閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)40套GREG團(tuán)隊(duì)制作新浪微博神

2014514日乙醇汽油1993年04 長(zhǎng)江水稻新 TheColor 相關(guān)文章：LSAT第22套SECTION 魚的social 美洲人新 Honeybee的 新 十四1994年10月B Maya旱 Mysteryofthe .法國(guó)二月B 小說Mary A 云和氣候變化預(yù)測(cè)1996年04月 D89- 鳥叫研 新 Design----Engineering：D 新 戲劇家Lloyd Sea 舞蹈物理動(dòng)作分析1994年02 11月3日GRE考試原文：Music---- Maya遺 Snowshoehare Supernovae&Obscurationby 星系吞 藍(lán)脫序星bluestraggler的兩種形成過 Maya文 Jane 乙醇汽油199304Although,recentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehicles,thenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing,consequently,morethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxide,particulatematter,andozone(generatedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaust)thatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions—shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateauto —istorececonventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgas,liquefiedpetroleumgas,ethanol,ormethanol.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmorecleanlythangasoline,inpartbecausetheyhavefewer,ifand,carbon-carbonbonds,andthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermolecules,whichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbonds,involvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityof pletecombustionandaremorelikelytorelease bustedandphotochemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhand,alternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfuel —aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency—andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsonsupply.Ethanolandmethanol,ontheotherhand,haveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbon-basedalternativefuels:theyhaveahigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplement,butitiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanol,thelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeature,however,isthatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozone,themostseriousurbanairpollutant.Likeanyalternativefuel,methanolhasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof“gasolineclone”vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrue,forexample,thatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequal,thefuelwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.However,sincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthan“gasolineclone”vehiclesfueledwithmethanol,theywouldneedcomparativelylessfuel.Vehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution.TheauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedcounteringaflawedargumentthatdismissesapossiblesolutiontoareconcilingcontradictorypointsofviewaboutthenatureofaidentifyingthestrengthsofpossiblesolutionstoadiscussingaproblemandarguinginfavorofonesolutiontooutlininganofactiontosolveaproblemanddiscussingtheobstaclesblockingthatnAccordingtothepassage, pletecombustionismorelikelytooccurwithgasolinethanwithanalternativefuelbecausethecombustionofgasolinereleasesphotochemicallyactivethecombustionofgasolineinvolvesanintricateseriesofgasolinemoleculeshaveasimplemoleculargasolineiscomposedofsmallgasolineisacarbon-basedThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutairFurtherattemptstoreduceemissionsfromgasoline-fueledvehicleswillnothelplowerurbanair-pollutionlevels.Attemptstoreducethepollutantsthatanindividualgasoline-fueledvehicleemitshavebeenlargelyunsuccessful.Fewseriousattemptshavebeenmadetoreducetheamountofpollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehicles.Pollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehiclesarenotthemostcriticalsourceofurbanairpollution.Reductionsinpollutantsemittedbyindividualvehicleshavebeenoffsetbyincreasesinpollutionfromsourcesotherthangasoline-fueledvehicles.WhichofthefollowingmostcloselyparallelsthesituationdescribedinthefirstsentenceoftheAlthoughatownreducesitspublicservicesinordertoavoidataxincrease,thetown’staxrateexceedsthatofothertownsinthesurroundingarea.Althoughastatepassesstrictlawstolimitthetypeoftoxicmaterialthatcanbedisposedofinpubliclandfills,illegaldumcontinuestoincrease.Althoughatown’scitizensreducetheirindividualuseofwater,thetown’swaterscontinuetodwindlebecauseofasteadyincreaseinthetotalpopulationofthetown.Althoughacountryattemptstoincreasethesaleofdomesticgoodsbyaddingataxtothepriceofimportedgoods,thesaleofimportedgoodswithinthecountrycontinuestoincrease.Althoughacountryreducesthespeedlimitonitsnationalhighways,thenumberoffatalitiescausedbyautoaccidentscontinuestoincrease.TheauthordescribeswhichofthefollowingasthemostappealingfeatureofItissubstantiallylessexpensivethanItcouldbeprovidedtoconsumersthroughtheexistingmotorfuelIthasahigherenergycontentthanotheralternativeItsusewouldmakedesignimprovementsinindividualvehiclesItsusewouldsubstantiallyreduceozoneItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatavehiclespecificallydesignedtousemethanolforfuelbesomewhatlighterintotalbodyweightthanaconventionalvehiclefueledwithgasolinebemoreexpensivetooperatethanaconventionalvehiclefueledwithhavealargerandmorepowerfulenginethanaconventionalvehiclefueledwithgasolinehavealargerandheavierfuel thana“gasolineclone”vehiclefueledwithmethanolaveragemorepergallonthana“gasolineclone”vehiclefueledwithItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagemostlikelyregardsthecriticismofmethanolinthelastparagraphasflawedbecauseoftheassumptionsonwhichitisinapplicablebecauseofaninconsistencyinthecritics’misguidedbecauseofitsexclusivelytechnologicalinaccuratebecauseitignoresconsumers’invalidbecauseitreflects albiasofthe長(zhǎng)江水稻Sincethe1970s,archaeologicalsitesin 'sYangtzeRiverregionhaveyieldedevidenceofsophisticatedrice-farmingsocietiesthatpredatesignsofricecultivationelsewhereinEastAsiabyathousandyears.Beforethisevidencewasdiscovered,ithadgenerallybeenassumedthatricefarmingbeganfarthertothesouth.Thisscenariowasbasedbothonthegeographicrangeofwildor rice,whichwasnotthoughttoextendasfarnorthastheYangtze,andonarchaeologicalrecordsofveryearlydomesticricefromSoutheastAsiaand (nowknowntobenotsooldasfirstreported).Proponentsofthesouthern-origintheorypointoutthatearlyrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzewerealreadyhighlydevelopedandthatevidenceforthefirststageofricecultivationismissing.Theyarguethatthefirsthunter-gathererstodevelopriceagriculturemusthavedonesointhissouthernzone,withintheapparentpresent-daygeographicrangeofwildrice.Yetwhilemoststrandsofwildricereportedina1984surveywereconcentratedtothesouthoftheYangtzedrainage,twonorthernoutlierpopulationswerealsodiscoveredinprovincesalongthemiddleandlowerYangtze,evidencethattheYangtzewetlandsmayfallwithinboththepresent-dayandthehistoricalgeographicrangesofrice'swildancestor.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostclearlyunderminetheconclusionthattheauthormakesbasedonthe1984survey?AreassouthoftheYangtzebasincurrentlyhavelesswild-ricehabitatthantheyonceSurveyssince1984haveshownwildricepopulationsalongtheupperYangtzeaswellasalongthemiddleandlowerYangtze.ThepopulationsofwildricealongtheYangtzerepresentstrainsofwildricethatmigratedtothenorthrelativelyrecently.Earlyrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzewerenotashighlydevelopedasarchaeologistsonceInEastAsia,thehistoricalgeographicrangeofwildricewasmoreextensivethanthepresent-daygeographicrangeis.Basedonthepassage,skepticsoftheideathatricecultivationbeganintheYangtzeRiverregioncanpointtowhichofthefollowingforsupport?Lackofevidencesupportingtheexistenceofrice-farmingsocietiesalongtheYangtzeatanearlyLackofevidenceregardingtheinitialstagesofricecultivationintheYangtzeRecentdiscoveriespertainingtothehistoricalgeographicrangeofrice'swildNewinformationregardingthedatesofveryearlydomesticricefromSoutheastNewtheoriespertainingtohowhunter-gatherersfirstdevelopedriceagricultureinEast3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthe“southern-originThetheoryisbasedonanunconventionalunderstandingofhowhunter-gatherersfirstdevelopedriceagriculture.Thetheoryfailstotakeintoaccounttheapparentfactthatevidenceforthefirststageofricecultivationinthenorthismissing.Thetheorywasdevelopedprimarilyinresponsetoa1984surveyofwildrice'sgeographicReassessmentofthedatesofsomearchaeologicalevidencehasunderminedsupportfortheEvidenceofsophisticatedrice-farmingsocietiesintheYangtzeregionprovidessupportfortheTheColor 