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/CHAPTER4ENVIRONMENT生態(tài),自然,環(huán)保_________________(dá)____________(dá)_______(dá)編者提示:自然和生態(tài)是閱讀的一大考點(diǎn).其中自然災(zāi)害有曾為高口聽力所青睞,而眾所周知環(huán)保話題已毫無疑問的成為中高口的最熱門考點(diǎn)之一.本章對此方面的一些較專業(yè)的難詞進(jìn)行了詳析和舉例.SECTIONI:英譯中Aakillingfrost嚴(yán)寒a(chǎn)brasion[]n.侵蝕;磨損acidrainn。酸雨[詳析]Acidrainisanairpollutionproducedwhenacidchemicalsareincorporatedintorain,snow,fogormist.The”acid"inacidraincomesfromsulfuroxidesandnitrogenoxides,productsofburningcoalandotherfuelsandfromcertainindustrialprocesses.acidification[]n。土地酸化afforestation[]n。綠化造林agriculturalecology[]農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)airemissionstandards空氣排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)airpollution空氣污染airpollutionemission空氣污染排放(物)algae[]n。藻類,海藻alternativefuels[]--替代燃料[詳析]Alternativefuelsincludecompressednaturalgas,alcohols,liquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG),andelectricity。altitude[]n。海拔amplerainfalln。充足的雨量annualtemperaturerange年氣溫幅度anomalies[]n。反常(現(xiàn)象)aquaticlife[]水生植物arid[]adj.干旱的artificialrainn.人工降雨ashn.灰燼atmosphere(The)n.大氣層AutumnalEquinox(fallequinox)[]秋分(9月22日左右)[擴(kuò)展]VernalEquinox(springequinox)[]春分(3月21日左右)Bbiosphere[]n。生物圈[詳析]Theterrestrialbiosphereincludesthelivingbiota(plantsandanimals)andthelitterandsoilorganicmatteronland,andthemarinebiosphereincludesthebiotaanddetritusintheoceans。biota[]n。[生態(tài)]生物區(qū)[詳析]Biotameanstheanimalandplant(faunaandflora)lifeofagivenarea。barriereffectofmountains山的阻隔效應(yīng)、柵欄效應(yīng)beachgoer[]n.海灘游客biomes[]n.生物群系blackholen。黑洞[詳析]Blackholeisaplacewherethegravityissostrongthatlightcan’tevenescapefromit.howwouldyouknowwheretolookforit?itcanalsobeinterpretedasgatewaystoanalternativeuniverse.Ccanopy[]n.樹冠,華蓋carexhaust[]n.汽車尾氣carbondioxide(CO2)[]n.二氧化碳carbonmonoxide(CO)[]n.一氧化碳CleanAirActn.清潔空氣法案[詳析]The1990CleanAirActAmendmentsarethemostfar-reachingrevisionsofthe1970law.Inthissummary,werefertothe1990amendmentsasthe1990CleanAirAct.cleanenergyn.清潔能源cleanfuelsn。清潔燃料[詳析]Low—pollutionfuelsthatcanreplaceordinarygasolineclimaten.氣候climaticanomaly[]氣候異常climaticzones[]氣候帶[glossary][擴(kuò)展]Temperate[]溫帶(氣候) thecooltemperatezone寒溫帶thewarmtemperatezone暖溫帶Tropical[]熱帶(氣候)Subtropical[]亞熱帶(氣候)Tundra[]苔原(氣候)Equatorial[]赤道(氣候)Arid[]干旱(氣候)Mediterranean[]地中海式(氣候)Polar(arctic)極地(氣候)Mountains高山(氣候)Pl(wèi)ateau[]高原(氣候)Maritime[]海洋性(氣候)Continentalclimate大陸氣候clint[]n。石芽coastline[]n.海岸線combustion[]n.燃燒comet[]n.彗星confluence[]n。匯流(處)[詳析]Aconfluenceiswhereariverjoinsanotherriver。contamination[]n。污染continentalplate大陸板塊continentalshelves[]大陸架contingency[]n。偶發(fā)事件convection[]n對流corrasion[]n.侵蝕cost—effectiveadj.成本效益好的,合算的cumulonimbusclouds[]n.積雨云Ddailymaximumtemperat(yī)uresn.日最高氣溫dailyminimumtemperat(yī)uresn.日最低氣溫deathtolln.死亡人數(shù)debrisflow[]泥石流decompositionn。分解,腐爛deepwatern。深冷水區(qū)deforestation[]n。森林開伐[例子]Effortshavebeenmadetostopdeforestation-—--theremovalofforeststandsbycuttingandburningtoprovidelandforagriculturalpurposes,residentialorindustrialbuildingsites,roads,etc.orbyharvestingthetree(cuò)sforbuildingmaterialsorfuel。desertificat(yī)ion[]n。