英漢翻譯Unit3TheMethodsofTranslation課件

TheMethodsofTranslation

1.transliteration.A.definitionB.threestepsC.whentobeused2.Literalandliberaltranslation3.translationese1I.Transliteration1.Translatethesoundinsteadofthemeaning;usedintranslatingpropernames&technicalterms22.J.C.Catfordsuggests3stepsa.

SLlettersarereplacedbySLphonologicalunits,convertingfromwrittentothespoken;b.

TheSLphonologicalunitsaretranslatedintotheTLphonologicalunits;c.TheTLphonologicalunitsareconvertedintothegraphological(handwriting)units.3e.g.Titanic泰坦尼克,鐵達尼radar雷達sonar聲納,聲波定位Palmer帕爾默、帕默爾、帕爾默爾、帕默43.whentousetransliteration:

1)幾乎所有的人名Lincoln，Churchill，Shakespeare,雷鋒，王小三，胡錦濤2)地名Australia,NorthAtlantic,安徽，西安，黃山，九華山3)科技商標(biāo)及文化新詞Yuppie，Hippies，sauna，saloon,shocktherapy,Sofa，穗寶，TCL,康佳54.人的本名音譯，外號意譯IronLady,TheDevil,Cinderella,Snowwhite花和尚魯智深LutheTattooed青面獸楊志theBlue-FacedBeastYangZhi(ortheBlue-FacedBeast)6——紅樓夢第一回的部分姓名英譯:周召孔孟程DukeChou

DukeShao

Confucius

Mencius

Chengbrothers

theDukeofZhou

theDukeofShao

Confucius

Mencius

theChengbrothers

75.地理名詞LouisianaStateUniversity,TheGulfofMexico,清華大學(xué)，珠海淇澳島86.商標(biāo)半音譯加意譯Pepsicola,Goldlion,Colgate,Polaroid,Giant,7.音譯詞后加類屬Sardine,pizza,waltz,champagne,bowling,jacket8.約定俗成BernardShaw,Cambridge,Shelly,SunYat-san9Notes:a.

These3stepsarenotalwayscarriedoutexactly,butwithsomechangesofsound----omitorchangeinorderforthetransliterationtobenatural,pleasant-sounding,etc.b.

AvoidusingrareChinesecharacters---Suez，蘇伊士---蘇彝士10c.

Whetherlongorshort,transliterationdependsontheoriginal;beconcise:Malinowsky—馬林諾夫斯基（c.f.ofRussiannames）;

11d.Usethepubliclyacceptedtransliterationinsteadofintroducingnewones12Halliday—韓禮德；BertrandRussell

伯特蘭·羅素OliverTwist《霧都孤兒》13e.CollocationofChineseavoidleadingambiguityf.Don’tbetooChineseorEnglish,especiallyinpeople’snames,preservingtheforeignflavour14h.Inadtranslation,aestheticaleffectmustbetakenintoconsideration;e.g.CocaCola;Stone,Macdonald,1)“藍天”牌牙膏——“BlueSky”brandtoothpaste(2)“白象”牌電池——“Whiteelephant”brandbattery(3)“金龍”牌電扇——“GoldenDragon”brandelectricfan(4)“芳芳”牌牙膏——“FangFang”brandtoothpaste(5)“銀耳”湯——“whitefungus”soup(6)“金三角”經(jīng)濟開發(fā)區(qū)——aspecialeconomicdevelopmentzone:a“GoldenTriangle”15II.Literal&Liberal(free)Translation

Theproblemofmethodiscloselyassociatedwiththeconflictbetweencontentandformintranslation.161.LiteralTranslationa.ExamplestoexplainliteraltranslationHewasseizedwiththedespairingsenseofhelplessness.他被束手無策的絕望感抓住了。他忽然產(chǎn)生了束手無策的絕望感。17Eg原文：這是一篇八股文。譯文I：Thisisabaguessay.[0.2]

譯文II：Thisisaneight-leggedessay.[0.3]

譯文III：Thisisastereotypedwriting.[0.5]

