大學(xué)生研究訓(xùn)練（SRT）計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目申請(qǐng)書及大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)講義

項(xiàng)目類別項(xiàng)目批準(zhǔn)號(hào)附件：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)大學(xué)生研究訓(xùn)練（SRT）計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目申請(qǐng)書項(xiàng)目名稱：山東民房抗震設(shè)防調(diào)查及相應(yīng)措施研究申請(qǐng)人：學(xué)號(hào)：E—mail：所在學(xué)院：水利土木工程學(xué)院專業(yè)年級(jí)：級(jí)土木工程專業(yè)聯(lián)系電話：指導(dǎo)教師:職稱申報(bào)日期：二○年月日山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)大學(xué)生研究訓(xùn)練（SRT）計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目管理委員會(huì)填表說(shuō)明一、填寫立項(xiàng)申請(qǐng)書前，請(qǐng)先咨詢指導(dǎo)教師或有關(guān)專業(yè)教師。申請(qǐng)書的各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容要求實(shí)事求是，逐條認(rèn)真填寫。表達(dá)明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，一律要求用打印稿件。二、申請(qǐng)書為16K本，于左側(cè)裝訂成冊(cè)。一式三份（至少一份原件），由指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見(jiàn)并經(jīng)評(píng)審小組評(píng)審，學(xué)院審核后，報(bào)送SRT計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目管理委員會(huì)。三、“項(xiàng)目類別”指A、B、C、D：A—學(xué)術(shù)論文、社會(huì)調(diào)查類；B—全國(guó)、省級(jí)競(jìng)賽（決賽）類；C—實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)和科技制作、科研類；D—其他類?！绊?xiàng)目批準(zhǔn)號(hào)”不填，由學(xué)校統(tǒng)一編號(hào)。四、“所在單位意見(jiàn)”一欄中，應(yīng)注明研究人員、時(shí)間、條件、政策等方面的保證措施和意見(jiàn)。五、如表格不夠，可以加附頁(yè)。一、簡(jiǎn)表項(xiàng)目簡(jiǎn)況項(xiàng)目名稱山東民房抗震設(shè)防調(diào)查及相應(yīng)措施研究項(xiàng)目類別A、學(xué)術(shù)論文、社會(huì)調(diào)查類；B、全國(guó)、省級(jí)競(jìng)賽（決賽）類；C、科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)和科技制作、科研類；D、其他類。申請(qǐng)經(jīng)費(fèi)1500元起止年月2009-1-項(xiàng)目申請(qǐng)人姓名韓真真學(xué)號(hào)20**3498性別女出生年月1990.03專業(yè)、年級(jí)、班級(jí)**級(jí)土木工程5班學(xué)院水利土木工程學(xué)院前一學(xué)期平均學(xué)分績(jī)點(diǎn)興趣愛(ài)好社會(huì)實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新、乒乓球前一學(xué)期綜合測(cè)評(píng)名次電導(dǎo)教師姓名張耀軍職稱副教授研究方向工程結(jié)構(gòu)主要教學(xué)工作簡(jiǎn)歷時(shí)間授課名稱授課對(duì)象學(xué)時(shí)授課單位2002.-2009.建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)本、研36水利土木工程學(xué)院主要科學(xué)研究工作簡(jiǎn)歷時(shí)間項(xiàng)目名稱獲獎(jiǎng)情況目組主要成員∧不含申請(qǐng)者∨姓名學(xué)號(hào)性別出生年月專業(yè)年級(jí)所在學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)狀況項(xiàng)目中的分工簽字20**7022女1988.08**級(jí)土木工程水土學(xué)院優(yōu)秀20**3492男1989.03**級(jí)土木工程水土學(xué)院優(yōu)秀20**3504男1987.08.**級(jí)土木工程水土學(xué)院優(yōu)秀二、立項(xiàng)依據(jù)（項(xiàng)目的意義、現(xiàn)狀分析）四川汶川地震給國(guó)家和人民帶來(lái)了巨大損失，給當(dāng)?shù)厝罕娫斐傻男睦黻幱爸两駬]之不去，也給我們?cè)俅吻庙懥司?。在地震過(guò)程中，房屋的倒塌與不倒塌成了決定人們生與死的關(guān)鍵所在。汶川地震再一次把建筑的抗震設(shè)防能力推到公眾面前，而在這所有的建筑中，農(nóng)村住宅因其設(shè)計(jì)、施工還未納入國(guó)家規(guī)范的管理體系之中，因此，其抗震設(shè)防的薄弱性尤其令人關(guān)注。山東省是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大省，農(nóng)村人口約占全省人口總數(shù)的59.7％，農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)是我省國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí)，山東省也是地震災(zāi)害比較嚴(yán)重的省份之一，有史料記載以來(lái)發(fā)生5級(jí)以上地震70次，7級(jí)以上7次，8.5級(jí)1次。我省地震活動(dòng)具有分布范圍廣、強(qiáng)度大、震源淺和災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重的特點(diǎn)。全省17個(gè)市中有13個(gè)市發(fā)生過(guò)破壞性地震。地震烈度較高，7度以上地區(qū)占全省土地面積的54％。而山東農(nóng)村住宅同樣面臨抗震設(shè)防能力脆弱的境況。為了避免汶川大地震的悲劇重演，必須重視山東省的民房抗震設(shè)防問(wèn)題。隨著山東省農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展，農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化程度的提高，努力提高廣大農(nóng)村住宅的防震減災(zāi)能力，減輕地震災(zāi)害可能造成的損失，對(duì)于保護(hù)人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，保障經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展、維護(hù)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，建設(shè)“大而強(qiáng)、富而美”的社會(huì)主義新山東，具有十分重要的意義。三、項(xiàng)目實(shí)施方案及實(shí)施計(jì)劃實(shí)施方案、實(shí)施辦法、具體實(shí)施計(jì)劃及可行性分析。實(shí)施方案與辦法：1.查閱資料，對(duì)可能影響民房抗震設(shè)防的因素進(jìn)行分析，擬訂合理的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷；2.