相關(guān)文章：LSAT22SECTIONThepublicationofTheColorPurpletransformedAliceWalkerfromanindubitablyseriousblackwriterwhosefictionbelongedtoatraditionofgritty,ifoccasionally"magical,"realismintoapopularnovelist,withalltheperquisitesanddrawbacksattendantonthatposition.UnlikeeitherTheThirdLifeofGrangeCond(1970)orMeridian(1976),TheColorPurplegainedimmediateandwidespreadpublicacceptance,winningboththePulitzerPrizeandtheAmericanBookAwardfor1982-83.Atthesametime,however,itgeneratedimmediateandwidespreadcriticaluneaseoverwhatappearedtobemanifestflawsinitscomposition.RobertTowers,writingintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,concludedthatontheevidenceofTheColorPurple"AliceWalkerstillhasalottolearnaboutplottingandstructuringwhatisclearlyintendedtobearealisticnovel."Hisopinionwassharedbymanyreviewerswhopointedoutvariouslythatinthelastthirdofthebookthenarrator-protagonistCelieandherfriendsarepropelledtowardafairytalehappyendingwithmorevelocitythancredibility;thatthelettersfromNettie,withtheirdisconcertinglyli tedepictionsoflifeinanAfricanvillage,intrudeintothemiddleofthemainactionwithlittleapparentmotivationorwarrant;andthatthedeviceoftheletterstoGodisespeciallyunrealisticinasmuchasitforegoestheconcretizingdetailsthattraditionallyhavegiventheepistolatory書信體的formitspeculiarverisimilitude:thesecretwriting-ce,thecache,therusestoenablepostingletters,andespeciallythelettersreceivedinAlthoughsociallearning（通過模仿其它的行為來學(xué)會(huì)某種行為）iswelledamongfish,fewstudieshaveinvestigatedsociallearningwithinadevelopmentalcontextinthesetaxa.Ratherthaninvestigatingthedevelopmentofaparticularskill,Chapman,Ward,andKrauseinvestigatedtheroleofgroupdensityduringdevelopmentinlaterforagingsuccessinlaboratory-housedguppies.Whenraisedwithasmallnumberofconspecifics（同種生物）,guppieswerequickertolocatefoodbyfollowingatrainedadultguppythanwereguppiesraisedinlargegroups.Thiscounterintuitivefindingisexinedbythefactthatguppiesrearedinthehigh-densityconditionwerelesslikelytoshoal（與群體一起游動(dòng)）withothersand,therefore,werelesslikelytolearnthebenefitsofsociallearning.Instead,fishrearedinhigh-densitysituationsmaylearnthatconspecificsaretobeviewedascompetitors,ratherthanaspotentialsourcesofadaptiveinformationThisfindingsuggeststhatatleastforguppies,theearlysocialenvironmentmayhaveaneffectonthecapacityforsociallearning,ifnotonthesociallylearnedbehaviorsthemselves.美洲人新RecentdiscoveriesinNewWorldarchaeologyalongwithnewscientificmethodsforyzingdatahaveledtonewideasregardingtheoriginofthefirstpeoplesoftheAmericasandtheirtimeofThetraditionaltheoryheldthatthefirstAmericanscrossedthelandbridgefromSiberiatoAlaskaaround11,500yearsagoandfollowedan"ice- corridor"betweentwolargeCanadianicesheets(theLaurentideandCordilleran)toreachunglaciatedlandstothesouth.Thesefirstinhabitants,whosearchaeologicalsitesarescatteredacrossNorthandSouthAmerica,werecalledtheClovispeople,namedafterthetowninNewMexicowheretheirflutedspearpointsusedforhuntingmammothwerefirstfoundin1932.ThereisnowconvincingevidenceofhumanhabitationsitesthatdateearlierthantheCloviscultureincludingsiteslocatedinSouthAmerica.MonteVerde,awell-studiedsitelocatedalongarivernearsoutherncentralChile,dates12,500yearsago.Thissitecontainstheburiedremnantsofdwellings,stonetoolsincludinglargebifacialprojectilepoints,andp