18b.DefinitionsofLiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationisthepreservationofboththeoriginalcontentandtheform----particularlythefigures,images,andnational,localcoloringintheoriginal.Atthesametime,thisreproductiondoesnotviolatethelinguisticconditionsoftheTL,suchasthediction,collocationandsyntax.19c.ConditionsfortheuseofLiteralTranslationIfamoreorlessliteraltranslationisfunctionallyequivalentindesignativeandassociativemeaning,thenobviouslynoadjustmentsinformarenecessary.Eg.1)ButIhatedSakamoto,andIhadafeelinghe’dsurelyleadusbothtoourancestors.2)江湖騙子swindler;charlatan3)江湖醫(yī)生

quack;mountebank;medicaster20d.Butonecannevergotoextremeinemployingliteraltranslation.Word-for-wordtranslationfrequentlyspoilstheoriginal.Eg.（1）Wesawanacrobatstandingonhishead.（2）（鳳姐：）“這通身的氣派竟不像老祖宗的外孫女兒，竟是嫡親的孫女兒似的?！保ā都t樓夢》） 譯文I：“Andeverythingabouthersodistingue!Shedoesn'ttakeafteryoursideofthefamily,Grannie,she’smorelikeaJia.”(Tr.DavidHawkes)

譯文II：“Herwholeairissodistinguished!Shedoesn’ttakeafterherfather,son-in-lawofourOldAncestress,butmorelikeaJia.”(Tr.YangXianyi&GladysYang)21e.Advantagesofliteraltranslatione.g.一石二鳥、掉鱷魚淚、連鎖反應(yīng)、PutongHua,Jiaozi,Wonton…；Buddhismtranslation:意味著……、當(dāng)……時候、……盡管（因為、如果）……

22直譯的五大誤區(qū)：

①否定句型中的直譯誤區(qū)

A.部分否定句型，Idonotknowallofthem.

誤：對他們我都不認識。

Alltheanswersarenotright.

誤：所有答案都不對。

Everybodywouldn'tlikeit.

誤：每個人都不會喜歡它。

23B.單一否定中的部分句型Wecannotestimatethevalueofmodernsciencetoomuch.

誤：我們不能過高地估計現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的價值。ItwasnotuntilyearsafterwardsthatheheardofSemmelweis.

誤：沒過幾年他就聽到了Semmelweis的消息。

24②.文化不同。Eg.香港總督尤德爵士今晨于北京逝世。譯文I：SirEdwardYoude，GovernorofHongKong,passedawayinBeijingthismorning．[1]

譯文II：SirEdwardYoude，GovernorofHongKong,diedinBeijingthismorning．[0.8]

譯文III：SirEdwardYoude，GovernorofHongKong,breathedhislastinBeijingthismorning．[0.6]

譯文IV：SirEdwardYoude，GovernorofHongKong,kickedthebucketinBeijingthismorning．[0.4]25③修辭句型中的誤區(qū)

下列幾種情況有時不宜直譯：

A.比喻：有的比喻可以直譯，有的則不能，這往往取決于漢語的表達習(xí)慣例如：Atthedoortotherestaurant,astunning,porcelain-facedwomanintraditionalcostumeaskedmetoremovemyshoes.Afterthefailureofhislastnovel,hisreputationstandsonslipperygrounds.

26B.有些借喻不能直譯TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapers

istheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.誤：古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的鋼筋混凝土摩天大樓之間的引入景象是和服與超短裙之間的不斷斗爭的象征。

27Eg驕陽下，柳樹上，回答他的是蟬聲：“知了”。(毛炳甫《剝香蕉皮》)譯文I：Underthescorchingsun,fromthewillowtree,cametheconfirmingreplyofthecicada’schirrup:“See,see….”[0.9]譯文II：…camethecicada’schirruping,“zing-a-zing-a….”[0.5]譯文III：…camethecicada’sreply,“ISee,Isee….”[0.7]譯文IV：…camethecicada’sreply,“Iknow,Iknow….”[0.4]28C.引典。如果是盡人皆知的典故。可以直譯，不必加說明，如果多數(shù)人不知道，最好是意譯，或者直譯加注釋HemethisWaterloo.29④習(xí)語成語中的誤區(qū)

英語中有豐富的習(xí)語成語，增強了語言的表達能力。其中大部分可以直譯，或用雙語中相應(yīng)的習(xí)語套用。theopendoorpolicytofishintroubledwatersatsixesandsevens丟臉toloseface,face-losing老手anoldhand笑柄alaughingstock趁熱打鐵Strikewhiletheironishot.混水摸魚tofishintroubledwaters花錢如流水tospendmoneylikewaters30⑤詞匯翻譯中的誤區(qū)：社會規(guī)范Eg原文：勞駕，去市場街怎么走?譯文I：Excuseme,butcouldyoushowmethewaytoMarketStreet?[1]譯文II：Ibegyoupardon,sir.WillyoubesokindastotellmehowtoreachMarketStreet?[0.8]譯文III:Chap,tellmehowtogettoMarketStreet.[0.6]31直譯與死譯deadtranslation硬譯(hardtranslation)Eg.注意安全:PayAttentiontoSafety??32

ComeInARush,

LeaveWithAFlush.33342.