利用擬訂好的問(wèn)卷，對(duì)山東省部分地區(qū)如濟(jì)南、濟(jì)寧、煙臺(tái)、泰安等地的民房進(jìn)行抗震設(shè)防調(diào)查；3.整理分析調(diào)查資料，對(duì)影響山東省農(nóng)村住宅抗震設(shè)防的主要因素進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。4.根據(jù)調(diào)查分析的結(jié)果，并利用相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)，提出解決相應(yīng)問(wèn)題的建議和意見(jiàn)，以及相關(guān)技術(shù)性措施。具體實(shí)施計(jì)劃：1、2009.1-2009.2：利用寒假查取相關(guān)資料，了解山東省抗震設(shè)防區(qū)域分布特點(diǎn)；2、2009.3-2009.6：對(duì)相關(guān)資料進(jìn)行整理，針對(duì)山東省農(nóng)村住宅特點(diǎn)分析影響其抗震設(shè)防的可能因素，擬訂合理的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷；3、2009.7-2009.8：利用假期對(duì)擬訂的調(diào)查區(qū)域進(jìn)行調(diào)查；4、2009.8-2009.10：對(duì)調(diào)查資料進(jìn)行分析總結(jié)，找出影響山東民宅抗震薄弱性的關(guān)鍵所在，并利用所學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)提出相應(yīng)技術(shù)性措施；5、2009.11-2009.12：完善研究?jī)?nèi)容，提交研究成果?？尚行苑治觯簱?jù)震后調(diào)查顯示，農(nóng)村房屋受損情況比城鎮(zhèn)嚴(yán)重，這是由于：（1）農(nóng)村住宅屬于自建房。農(nóng)民建房隨意性較大，不能科學(xué)合理地選擇建設(shè)場(chǎng)地，難以避開(kāi)對(duì)抗震不利地段的影響。在農(nóng)村建設(shè)市場(chǎng)，缺少合格的建筑施工隊(duì)伍，施工人員技術(shù)素質(zhì)普遍較低，在建房過(guò)程中造成所選用建筑材料和材料配比達(dá)不到基本要求，墻體連接不牢、施工質(zhì)量差等現(xiàn)象普遍存在。（2）缺少規(guī)范的抗震設(shè)計(jì)。農(nóng)村住宅大多數(shù)沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)建筑設(shè)計(jì)，更別提抗震設(shè)計(jì)了，普遍存在著地基不牢固、結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度不足、層高過(guò)高、跨度過(guò)大、穩(wěn)定性差等問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題的存在，程度不同的留下了致災(zāi)隱患，一旦遭遇地震，容易造成房屋損壞和人員傷亡。

山東省農(nóng)村住宅面臨同樣境況，其抗震設(shè)防能力的薄弱性同樣不容忽視。此次項(xiàng)目的研究對(duì)我省農(nóng)村住宅的抗震設(shè)防能力的提高具有較高的理論和實(shí)用價(jià)值，同時(shí)，它的可行性也比較高，因?yàn)椋海?）調(diào)查條件優(yōu)越：項(xiàng)目小組各成員有很強(qiáng)的溝通能力和實(shí)踐能力，且家都在農(nóng)村，對(duì)農(nóng)村住宅的建造過(guò)程比較熟悉；此次調(diào)查范圍是山東省十七地市，而小組成員分別來(lái)自濟(jì)南、濟(jì)寧、煙臺(tái)，可以方便地利用自身優(yōu)勢(shì)搜集到各地區(qū)真實(shí)有效的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)。（2）指導(dǎo)教師的頭腦風(fēng)暴法；我院擁有多位土木工程領(lǐng)域的專職教師，指導(dǎo)教師張耀軍老師多年來(lái)一直從事抗震課程的教學(xué)工作，理論知識(shí)扎實(shí)并發(fā)表過(guò)民房抗震的相關(guān)論文。專業(yè)主任段續(xù)勝老師及徐學(xué)東老師等曾參加汶川地震的抗震救災(zāi)工作，工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富。在做項(xiàng)目的過(guò)程中，可以適時(shí)的向各位老師請(qǐng)教，保證項(xiàng)目的順利完成。（3）項(xiàng)目難度適中：我們?cè)趯ふ翼?xiàng)目時(shí)首先應(yīng)該注意它是否具有實(shí)際意義，是否能在自己能力范圍以內(nèi)！通過(guò)此次汶川地震的教訓(xùn)，使我們小組成員一致認(rèn)為，對(duì)我省農(nóng)村民宅的抗震設(shè)防調(diào)查研究十分重要，并且相信，付出努力與細(xì)心，就能把它做好。四、預(yù)期成果1.通過(guò)調(diào)查和研究，歸納總結(jié)山東民房抗震設(shè)防能力薄弱的關(guān)鍵影響因素，為民房抗震設(shè)防提供依據(jù)。2.在資料調(diào)查分析的基礎(chǔ)上，提出提高民房抗震設(shè)防能力的技術(shù)措施和合理建議，并形成一份完整的調(diào)查報(bào)告。五、本項(xiàng)目的特點(diǎn)與創(chuàng)新之處特點(diǎn)：本項(xiàng)目是采用資料調(diào)研與數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的方法，分析影響山東民房抗震能力薄弱的關(guān)鍵因素，并利用專業(yè)知識(shí)提出相應(yīng)的技術(shù)措施，對(duì)我省的新農(nóng)村建設(shè)，提高民宅的抗震設(shè)防能力都有重要的意義。創(chuàng)新之處：未雨綢繆，基于汶川大地震的悲慘教訓(xùn)，在調(diào)查研究的基礎(chǔ)上提出影響山東民房抗震能力的關(guān)鍵因素，并提出合理建議和相應(yīng)解決問(wèn)題的技術(shù)措施。本項(xiàng)目若得以實(shí)施，取得的成果將更具針對(duì)性，對(duì)提高區(qū)域性住宅的抗震能力意義非凡。六、項(xiàng)目研究基礎(chǔ)主持人與本項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的專業(yè)知識(shí)積累和已取得的成績(jī)。指導(dǎo)教師的教學(xué)、科研工作積累和已取得的工作成績(jī)。項(xiàng)目組成員的學(xué)習(xí)情況。主持人：項(xiàng)目主持人已學(xué)習(xí)了高等數(shù)學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)及編程、理論力學(xué)、概率論與數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)、土木工程材料、AutoCAD、大學(xué)物理實(shí)驗(yàn)B等與調(diào)查項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的理論知識(shí)，具備一定的分析和處理問(wèn)題的能力，現(xiàn)任大學(xué)生調(diào)研中心團(tuán)支書，做過(guò)多次調(diào)查，編寫過(guò)多篇調(diào)查報(bào)告，具備較強(qiáng)的交際和處理問(wèn)題的能力，在暑假時(shí)曾跟過(guò)專業(yè)人員實(shí)習(xí)，已經(jīng)具備較強(qiáng)的實(shí)踐能力，可以很好地處理和協(xié)調(diào)解決調(diào)查所遇到的問(wèn)題。