基本七-質(zhì)量工具英文(-)課件

TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityAPowerPointTrainingPresentationByKeithH.Cooper"Asmuchas95%ofqualityrelatedproblemsinthefactorycanbesolvedwithsevenfundamentalquantitativetools."-KaoruIshikawa

WhataretheBasicSevenToolsofQuality?FishboneDiagramsHistogramsParetoAnalysisFlowchartsScatterPlotsRunChartsControlChartsWheredidtheBasicSevencomefrom?KaoruIshikawaKnownfor“DemocratizingStatistics”TheBasicSevenToolsmadestatisticalanalysislesscomplicatedfortheaveragepersonGoodVisualAidsmakestatisticalandqualitycontrolmorecomprehendible.TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityFishboneDiagramsNostatisticsinvolvedMapsoutaprocess/problemMakesimprovementeasierLookslikea“FishSkeleton”ConstructingaFishboneDiagramStep1-IdentifytheProblemStep2-Draw“spine”and“bones”Example:HighInventoryShrinkageatlocalDrugStoreShrinkageConstructingaFishboneDiagramStep3-IdentifydifferentareaswhereproblemsmayarisefromEx.:HighInventoryShrinkageatlocalDrugStoreShrinkageemployeesshopliftersConstructingaFishboneDiagramStep4-IdentifywhatthesespecificcausescouldbeEx.:HighInventoryShrinkageatlocalDrugStoreShrinkageshopliftersAnti-thefttagspoorlydesignedExpensivemerchandiseoutintheopenNosecurity/surveillanceConstructingaFishboneDiagramEx.:HighInventoryShrinkageatlocalDrugStoreShrinkageshopliftersAnti-thefttagspoorlydesignedExpensivemerchandiseoutintheopenNosecurity/surveillanceemployeesattitudenewtraineetrainingbenefitspracticesConstructingaFishboneDiagramStep5–Usethefinisheddiagramtobrainstormsolutionstothemainproblems.TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityHistogramsBarchartUsedtographicallyrepresentgroupsofdataConstructingaHistogramFromasetofdatacomputesummean(x)MaxMinRange(max-min)ConstructingaHistogramUserangetoestimatebeginningandendCalculatethewidthofeachcolumnbydividingtherangebythenumberofcolumnsRange#ofColumns=WidthAcmePizzaExampleLet’ssaytheownerwantsadistributionofAcme’sThursdayNightSalesDataSetfromlastThursday(slices)0212241312122434143223212212214221212212121212121222121211222314223222123224224412223221224212421721223121121222122121222424AcmePizzaExampleMean=2.032258Max=7 Min=0Range=7QuestionFor7columnswhatwouldthewidthbe?Range/Columns=7/7=1sliceAcmePizzaExampleSlicesofPizza#timesorderedHistogramConstructingaHistogramHowisthishelpfultoAcme?2slicesofpizzamostcommonorderplacedDistributionofsalesusefulforforecastingnextThursday’slatenightdemand IfyouwereanAcmemanagerhowcouldyouapplythisinformation?TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityParetoAnalysisVerysimilartoHistogramsUseofthe80/20ruleUseofpercentagestoshowimportanceAcmePizza(part2)Slices

Frequency

%0 1 .3

1 33 13.09

2 65 25.79 3 8 3.17

4 12 4.76 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 1 .3AcmePizza(part2)ThecompletedParetoAnalysisresultsinthefollowinggraph:SlicesofPizza#timesordered2143756AcmePizza(part2)CriticalThinkingHowdoestheParetoAnalysisdifferfromtheHistogram?HowcanthisbeausefultooltotheAcmeboss?TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityFlowchartsAgraphicalpictureofaPROCESSProcessDecisionTheprocessflowFlowchartsDon’tForgetto:DefinesymbolsbeforebeginningStayconsistentCheckthatprocessisaccurateAcmePizzaExample(Flowchart)Window TakeCustomer Money? (start) Order

GetPizza Lockup PutMorein

Oven 2Pies

Available?

Time toclose? TaketoCustomernoyesnoyesnoyesHowcanweusetheflowcharttoanalyzeimprovementideasfromtheHistogram?Window TakeCustomer Money? (start) Order

GetPizza Lockup PutMorein

Oven 2Pies

Available?

Time toclose? TaketoCustomernoyesnoyesnoyesWantsomepractice?Makeaflowchartfor:TakingashowerCookingdinnerDrivingacarHavingapartyCreatingaFlowchartAnyotherprocessesyoucanthinkof?TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityScatterPlots2DimensionalX/YplotsUsedtoshowrelationshipbetweenindependent(x)anddependent(y)variablesAcmePizza(ScatterDiagram)MinutesCooking DefectivePies 10 1 45 8 30 5 75 20 60 14 20 4 25 6 Inthissimpleexample,youcanfindtheexistingrelationshipwithoutmuchdifficultybut…ScatterDiagramsEasiertoseedirectrelationshipTimeCooking(minutes)DefectivePizzasScatterDiagramsAsaqualitytoolWhatdoesthistellAcmemanagementabouttheirprocesses?Improvements?TimeCooking(minutes)DefectivePizzasTheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityRunchartsTime-based(x-axis)CyclicalLookforpatternsRunCharts891011121234891011121234891011121234PM-AMPM-AMPM-AMThursdayWeek1ThursdayWeek2ThursdayWeek35101520253035404550556065707580859095100Slices/hourTimeTheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityControlChartsDeviationfromMeanUpperandLowerSpec’sRangeControlChartsUpperLimitLowerLimitUnacceptabledeviationXControlChartsAcmePizzaManagementwantstogetinonthecontrolchartactionAverageDiameter=16inchesUpperLimit=17inchesLowerLimit=15inchesAcmeexampleControlChartsUpperLimit17inchesLowerLimit15InchesSmallPieX16inches=Acmeexample#50