Liberal(free)Translationa.DefinitionLiberaltranslationistoreproducetheoriginallogicorimageandacquiretheartisticeffectequivalenttotheoriginalbymeansofself-developed(newly-created)forms,whenthecontentoftheSLisincontradictionwiththeformoftheTL.35b.ConditionsfortheuseofLiberaltranslationmakesense

readableartisticeffect36Eg.Itwasanever-endingwonderashebegantowalkandtalkandreason.37C.Onecannevertranslaterandomlyorcasually,andneverintroduceanycasualadditiontoorreductionfromorchangeoftheoriginal.Eg.Yousatdown,andyouwerehiddenfromtheworld.你坐在這里，可以忘卻人間，好似已在塵寰之外。(趙景琛譯)你坐下來，你就真地躲了起來，全世界都看不見你了。

d.Advantagesanddisadvantagesofliberaltranslation383.

Relationbetweenliteral&liberaltranslationa.Literaltranslationandliberaltranslationcanbeunderstoodastwoartisticmethod(elevatedskills).AsLuXunputit,"Intheprocessoftranslationmustbetakenintoconsiderationtwosides,goodreadabilityandtheoriginalflavour."

394意譯和亂譯（胡譯）

只有在正確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，運用相應(yīng)的翻譯方法以調(diào)整原文結(jié)構(gòu)，用規(guī)范的漢語加以表達，這才真正做到“意譯”。如果把“意譯”理解為憑主觀臆想來理解原文，可以不分析原文結(jié)構(gòu)，只看詞面意義，自己編造句子，勢必造成“亂譯”（胡譯）。40b.Bothmethodsarealwaysusedsimultaneously,andquicklyshiftingfromonetoanotheraccordingtothenatureofthetextbeingtranslated.41Eg.母親又說：“只是我希望你若看中了什么人，能領(lǐng)來讓大姐見一面，幫你參謀參謀。大姐畢竟比你多吃了幾年咸鹽，什么樣的男人，打眼一看，就能看出人品好壞來?！保簳月暋逗诩~扣》）Motherspokeagain:“Ionlyhopethatifyou’vegotyoureyeonsomeone,you’llbringhimhereandletmehavealookathim,soIcantellyouwhatIthink.Afterall,I’veeatenmore(不能譯saltysalt)saltthanyouovertheyears.I’llbeabletotellataglancewhetherhe’samanofcharacter.”42c.Twomethodsarebothusefulincertaincircumstances.Andbothhavetheirrespectivelimitsbeyondwhichwillinevitablyresultinoverloadedtranslationorunder-loadedtranslation.43Eg.IwantamanwhowillthrowhishatovertheChindwin(river)andthenleadhistroopsafterit.我需要的是這樣一個人，他決心在欽敦江破釜沉舟，然后率領(lǐng)部隊前進。44d.Sometimeseithermethodcandointranslating,thoughoneversionmaysoundsomewhatstrange.45Eg.1).只準(zhǔn)州官放火，不準(zhǔn)百姓點燈。Themagistratesarefreetoburndownhouses,whilethecommonpeopleareforbiddeneventolightlamps.

46Eg.2)美中不足America/USAandChinaarebothinsufficient.Itisfarfrombeingperfect.Itleavesmuch/somethingtobedesired.Muchisstilllefttobedesired.473)“Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath!”（PatrickHenry）請比較以下的譯句：（1）給我自由，否則給我死亡！(直譯)（2）要么給我自由，要么給我死亡?。ㄖ弊g）（3）給我自由，不然的話就讓我死吧?。谡Z）（4）沒有自由，還不如死呢?。谡Z）（5）不自由，毋寧死?。ㄒ庾g）（6）自由重于生命?。ㄒ庾g）48III.Translationese1.Definiton：agenerallypejorativetermusedtoreferto