李琴琴，20**級(jí)土木工程專業(yè)學(xué)生，已學(xué)習(xí)了高等數(shù)學(xué)、大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)、理論力學(xué)等與研究項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的理論課程，成績(jī)優(yōu)秀，曾獲得專業(yè)二等獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，有一定的社會(huì)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。韓明杰，20**級(jí)土木工程專業(yè)學(xué)生，預(yù)備黨員，已學(xué)習(xí)了高等數(shù)學(xué)、大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)、理論力學(xué)等與研究項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的理論課程，成績(jī)優(yōu)秀，曾獲得專業(yè)二等獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，有一定的社會(huì)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。趙曉開(kāi)，20**級(jí)土木工程專業(yè)學(xué)生，已學(xué)習(xí)了高等數(shù)學(xué)、大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)、理論力學(xué)等與研究項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的理論課程，成績(jī)優(yōu)秀，曾獲得專業(yè)二等獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、單項(xiàng)獎(jiǎng)，有一定的社會(huì)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。指導(dǎo)教師：張耀軍，碩士，土木工程系副教授。多年來(lái)一直從事土木結(jié)構(gòu)工程的教學(xué)工作，理論知識(shí)扎實(shí)。近幾年主講課程為建筑結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)，并發(fā)表相關(guān)論文多篇。七、經(jīng)費(fèi)預(yù)算1.差旅費(fèi)6002.實(shí)驗(yàn)費(fèi)4003.材料費(fèi)、資料費(fèi)4004.論文版面費(fèi)100八、指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)農(nóng)村住宅由于其自建房性質(zhì)，設(shè)計(jì)和施工一直缺乏政府監(jiān)管，其抗震設(shè)防能力的薄弱也就不言而喻，所以一些發(fā)生在城鎮(zhèn)不會(huì)造成很大損失的地震，若發(fā)生在農(nóng)村，情況則會(huì)完全相反。因此，隨著新農(nóng)村建設(shè)的推進(jìn)，提高農(nóng)村住宅的抗震設(shè)防能力已刻不容緩。本SRT項(xiàng)目小組能立足于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，確定研究?jī)?nèi)容，計(jì)劃安排合理，具備可操作性簽字：20年月日九、評(píng)審小組意見(jiàn)建議資助金額元小組負(fù)責(zé)人（簽字）：小組成員（簽字）：20年月日十、申請(qǐng)人所在學(xué)院意見(jiàn)確定資助金額元學(xué)院公章學(xué)院負(fù)責(zé)人（簽字）：20年月日十一、主管部門審核意見(jiàn)單位（教務(wù)處代）公章負(fù)責(zé)人（簽字）：20年月日大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)輔導(dǎo)講義試題結(jié)構(gòu)六級(jí)考試試卷結(jié)構(gòu)考試項(xiàng)目答題時(shí)限題目數(shù)量分值比例第一部分寫作30分鐘1道占總分值15%第二部分快速閱讀15分鐘10道（選擇7道填空3道）占總分值10%第三部分聽(tīng)力理解35分鐘36道占總分值35%A節(jié)B節(jié)C節(jié)第11-18題短對(duì)話第19-25題長(zhǎng)對(duì)話第26-35題段落題第36-46題聽(tīng)寫題1%×81%×71%×100.5%×8+2%×3第四部分仔細(xì)閱讀25分鐘15道占總分值25%A節(jié)B節(jié)第47-51題問(wèn)答填空第52-61題傳統(tǒng)閱讀1%×52%×10第五部分完形填空（或改錯(cuò)）15分鐘完形20道（或改錯(cuò)10道）占總分值10%第六部分翻譯5分鐘5道占總分值5%項(xiàng)目突破寫作Q1：寫作話題校園話題選擇專業(yè)選擇專業(yè)交納學(xué)費(fèi)正式入學(xué)讀書學(xué)習(xí)考試課余生活心態(tài)處事畢業(yè)就業(yè)面試Example:讀書學(xué)習(xí)：2006年12月 CET-6：TheImportanceofReadingClassics2007年12月 CET-4：WhatElectivestoChoose課余生活：2006年6月 CET-4：VolunteersWanted2007年6月 CET-4：Welcometoourclub2008年6月 CET-4：OnRecreationalActivities2009年12月 CET-4：Createagreencampus心態(tài)處事：2008年12月 CET-6：HowtoImproveStudent'sMentalHealth?社會(huì)話題社會(huì)話題社會(huì)話題環(huán)境保護(hù)、健康娛樂(lè)、文化生活、社會(huì)風(fēng)尚、……衣、食、住、行……Example:環(huán)境保護(hù)：2008年12月CET-4：OnDisposablePlasticBags文化生活：2008年6月CET-6：WillE-booksReplaceTraditionalBooks?2009年6月CET-4：FreeAdmissiontoMuseums2009年12月CET-6：ShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtClasses?社會(huì)風(fēng)尚：2006年6月 CET-6：TravelingAbroad2007年6月 CET-6：ShouldOneExpectRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?2007年12月CET-6：TheDigitalAge2009年6月 CET-6：OntheImportanceofaNameQ2：命題形式現(xiàn)象評(píng)說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比問(wèn)題解決圖表闡釋應(yīng)用文體綜合篇章Example：現(xiàn)象評(píng)說(shuō)2007年12月CET-6TheDigitalAge1.如今，數(shù)字化產(chǎn)品越來(lái)越多，如…2.使用數(shù)字化產(chǎn)品對(duì)于人們學(xué)習(xí)工作和生活的影響；3.你對(duì)數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品的看法。2008年12月CET-4OnDisposablePlasticBags1.目前人們普遍使用一次性塑料袋；2.使用一次性塑料袋帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題；3.限制使用一次性塑料袋的意義。2008年6月CET-4OnRecreationalActivities1.娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)多種多樣；2.娛樂(lè)可能使人們收益，也可能有危害性；3.作為大學(xué)生，我的看法。觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比2006年12月CET-4MyViewontheCCTVSpringFestivalGala1.