tabooandeuphemism禁忌語(yǔ)和委婉語(yǔ)課件

Taboo&EuphemismTaboo&Euphemism1.Taboo2.Euphemism3.Howtabooandeuphemismrelatedanddifferent4.ConclusionContents1.TabooContents1.Taboo1.1Definitionoftaboo1.2Etymology

oftaboo1.3Evolutionoftaboo

1.4Aspectstaboorelated1.Taboo1.1Definitionoftaboo1.1DefinitionoftabooAtabooagainstasubjectoractivityisasocialcustomtoavoiddoingthatactivityortalkingaboutthatsubject,becausepeoplefindthemembarrassingoroffensive.禁忌(CollinsCobuild)1.1DefinitionoftabooAtaboo1.1Definitionoftaboo(Amongsomepeoples)Sth.whichreligionorcustomregardsasforbidden,nottobetouched,orspokenof.(OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary)1.1Definitionoftaboo(Am1.1Definitionoftaboo

SigmundFreudpointedoutinhisclassicalworkTotemandTaboothattaboocontainedtwooppositemeanings:ononehand,itwaslofty,sacred;ontheotherhand,itwasmysterious,dangerous,prohibitiveandunclean.1.1DefinitionoftabooS1.1DefinitionoftabooToconclude:Atabooisavehement(strong)prohibitionofanactionbasedonthebeliefthatsuchbehavioriseithertoosacredortooaccursedforordinaryindividualstoundertake,underthreatofsupernaturalpunishment.1.1DefinitionoftabooToconc1.2EtymologyoftabooThetermtabooisoriginatedfromPolynesian(insouthPacific)Tongalanguage.In1777,CaptainJamesCookarrivedinsouthPacificPolynesianTonga.InTonga,hefoundastrangebehaviorintheirdailylife.Thereweremanythingsforbiddentodo,manyfoodsforbiddentoeat,andsomewordsnotallowedtosay.ThelocallanguageofTongacalledthisphenomenonTabooorTabu.

1.2EtymologyoftabooThete1.2EtymologyoftabooThenCookborrowedthewordintoEnglish.ThewordinEnglishreferstoactsthatareforbiddenortobeavoided.Whenanactistaboo,referencetothisactmayalsobecometaboo.Thatis,firstyouareforbiddentodosomething,andthenyouareforbiddentotalkaboutit.1.2EtymologyoftabooThen1.3Evolution

oftabooAsitismentionedabove,tabooisnotonlyalinguisticphenomenon,butalsoakindofsocialphenomenon.Itisinfluencedbythedevelopmentofsociety.1.3EvolutionoftabooAsit1.3Evolution

oftabooIntheprimitivesociety,peopledidn’tgettoknowaboutnature.Theywereconfusedaboutthenaturalphenomenon,suchaslightning,thunder,storm,earthquakes,etc.Sotheybelievedinthenaturalpowersandbecamesuperstitious.Theythoughtonlyinthiswaycouldtheysurvivethehardenvironments,therefore,theymustrespectnatureandmightygodwhentheyuselanguage.1.3EvolutionoftabooInthep1.3Evolution

oftaboo

IntheMedievalperiod,manycountriesweredividedintomanygroupsofdifferentsocialstatusaccordingtoinnumerablereligiousrules.Peoplecouldn’tdoandgetwhattheywantto.Itisthedarkenedage.Peopleinthattimeshouldshowrespectforthedecadentrulesandreligions.Sotherearemanytaboosduringtheperiod.1.3EvolutionoftabooInth1.3Evolution

oftaboo

Forinstance,thereligionlistedthebuttock,jaw,andforeheadasthelinguistictaboos.Manytaboosarepreservedastheformofthefeudalcodeofethics,forexample,inordertoshowtheroyal’sauthorityandmajesty,thenameoftheemperorandhisancestorsshouldnotbementioned.Tabooshaveturnedintopurecommandmentwithoutashadeofsuperstition.1.3EvolutionoftabooFori3.Evolution

oftaboo

Inmodernsociety,withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,thescopeoftheconceptoftaboohasbeenwidened.Mostpeoplearebecomingmoreandmorerational,andtheyneverbelieveinorrelyonthesuperstitions.Thereforethesuperstitiouselementsinlinguistictaboosdecreaseandthosereflectingspiritualcivilizationincrease.3.Evolutionoftaboo Inmoder1.4Aspectstoboorelated1.4.1Taboosonreligion1.4.2Taboosonsex1.4.3Taboosondiseasesordeath1.4.4Taboosonageandweight1.4.5Taboosonnumbers 1.4Aspectstoboorelated1.4.11.4.1Taboosonreligion

God"isreplacedby"Goodness,goodgracious","Satan"by"theevilman",1.4.1Taboosonreligion1.4.2Taboosonsex“Piss”,

“fuck”,“tit”,

“cock”etc.commonly,thesewordsarecalledfour-letterword.