medicinalandediblents.Howdidpeoplemanagetosettlethisfarsouthatsuchanearlydate?Acoastalmigrationrouteisnowgainingmoreacceptance,ratherthantheolderviewofsmallbandsmovingonfootacrossthemiddleofthelandbridgebetweenSiberiaandAlaskaandintothecontinents.EmergingevidencesuggeststhatpeoplewithboatsmovedalongthePacificcoastintoAlaskaandnorthwesternCanadaandeventuallysouthtoPeruandChileby12,500yearsago—andperhapsmuchearlier.ArchaeologicalevidenceinAustralia,Melanesia,andJapanindicateboatswereinuseasfarbackas25,000to40,000yearsago.Searouteswouldhaveprovidedabundantfoodresourcesandeasierandfastermovementthanlandroutes.Manycoastalareaswereunglaciatedatthistime,providingopportunitiesforlandfallalongtheway.SeveralearlysitesalongthecoastofCanada,California,Peru,Ecuador,andChiledatebetween10,000and12,000yearsago.Manypotentialcoastalsitesarenowsubmerged,makinginvestigationdifficult.HoneybeefungalIngestionoffoodcontainingsporesofthepathogenAscosphaeraapiscausesafatalfungaldiseaseknownaschalkbroodinhoneybeelarvae.However,larvaemustbechilledtoabout30°C(normalbtemperatureis33-36°C)forthediseasetodevelop.Accordingly,chalkbroodismostcommoninspringandinsmallcolonies.Arecentstudyrevealedthathoneybeesresponsibleforhive-temperaturemaintenancepurposelyraisedthehives’temperaturewhencolonieswereinoculatedwithA.apisthis“fever,”orup-regulationoftemperature,occurredbeforeanylarvaedied,suggestingthattheresponseispreventativeandthateitherhoneybeeworkersdetecttheinfectionbeforesymptomsarevisibleorlarvaecommunicatetheingestionofthepathogen.Temperaturereturnedtonormalbytheendofthestudy,suggestingthatincreasedtemperatureisnotoptimalwhenbroodsarenotinfected,aswellasthatthefeverdoesnotresultmerelyfromnormalcolonygrowth(i.e.,anincreaseinthenumberofworkersavailablefortemperaturemaintenance).TheprimarypurposeofthepassageisdiscussthefindingsandimplicationsofaparticularillustrateaprocessthatformerlyhadbeenoutlinethemethodsusedtoinvestigateaprovideevidencetosupportacontroversialcontrastalternativeinterpretationsofcertainAccordingtothepassage,researchersconcludedthatfeverinhoneybeecoloniesispreventativebecausetheirstudyshowedthatsuchfeverdoesnotoccurwhenhivetemperaturesarewithinnormal(B)sadultbeesfromcontractingchalkbroodoccurspriortothedeathofanyismorelikelytooccurinspringthanindoesnothaveaneffectonuninfectedThepassageimpliesthatifhivetemperaturehadnotreturnedtonormalbytheendofthestudyinquestion,aprobableconclusionoftheresearcherswouldhavebeenthatup-regulationoftemperatureisapreventativemeasureagainsthoneybeesareincapableofpurposelyraisinghiveA.apiscannotbe yeradicatedthroughup-regulationoftemperaturehoneybeelarvaehaveamechanismtoalertadulthoneybeestothepresenceofA.honeybeelarvaemaybenefitfromincreasedhivetemperatureevenwhenthereisnoA.apisAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofchalkbroodinfectionamonghoneybeelarvae？Larvaeinsmallcoloniesaremorelikelytopasstheinfectiontoadulthoneybeesthanarelarvaeinlargeones.Infectionwithchalkbroodinduceslarvaetoraisetheirhive’sTheinfectionismorelikelytoaffectlarvaeinwinterthaninLarvaefailtodevelopsymptomsofthediseasewhentheirbrood–combtemperatureremainswithinthenormalrange.Infectedlarvaeexhibitvisiblesymptomsofdiseaseforasignificanttimebefore十四1994年10月BTheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsstateernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws.”Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers’immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofall sbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeCourt’srulinginDredScottv.SandfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.Theactwasvetoedby AndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswiththeauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectiontothe dslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson’sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment’sexistence,theSupremeCourt’sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublic andothercommercialbusinessestosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedfromthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment’sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt’srulinginBrownv.BoardofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.TwodoctrinesembracedbytheSupremeCourtduringthisperiodextendedtheamendment’sreach.First,theCourtrequiredespeciallystrictscrutinyoflegislationthatemployeda“classification,”meaningdiscriminationagainstagroupongroundsthatcouldbeconstruedasracial.ThisdoctrinehasbroadenedtheapplicationoftheFourteenthAmendmenttoother,nonracialformsofdiscrimination,forwhilesomejusticeshaverefusedtofindanylegislativeclassificationotherthanracetobeconstitutionallydisfavored,mosthavebeenreceptivetoargumentsthatatleastsomenonracialdiscriminations, discriminationinparticular,are“”anddeservethisheightenedscrutinybythecourts.Second,theCourtrelaxedthestateactionlimitationontheFourteenthAmendment,bringingnewformsofprivateconductwithintheamendment’sreach.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaoftheBypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforbroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenship.OnlyaftertheSupremeCourtadoptedtheclassificationapproachtoreviewingpotentiallydiscriminatorylegislationwastheapplicabilityoftheFourteenthAmendmentextendedtoincludeualNotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitexpresses.InterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthaveyettoreachconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclause.AlthoughthereluctanceofjudgestoextendthereachoftheFourteenthAmendmenttononracialdiscriminationhasbetrayedtheprincipleofequalcitizenship,theSupremeCourt’suseofthestateactionlimitationtoinsulateprivateactivityfromtheamendment’sreachhasbeenmoreharmful.ThepassagesuggeststhattheprincipaleffectofthestateactionlimitationwasallowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthinfluencetheSupremeCourt’srulinginBrownv,BoardofprovideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedprohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActofshifttostate ernmentstheresponsibilityforen mentoflawsprohibitingdiscriminatoryTheauthor’spositionregardingtheintentoftheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwouldbemostseriouslyunderminedifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?TheframershadanticipatedstateactionlimitationsastheyaredescribedintheTheframershadmerelysoughttopreventdiscriminatoryactsbyfederalTheframerswereconcernedthattheCivilRightsActof1866wouldbeoverturnedbytheSupremeTheframerswereawarethatthephrase“equalprotectionofthelaws”hadbroadTheframersbelievedthatracialaswellasnon-racialformsofdiscriminationwereAccordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwithdetailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalprovidingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedclosingaloopholethatcouldbeusedtodenyindividualstherighttosueforen mentoftheircivilrightsassertingthatthecivilrightsprotectedbytheConstitutionincludednonracialdiscriminationaswellasracialdiscriminationgrantingstateernmentsbroaderdiscretionininterpretingtheCivilRightsActofTheauthorimpliesthattheFourteenthAmendmentmightnothavebeenenactedCongress’authoritywithregardtolegislatingcivilrightshadnotbeentheframershadanticipatedtheSupremeCourt’srulinginBrownv.Boardoftheframershadbelievedthatitwouldbeusedindecidingcasesofdiscriminationinvolvingnon-racialgroupsmost ernmentshadbeenwillingtoprotectcitizens’civilitsessentialelementshadnotbeenimplicitintheThirteenthAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmostaccura yindicatesthesequenceoftheeventslistedbelow?CivilRightsActofDredScottv.FourteenthVeto