許多人喜歡看CCTV春節(jié)晚會(huì)；2.但有的人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該取消；3.你的看法2009年12月CET-6ShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtClasses?1.現(xiàn)在有不少家長(zhǎng)送孩子參加各種藝術(shù)班，有人表示支持；2.有人并不贊成這種做法；3.我認(rèn)為…2007年6月CET-6ShouldOneExpectRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?1.有人做好事期望得到回報(bào)；2.有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該向雷鋒那樣做好事不圖回報(bào)；3.我的觀點(diǎn)。2009年6月CET-6OntheImportanceofaName1.有人說(shuō)名字或名稱很重要；2.也有人覺(jué)得名字或名稱無(wú)關(guān)緊要；3.我認(rèn)為。問(wèn)題解決2009年12月CET-4Createagreencampus1.建設(shè)綠色校園十分重要2.綠色校園不僅指綠色環(huán)境3.為了建設(shè)綠色校園我們應(yīng)該……2008年12月CET-6HowtoImproveStudent'sMentalHealth?1.大學(xué)生的心里健康十分重要；2.為此學(xué)校可以…3.我們自己可以…圖表闡釋2006年6月CET-6TravelingAbroad1.近十年某城市越來(lái)越多人選擇出國(guó)旅游；2.出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因；3.這種現(xiàn)象可能產(chǎn)生的影響。應(yīng)用文體2006年6月CET-4VolunteersWanted1.校學(xué)生會(huì)將組織一次暑期志愿者活動(dòng)，先招募志愿者；2.本次志愿者活動(dòng)的目的、內(nèi)容、安排等；3.表明條件及聯(lián)系方式。2007年6月CET-4AnannouncementtowelcomestudentstojointoaclubWelcometoourclub1.本社團(tuán)的主要活動(dòng)內(nèi)容2.參加本社團(tuán)的好處3.如何加入本社團(tuán)綜合命題2009年6月CET-4FreeAdmissiontoMuseums1.越來(lái)越多的博物館免費(fèi)對(duì)外開(kāi)放，目的是……2.也會(huì)帶來(lái)一些問(wèn)題；3.你的看法。2008年6月CET-6WillE-booksReplaceTraditionalBooks?1.隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展，電子圖書越來(lái)越多；2.有人認(rèn)為電子圖書將會(huì)取代傳統(tǒng)圖書，理由是…3.我的看法。2006年12月CET-6TheImportanceofReadingClassics1.閱讀經(jīng)典書籍對(duì)人的成長(zhǎng)至關(guān)重要；2.現(xiàn)在愿意閱讀經(jīng)典的人卻越來(lái)越少；3.我們大學(xué)生應(yīng)該怎么辦。Q3：應(yīng)考策略應(yīng)對(duì)策略:30=2+3+20+5Step1：主旨分析，詞匯拓展Step2：框架分析，思路拓展Step3：段落分析，句型拓展Step4：查漏補(bǔ)缺，修正錯(cuò)誤高分原則提綱原則框架原則詞句原則工整原則SampleTest:TheImportanceofHelpingEachOther1.相互幫助對(duì)我們的社會(huì)至關(guān)重要；2.現(xiàn)在樂(lè)于助人者卻越來(lái)越少；3.我們大學(xué)生應(yīng)該怎么辦。QuotationTopicNoonecandenythesimpletruth:“readingmakesafullman,whilereadingclassicsmakesafulllife.”Putitanotherway:everyone,nourishedbythosepositiveresultsofwisdom,maybemoreintelligentandsophisticated.TopicCasesConclusionSadly,noteverycanrealizethevalueofreadingthosegreatworks.Thefollowingfeelingsarenotunfamiliar:facingmoreleisureactivities,beitplayingcomputergamesorwatchingonlinemovies,onemayfeelitnaturaltoturnhisattentionawayfrom“ancientbooks”;browsingthroughathousandclassic,onemaytellhimself“whybothertoreadsuchadictionary”.Evidently,thecombinationofthisexternaldistractingandinternaldisgustisresponsibleforthedecliningofreadingclassics.ReasoningConclusionAscollegemen,weshouldbearinmindthatclassicsareactuallythedescriptionofhumanlife,andeveryofusis,andwillbearoleofthesegreatworks.Guidedbythesewisdom,wecanrecognizewhoweareandgetrightattitudetowardlife.【仿寫練習(xí)】Noonecandenythesimpletruth:“evolutionmakeshuman,butmutualassistancemakeshumanlife.”Putitanotherway:anyone,withouthelpfromothers,canhardlyleadanormallife.Unfortunately,noteveryiswillingtoofferhelpevenifitisnecessary.Specifically,thefollowingmisbehaviorsarenotunfamiliarbutunpleasant:seeingapregnantladystandinginabumpybus,noonestandsuptoleaveheraseat;noticinganoldmangropingtowardsanexit,nobodylendsahelpinghand;glancingatthewoundedgroaninginacaraccident,nodrivertakeshimtoahospital.Clearly,thecombinationofselfishnessandcowardlinessisthedirectreasonforthevanishofhelpingeachother.Ascollegemen,weshouldbearinmindthateveryofusisacharacterofhumansociety,and,fromtimetotime,everyofuswas,is,andwillbeamanwhoneedhelpfromothers.Therefore,wehavethedutytolendahelpinghand,sothatothershaveareasontohelpus.Q4：句型拓展OnRecreationalActivities1.娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)多種多樣；2.娛樂(lè)可能使人們收益，也可能有危害性；3.作為大學(xué)生，我的看法。OnE-shopping當(dāng)前網(wǎng)絡(luò)購(gòu)物盛行；網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物的利與弊；作為大學(xué)生，我的看法。