樣本或類似之人(為調(diào)查對(duì)象)

Usepeoplesimilartoyoursampleoranalogues有無(wú)可代替預(yù)

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