I,II,III,I,IV,II,I,IV,III,II,I,IV,III,II,I,Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthesecondofthetwodoctrinesreferredtoinlines39-41ofthepassage?ItcausedsomejusticestorulethatalltypesofdiscriminationareprohibitedbytheItshiftedthefocusoftheSupremeCourtfromracialtononracialItnarrowedtheconcernoftheSupremeCourttolegislationthatemployedaItcausedlegislatorswhowerewritingnewlegislationtorejectlanguagethatcouldbeconstruedaspermittingracialdiscrimination.ItmadeitmoredifficultforcommercialbusinessestopracticeracialMayaTounderstandtheancientMayanpeoplewholivedintheareathatistodaysouthernMexicoandCentralAmericaandtheecologicaldifficultiestheyfaced,onemustfirstconsidertheirenvironment,whichwethinkofas“jungle"or'tropicalrain ."Thisviewisinaccurate,andthereasonprovestobeimportant.Properlyspeaking,tropicalrain sgrowinhigh-rainfallequatorialareasthatremainwetorhumidallyearround.ButtheMayahomelandliesmorethansixteenhundredkilometersfromtheequator,atlatitudes17to22degreesnorth,inahabitattermeda“seasonaltropical ."Thatis,whiletheredoestendtobearainyseasonfromMaytoOctober,thereisalsoadryseasonfromJanuarythroughApril.Ifonefocusesonthewetmonths,onecallstheMayahomelanda"seasonaltropical";ifonefocusesonthedrymonths,onecouldinsteaddescribeitasa"seasonalFromnorthtosouthintheYucatanPeninsula,wheretheMayalived,rainfallrangesfrom18to100inches(457to2,540millimeters)peryear,andthesoils ethicker,sothatthesouthernpeninsulawasagriculturallymoreproductiveandsupporteddenserpopulations.ButrainfallintheMayahomelandisunpredictablyvariablebetweenyears;somerecentyearshavehadthreeorfourtimesmorerainthanotheryears.Asaresult,modernfarmersattemptingtogrowcornintheancientMayahomelandshavefacedfrequentcropfailures,especiallyinthenorth.TheancientMayawerepresumablymoreexperiencedanddidbetter,butneverthelesstheytoomusthavefacedrisksofcropfailuresfromdroughtsandhurricanes.AlthoughsouthemMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthannorthernareas,problemsofwaterwereparadoxicallymoresevereinthewetsouth.WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthesouth,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohavedifficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththaninthedrynorth.ThelikelyexnationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.InthenorthernpeninsulatheelevationissufficientlylowthattheancientMayawereabletoreachthewatertableatdeepsinkholescalledcenotes,oratdeepcaves.Inlow-elevationnorthcoastalareaswithoutsinkholes,theMayawouldhavebeenabletogetdowntothewatertablebydiggingwellsupto75feet(22meters)deep.Butmuchofthesouthliestoohighabovethewatertableforcenotesorwellstoreachdowntoit.Makingmattersworse,mostoftheYucatanPeninsulaconsistsofkarst,aporoussponge-likelimestoneterrainwhererainrunsstraightintothegroundandwherelittleornosurfacewaterremainsavailable.HowdidthosedensesouthernMayapopulationsdealwiththeresultingwaterproblem?Itinitiallysurprisesusthatmanyoftheircitieswerenotbuiltnexttotheriversbutinsteadonhighterraininrollingunds.TheexnationisthattheMayaexcavateddepressions,ormodifiednaturaldepressions,andthenpluggedupleaksinthekarstbysteringthebottomsofthedepressionsinordertocreatereservoirs,whichcollectedrainfromlargesteredcat entbasinsandstoreditforuseinthedryseason.Forexample,reservoirsattheMayacityofTikalheldenoughwatertomeetthedrinkingwaterneedsofabout10,000peopleforaperiodof18months.AtthecityofCobatheMayabuiltdikesaroundalakeinordertoraiseitslevelandmaketheirwatersupplymorereliable.ButtheinhabitantsofTikalandothercitiesdependentonreservoirsfordrinkingwaterwouldstillhavebeenindeeptroubleif18monthspassedwithoutraininaprolongeddrought.Ashorterdroughtinwhichtheyexhaustedtheirstoredfoodsmightalreadyhavegottenthemindeeptrouble,becausegrowingcropsrequiredrainratherthanreservoirs.WhichoffollowingmostlogicallycompletestheThelastmembersofanow-extinctspeciesofaEuropeanwilddeercalledthegiantdearlivedinIrelandabout16,000yearsago.PrehistoriccavepaintingsinFrancedepictthisanimalashavingalargehumponitsback.Fossilsofthisanimal,however,donotshowanyhump.Nevertheless,thereisnoreasontoconcludethatthecavepaintingsarethereforeinaccurateinthisregard,since AsomeprehistoriccavepaintingsinFrancealsodepictotheranimalsashavingaBfossilsofthegiantdeeraremuchmorecommoninIrelandthaninCanimalhumpsarecomposedoffattytissu