Reachingnewpeakofpopularityinmodernliveisonlineshopping,whichhasattractedpeoplefromallwalksoflife.Specifically,itisnotsurprisingtoseeyoungladiesorderingfashionabledressesfrom,youngmenpurchasingmagazinesfromsomebook-sellingwebsite,andeventheagedbuyinghouseholdappliancesfromtheInternet.ItisindisputablethattheprevalenceofE-shoppinghasimpact,beitstrongorslight,onourdailylive.ThankstothemarketplaceontheInternet,wehavemorechoicesthanevertopaybillforgas,televisionortelephonewithoutgoingtoanofficeseveralblocksaway.However,thismarveloustechnologyiscondemnedbysomeindignantcharacters.Accordingtothem,withthisbusiness,nodepartmentwouldhaveacontrolonthequalityofserviceorcommodities.Intheaggregate,currently,thecurrentonline-shoppingsystemhasbothadvantagesandsomeintrinsicflaws.Althoughitisnotsoperfect,wecanneverdenytheconvenienceitbringsus.Wearedefinitelysteppingintoanerawhenallthesetroublearesolvedandeveryone,nomatterheisanadultorakid,well-educatedorjustnormal,wouldenjoytheconveniencewhichE-shoppingbringus.OnE-Shopping當(dāng)前網(wǎng)絡(luò)購(gòu)物盛行；網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物的利與弊；作為大學(xué)生，我的看法?！镜谝欢巍縉ooneisabletoignoretheprevalenceofonline-shopping,foritexistsineverycornerofourlife.Wemayseeyoungstersorderingissuesandmagazinesonbook-selling-websites.Wemayalsonoticethatsomehousewivesareusedtopurchasingdresseson.Evidently,online-retailingsystemisreshapingourdailylife.Noothertopicreceivesmoreattentionthantheprevalenceofonline-shopping.Tomostofus,itisnotsurprisingtoseeyoungstersorderingissuesandmagazinesonbook-selling-websites..Equally,itisnotuncommonthatsomeseniorcitizenstakeadvantageoftheonline-retailingsystemtobuydailynecessitiesatlowprice.Apparently,thisbusinesshasbecomeofsymbolofmodernlife.Reachingnewpeakofpopularityinmodernlifeisonline-shopping,whichdrawtheattentionfrompeopleofbothsexes,atvariousages,andfromallwalksoflife.It’spopularityisself-evident:seeingaschoolgirlorderingfacecreamonline,wedeemitnothingunusual;hearingofagrannypurchasinganaudiphones/adeaf-aid/apairofcrutches,weviewitnothingsurprising.附錄：Drawingtheattentionofthevastmajorityisonline-shopping,whichconcernspeopleofbothsexes,atvariousages,andfromallwalksoflife.Haveyoueverseencollegestudentspurchasingstationeriesfrominternet-based“shops”?Haveyouevernoticedofficeladiesclicking-to-buyfashionabledressesbeforeacomputerduringlunch-time?Formodernguys,allthesecasesseemstobemerelydailyoccurrence.Foraveragepeople,however,theseactivities,onlineshopping,aresymbolofE-age.Traditionally,internetissupposedtobejustasourceofinformation,butisthatstilltheonlyfunction?Actually,thevalueofnethasjustbeenenhancedbyanewlyemergingbutprevailingtechnique:online-shoppingsystem.Withthissystem,wemayfeelitconvenienttobuymagazines,dresses,orhouseholdappliancesathome.Whatwehavetodoistoclicktochooseandthenclicktopay.【第二段】（利益）危害羅列：…h(huán)avefundamentallytransformedourwayofwork,educationandlife.thelastdecadeshavewitnessedimmensechangesin…owningto…,…...havemadepossiblea“…revolution”in….Acaseinpointcanbe…:….Thanksto……,wehavemorechoicesthaneverto……,withtheassistanceofthese…….,…..can…..withoutbeingworriedabout…….Sadly,…h(huán)asbroughtabout/resultedin/giveriseto/manyunfavorableconsequences.Sadly,…representsamajorchallengeto……andhastriggereduniversalattentionandconcern.…….Thatmeans…….Evenworse,…….However,“prevailing”doesnotnecessarilymean“valuable”.Withtheprevalenceof….,wecomeacrossabigproblem:……ItisindisputablethattheprevalenceofE-shoppinghasimpact,beitstrongorslight,onourdailylive.ThankstothemarketplaceontheInternet,wehavemorechoicesthanevertopaybillforgas,televisionortelephonewithoutgoingtoanofficeseveralblocksaway.However,thismarveloustechnologyiscondemnedbysomeindignantcharacters.Accordingtothem,withthisbusiness,nodepartmentwouldhaveacontrolonthequalityofserviceorcommodities.