1.4.2Taboosonsex“Piss”,

1.4.3Taboosondiseases

ordeathill—Iamnotfeelingwellcancer—longillnessdie—passaway1.4.3Taboosondiseases

ord1.4.4Taboosonage

andweightHowmuchdoyouearn?”

“Youmakealotofmoney,don’tyou?”

“Howmuchdidthatpairofshoescostyou?”

“Howmuchdoyouweigh?”

1.4.4Taboosonage

andweigh2.Euphemism2.1Definitionofeuphemism2.2Etymology2.3FunctionsofEnglisheuphemism2.Euphemism2.1Definitionof2.1Definitionofeuphemism

Aeuphemismisapolitewordorexpressionthatisusedtorefertothingsthatpeoplemayfindupsettingorembarrassingtotalkabout,forexamplesex,thehumanbody,ordeath.(CollinsCobuild)2.1Definitionofeuphemism A2.1DefinitionofeuphemismEuphemismistheuseofothermild,vague,andindirectwordsorphrasesinplaceofwhatisrequiredbytruthoraccuracy.(OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary)2.1Definitionofeuphemism2.1Definitionofeuphemism

Toconclude:Aeuphemismisagenerallyinnocuouswordorexpressionusedinplaceofonethatmaybefoundoffensiveorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.2.1Definitionofeuphemism To2.2Etymology

ofeuphemism

ThewordeuphemismcomesfromtheGreekwordευφημ?α(euphemia),meaning"theuseofwordsofgoodomen.InGreek,eu(good/well)+pheme(speech/speaking),meansglory,flatteringspeech,praise.Etymologically,thetermeuphemismitselfwasusedasaeuphemismbytheancientGreeks,meaning"tokeepaholysilence"(speakingwellbynotspeakingatall).2.2Etymologyofeuphemism The2.3FunctionsofEnglisheuphemism2.3.1Thefunctionofavoidingtaboo2.3.2Thefunctionofbeingpolite2.3.3Thefunctionofdisguising2.3.4Thefunctionofbeinghumorousandironic2.3.5Thefunctionofbeingmodest2.3FunctionsofEnglisheuphe2.3.1ThefunctionofavoidingtabooSomeEnglisheuphemismsareassociatedwithtaboo.Tabooexistsineverylanguage.Euphemismscanbeusedassubstitutesinordertoavoidembarrassment,anxietyandpublicshamecausedbytaboowords.Forexample,"God"isreplacedby"Goodness,goodgracious","Satan"by"theevilman",and"die"by"passaway".2.3.1Thefunctionofavoiding2.3.2Thefunctionofbeingpolite

Indailycommunication,politenessisregardedasanessentialelementthatspeakersmustpayattentionto.Tobespecific,nativeEnglishspeakerstendtouseeuphemismsinordertoshowtheirpoliteness.Forexample,"givemethebook"isreplacedby"Wouldyoupleasegivemethebook"and"handicapped"by"disabledpeople".2.3.2Thefunctionofbeingpo2.3.3Thefunctionofdisguising

Euphemismcanbeusedtobeautifythingstoavoidnegativeimpactanditisnotalwaysusedoutofgoodmotives.Byusingeuphemism,ambiguitycanbeproducedandtruthcanbehidden.Asaconsequence,someprofiteersandpoliticiansarelikelytouseeuphemismtomakeitalanguageofdeceit.Forexample,in1983,AmericanarmsinvadedGrenada.TheAmericanPresidentReaganfittobetiedbecausenewsreportersusedthewords"invade"verymuchinreportingthenews.Ontheotherhand,Reagancalledit"rescuemission".2.3.3Thefunctionofdisguisi2.3.4ThefunctionofbeinghumorousandironicComparedwiththeformerthreefunctions,theforthoneseemslessimportant.Butitcan'tbedeniedthatsomeEnglisheuphemismscansurelymakelanguagemorevividandhumorous.Hereisatypicalinstance:whensomeoneisnakedweoftensayheisinbirthdaysuitinstead.

2.3.4Thefunctionofbeinghu2.3.5ThefunctionofbeingmodestIncommunication,speakercanusesomeexpressionstoupliftthehearer'sstatusorlowerthespeaker'sownstatus.Theseexpressionsarecalledanti-euphemisms.Anti-euphemismisnot"tocallaspadeaspade",but"tobeataroundbushes",therefore,itbelongstoeuphemism.Forexample,"yourhumbleservant"isusedtorefertothespeakerhimselforherself.2.3.5Thefunctionofbeingmo3.Howtabooandeuphemismrelatedanddifferent

Thepsychologicalbaseoftheemergenceofeuphemismis"taboo".Itmeanstheyarecloselyrelated,butitdoesn’tnecessarilymean