（爭(zhēng)議）影響羅列Whetheritisindeedbeneficial…..hastriggeredaheateddiscussionamongthegeneralpublicandthestudentsthemselvesalike.Somefolks,enjoying…..,deemitan….notonlyto….but…to…..Sadly,othersclingtotheideathat….【第三段】針對(duì)消極問(wèn)題：提升段落Inviewofseriousnessoftheproblem,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethingsgetworse,ofwhichthefollowingonemaybemosteffective:theschoolauthorizesshouldworkoutconcreterulesandregulationsonthismatter.Asstudents,wearesupposedtoabidebytheruleandbearolemodelinthisrespect.站在鳥人的肩膀上Whenitcomestotheconcretesolutionstothisproblem,itoccurstomostpeoplethatthebestpolicyistobanitbyschoolregulations.However,thatwillworkonlyonsomeextremecases.Actually,anapplicableapproachmaybetomakeeveryoneawareoftheconsequencesofwaste,andthengetinvolvedintotheAnti-WasteMovement.針對(duì)積極問(wèn)題：Intheaggregate,with….,wewillhavelesstroublecopingwithproblemsoccurringinjobsandlives.Wearesteppingintoanerawheneveryone,nomatterheisanadultorakid,welleducatedorjustnormal,wouldenjoythebenefitwhich…bringus.針對(duì)中性問(wèn)題：Intheaggregate,currently,…h(huán)asbothadvantagesandsomeintrinsicflaws.Althoughitisnotsoperfect,wecanneverdenytheconvenienceitbringsus.Wearedefinitelysteppingintoanerawhenallthesetroublearesolvedandeveryone,nomatterheisanadultorakid,well-educatedorjustnormal,wouldenjoytheconveniencewhich….bringus.Q5：修辭訓(xùn)練【課堂范例】MyViewonTVPlaySeries有很多人喜歡看電視連續(xù)劇；也有人認(rèn)為這是有害的； 你的看法。 【普通版本】IthasbeenahottopicforalongtimewhetherTVplayseriesareablessingorcurseforus.Para.1（第一段開(kāi)頭句）1. Therearisesacontroversialdebateoverwhetherweshould…or…/Xisonearthablessingorcurse.Thosewhoareinfavorof…deemthatitisadvisableto….Accordingtothem,noonecould…without….2. Weoftenfindourselvescaughtinadilemma,whetherweshould…or…/viewXasablessingorcurse.….3. Whetherweshould…or…/viewXasablessingorcursehastriggeredaheateddiscussion.4. Whetherweshould…or…/viewXasablessingorcursehasbecomeaverycontroversialissue.5. Astowhetherweshould…or…/viewXasablessingorcurse,people’sviewsaredivergent.6. Whetherweshould…or…/viewXasablessingorcurseisaverypopulartopicwhichisoftentalkedaboutnotonlybycityresidentsbutbyfarmersaswell.Para.2（第二段開(kāi)頭句）1. Thearguermayberightabout….,butheseemstoneglect/failtomention(takeintoaccount)thefactthat…2. Itwouldbenaturetotaketheviewthat….,butitwouldbeabsurdtoclaimthat….3. Suchidea,ifnotentirelyunreasonable/unacceptable/inappropriate/improper/undesirable,issomewhatmisleading/doubtfulandneedscarefulconsideration.Toexemplifyit,…..Para.3（第三段開(kāi)頭句）1. Ifaskedtomakeachoice,Iwouldnothesitatetosidewiththeformer/latterview.2. Takingintoaccountallthesefactors,wemayreasonablycometotheconclusionthat…【常用修辭】排比(Parallelism)Youareoverwhelmingjade,aswhiteassnow,assmoothandmoistasgrease,asbrilliantascandles,andasfirmasrock.你潔如白雪，潤(rùn)澤如脂，你光輝如燭，堅(jiān)貞如磐，你是令人傾心的美玉。押韻(Rhyme)“Evolutionmakeshuman,butmutual-helpmakeshumanlife.”Putitanotherway,withouttheassistancefromeachother,noonecanleadanormallife.Ladiesmaygetpregnant,sotheymayneedothers’seatonabumpybus.Youngstersareinevitabletobeold,sotheymaydemandsothers’helpinghandtogoupstairs.Tinychildrenmaybebulliedbystrongerones,sotheymayasktheadultsforhelp.Allofusmayhavethechancetobethispregnantlady,oldman,orbullied-child.Therefore,wehavethedutytobethe“seatlender,old-mantenderorkid-defender”–inoneword,helper.委婉(Euphemism)Mrs.Chouisinadelicatecondition.Sorry,Ihavetogotothetoilet.Sorry,Ihavetodomyduty.Sorry,Ihavetofixmyface.Sorry,Ihavetogivemyselfease.Mrs.Chouiseatingfortwo.Mrs.Chouhasherwatermelononthevine.Mrs.Chouhasoneontheway.Mrs.Chouisanexpectantmother.Mrs.Chouisfullofheir.Mrs.Chouisknittinglittlebootees.Oldseniorcitizen,secondchildhood,thelongerlivingStupidstudentslowlearner,underachiever比喻(FigureSpeech)明喻(Simile)本體is/arelike喻體TheseTVseriesarelikeamillstone,killingoffoursparetimeaswellasourimagination.暗喻(Metaphor)：本體is/are喻體AllthecharactersinaTVplayarefamilymembersoftheaged.Withoutanyonelivingwiththem,seniorcitizenlamentthattheirlifeisacoldwinter,butTVprogramsaretheirspringbreeze.Toteachaseniorcitizentodealwithlonelinessistoteachfishtoswim.借喻(Metonymy)：用喻體直接代替本體Thegreyhairshouldberespected.Thepenismightierthanthesword.Keepgoing,andyouwill“succeedtothecrown”aftertheexaminations.Youngmenarealwaysattractedbyasocialbutterfly,butlovedbyaCinderella.擬人(Personification)Thelastdecadehaswitnessed/seen……Sheliesthere,listeningtothemoansoftheautumnwind,thesongsofthespringbreeze,andtherhythmsofsummerrain.Wemayseearetiredgrandpalyinginacoach,watchingthesweetsmilesorsweatfacesoftheTVscreen.However,wemayseeparents’angerflamestearingupchildren’spassionforTVseries.【修辭版本】Stuckbyafish-boneinthethroat,wemaybeawkward.AskedwhetherTVplayseriesareablessingorcurse,wemaybeevenmoreawkward.Manypeople,mostlytheagedorretired,advocatethattheseTVprogramsofferthemanopportunitytofilltheirsparetimewithjoyandpleasure.“Livingalone,IdeemTVplaysasmysweetcake,”saidthegrannynextdoor,“Icannotimaginehowlifecouldbeifthereshouldbeapowerfailure–Icansensenovoiceorseenooneacting”.However,oneman’smeatcanbeanother’spoison!Thiswelfareforretired–TVdramaprograms–maykilloffprecioustimeofyoungsters.Admittedly,someteleplaysaresummariesofclassics,say,theJourneytoTheWest,andsomeareencouragingtextbooks,suchasMyYouth,ICalltheShots.Unfortunately,indulgenceintheseprogramsmaydepriveyoungstudentsoftheirchancestoread,tolearnortogrow,killingtheircuriosityandcreativity.Astome,IamcertainlyabigfanofsomeTVseries,butIwillneverviewtheseprogramsasthewholepictureofmylife.Iamconvincedthatallofus,manorwoman,youngorold,shouldhavearightattitudetowardTVseries:theyarethesourceofpleasure,butthesourcesofhappinesscannotbeconfinedtothem.【課后練習(xí)】HowtoGetBooks？有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該購(gòu)買書籍；也有些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該借閱書籍；你的看法。Q6：橫向拓展翻譯常見(jiàn)翻譯考點(diǎn)總結(jié)完形完形心法Exercise1CarrieJohnstonusuallydoesn’tfeelhungryafteragoodsweat.Exercise1Johnston’sappetite,butsheknowsshehastomakeup2lostcaloriesfollowingaworkout.Shesays,“WhenIcomehomeafterexercises,Iforcemyselftoeatsupper.”3,Johnstonsaysmanyfemaleathletesletgoodeatinghabitsgoandriskhealth4thinness.1.[A]improves [B]suppresses [C]depresses [D]destroys2.[A]to [B]on [C]for [D]with3.[A]Therefore [B]However [C]Moreover [D]Besides4.[A]inthefaceof [B]becauseof [C]attheexpenseof [D]forthesakeofExercise2Ifplentifulwaterflowsoutofeverytapinourhomeandifhaveacleantoiletthatconvenientlywashesoutwaste,itmaybe1tobelievethattheworldisrunningoutofanadequatesupplyofwater.Weshouldremember,however,thatonly20percentofmankindenjoyssuch2.InAfricamanywomanspendasmuchassixhoursaday3water.1.[A]hard [B]easy [C]sure [D]usual2.[A]decorations [B]luxuries [C]wastes [D]recreations3.[A]bringing [B]taking [C]fetching [D]carryingExercise3Wehavespokenofmarriageasaformalcontractbetweencouples.Itshouldbenotedthatthiscontractdoesnot1thesameformindifferentsocieties.InWesternsocieties,2,the3ofamanandawomanisgrantedthestatusoflegalmarriagebybeingregisteredbyanofficialrecognizedbythestate.InsomeAfricansocieties,4,marriagehasnothingtodowithanofficialregistrationofthiskindbutislegalizedbytheformal5ofgoods.Generallyitisthebridegroomwhoisrequiredtomakeapaymentofgoodstothebride’skin,thoughsometimesapaymentisalsomadebythebridegroom’skinto6ofthebride.AmongtheNuer,a7livinginSouthernSudan,thepaymentmadetothebride’skin,calledbridewealth,isinthe8ofcattle.Oncetheamountofbridewealthisagreedupon,andtheformalpaymentismade,themarriagebecomesalegalunion.Theoffspringoftheunionbecometheacceptable9of10.Theywillremainhischildrenevenifthewifeleaveshimtomarryanothermen.[A]make [B]get [C]take [D]find[A]forinstance [B]however [C]consequently [D]inaddition[A]condition [B]union [C]cohabit [D]divorce[A]however [B]yet [C]though [D]still[A]contact [B]exchange [C]communication [D]connection[A]that [B]what [C]which [D]those[A]person [B]people [C]man [D]couple[A]style [B]size [C]form [D]type[A]bride [B]cattle [C]payment [D]wealth[A]wife [B]husband [C]kin [D]bridegroom閱讀速閱心法TypesofClimateClimateisthecombinationoftemperature,moisture,wind,andsunshineataplaceoveraperiodofmanyyears.Weatherismadeupofatmosphericconditionsduringafewhoursordays.Theweathermayberainyonacertainday.Butthatplacemayusuallyhaveawarm,dry,sunnyclimate.Welearnabouttheclimateofaplacebystudyingitstemperature,moisture,wind,andsunshinefromseasontoseasonandyeartoyear.Temperatureandtheamountofrainfallarethetwomostimportantelementsofclimate.Othersarehumidity(airmoisture),cloudiness,for,sunshine,wind,storms,andairpressure.Therearemanydifferenttypesofclimateonearth.Climatesoftheworldcanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirlatitudeandtheplantsthatgrowthere.Differentkindsofplantsneeddifferentamountsofheatandmoistureforgrowth.Thevegetationofaregiontellsusabouttemperatureandrainfallconditionsoveralongperiodoftime.TropicalClimatesTropicalclimatesarefoundinregionsbetween35Nand35Slatitude.Inthetropicalrainforest(nearesttheequator)conditionsarewarmandrainyallyearlong,andthereisathickcoveroftrees.Placesfarthernorthandsouthoftheequatorhaveatropicalwet-and-dryclimate.Theretheforestsarenotsodense,andmanytreeslosetheirleavesinthedryseason.Along23.5Nand23.5Slatitudetherearevasregionsoftropicaldesertclimate,whereverylittlevegetationcangrow.SubtropicalClimatesSubtropicalclimatesareusuallyfoundbetween30and40NorthandSouthlatitudes.ThesubtropicalwesterncoastsofthecontinentshaveaMediterraneanclimate.Summersarehotanddry;wintersaremildandwet.Onthesubtropicaleasterncoastsofcontinentstheclimateishumidsubtropical.Summersarehotandwintersaremild.Thereisenoughrainfallinallseasonsforforests.Mid-latitudeClimatesMid-latitudeclimatesoccurbetween40and60NSlatitudes.Strongwesterlywindsblowinthemid-latitudes.TheclimateofthewestcoastsofNorthAmericaismildandrainymostoftheyear.Ithelpsthegrowthoffinetimberforests.Someplacesinthemid-latitudesdonotreceivemoisturebecauseofmountainbarriersontheirgreatdistancesformtheoceans.Humidcontinentalclimatescoverlargemid-latitudeareaineasternpartsofthecontinents.Theyareforestclimateswithcoldwintersandwarmsummers.Mostoftherainfallcomesinthesummer.High-latitudeClimatesHigh-latitudeclimatesoccurfrom60tothepoles,NorthandSouth.Inthehighlatitudestemperaturesareverycoldinwinterandcoolinsummer.Theshortsummersarewarmenoughforforestsofevergreentrees.GreenlandandAntarcticahaveapolarclimate,wheregreaticecapsexistbecauseofyear-roundfreezing.High-altitudeClimatesHighlandclimatesarecoolerthanthesurroundinglowlandsbecauseoftheeffectsofaltitude.Highlandclimatesarefoundonthehighmountainsoftheworld,evenontheequator.Inthetropicsandmid-latitudesdifferentkindsofvegetationgrowinzonesuptheslopesofmountainstothepermanentsnowfields.TheCausesofDifferentClimatesThedifferencesintheclimatefromplacetoplacearecausedbyclimatecontrols.Themajorclimatecontrolsarelatitude,altitude,landandwaterbodies,oceancurrents,andstormcenters.Latitudesmakeclimatescoldertowardthenorthandsouthpoles(highlatitudes)thanatthetropicsneartheequator(lowlatitudes).Low-latituderegionsremainwormthroughouttheyear.Athigherlatitudestherearegreaterdifferencesbetweenwinterandsummertemperatures.Altitudesaffectsclimatebyloweringtemperatureasthehigherabovesealevelincreases.Athighaltitudestheairislessdenseanddosenotabsorbandholdasmuchheat.Ontheaverage,thetemper