(土壤)沙漠化,荒漠化[例子]Overgrazingofrangelands,large—scalecuttingofforestsandwoodlands,drought,andburningofextensiveareasallservetodestroyordegradethelandcoverandcausedesertification.domesticsewage[]n。生活污水drought[]n.旱災(zāi)duststormn.沙塵暴Eearthquake[]n。地震earthquakemagnitude[]震級(jí)eco-agriculture[]生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)ecologicalimpact生態(tài)影響ecosystem[]n.生態(tài)系統(tǒng)[詳析]Anecosystemisdefinedasplacehavinguniquephysicalfeatures,encompassingair,water,andland,andhabitat(yī)ssupportingplantandanimallife。eco-technology生態(tài)技術(shù)eddy[]n./v。旋渦,起旋渦ElNinoSouthernOscillation(ENSO)[](氣候?qū)W)厄爾尼諾南徊現(xiàn)象[詳析]厄爾尼諾是西班牙語”ElNino"的音譯。厄爾尼諾洋流南美洲西海岸海洋表面的一支暖洋流,那時(shí)海底不再有冷的、豐富營養(yǎng)的海水,能引起鯨魚和魚類的死亡并且影響大部分太平洋地區(qū)的氣候.在南美厄瓜多爾和秘魯沿岸,海水每年都會(huì)出現(xiàn)季節(jié)性增暖現(xiàn)象,因?yàn)檫@種現(xiàn)象發(fā)生在圣誕節(jié)前后,則被當(dāng)?shù)貪O民稱為厄爾尼諾-即”圣嬰"(上帝之子)的意思?,F(xiàn)在厄爾尼諾一詞已被氣象和海洋學(xué)家用來專門指發(fā)生在赤道太平洋東部和中部海水大范圍持續(xù)異常增暖的現(xiàn)象(在海洋氣象學(xué)中規(guī)定,該海域海水表層溫度高出氣候平均值0。5℃ThetermElNinomeans‘ChristChild’andwasfirstusedbyPeruvianfishermeninthelat(yī)e1800'stodescribethewarmcurrentappearingoffthewesterncoastofPeruaroundChristmastime。ElNino,anditssisterevent–LaNina–aretheextremephasesofthesouthernoscillation,withElNinoreferringtoawarmingoftheeasterntropicalPacific,andLaNinaacooling.又見L詞條中LaNinaphenomenon拉尼娜現(xiàn)象emission[]n.排氣(如汽車廢氣等);排放物environmentn。環(huán)境[詳析]Environmentreferstothesumofallexternalconditionsaffectingthelife,development,andsurvivalofanorganism.EnvironmentAbstracts《環(huán)境文摘》簡稱EAenvironmentalauditing環(huán)境審核environmentalawareness環(huán)保意識(shí)environmentalbenefit環(huán)境效益environmentaldegradation[]環(huán)境惡化environmentalhazards[]環(huán)境危機(jī)environmentallapserate[]氣溫垂直遞減率(如由山地地形引起)environmentalmanagement環(huán)境管理environmentalthreats環(huán)境威脅environmentalistn。環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者epicenter[]n.震中Equator[]n.赤道equatorialzone[]道地區(qū)existingenvironmentalregulations現(xiàn)有環(huán)境規(guī)范條例extinctspecies[]滅絕的物種Ffjord[]n.峽灣firn[]n.積雪;萬年雪;冰原[詳析]Materialthatistransitionalbetweensnowandglacierice.Itisformedfromsnowafterpassingthroughonesummermeltseasonandbecomesglaciericeafteritspermeabilitytoliquidwaterfallstozero。floodn.洪水;洪災(zāi)foodchain食物鏈[詳析]Asequenceoforganisms,eachofwhichusesthenextlowermemberofthesequenceasafoodsource.forestcoveragerate森林覆蓋率forestation[]n.造林fossilfuel[]礦物燃料如石油、煤、天然氣等,由古代生物衍生而成[詳析]Anyhydrocarbondepositthatcanbeburnedforheat(yī)orpower,suchaspetroleum,coal,andnaturalgas。freshwaterpollution淡水污染fungi(pluralformoffungus)[]n。真菌(包括酵母、霉菌、擔(dān)子菌和蘑菇等)[詳析]Molds,mildews,yeasts,mushrooms,andpuffballs,agroupoforganismsthat(yī)lackchlorophyllandthereforearenotphotosynthetic。[glossary][擴(kuò)展]moldsn。霉菌bacterian。細(xì)菌virusesn.病毒Ggalaxy[]n.星系,銀河[詳析]1。Agalaxyreferstoasystemofabout100billionstars。2.TheMilkyWay銀河系genera[]n。(生物學(xué))屬,類geothermalenergy[]n。地?zé)崮躦lacier[]n.冰河globalwarming全球變暖[例句]Worldwidetemperatureshavebeenrisingwhichsuggestsaglobalwarming。全世界溫度上升,說明全球正在變暖。GMT(Gree(cuò)nwichMeanTime)格林威治平時(shí)gorge[]n。山峽[例句]Geologicalearly-warningsystemhasbeensetupinthree(cuò)gorges.在三峽建了地質(zhì)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)grainforgreen退耕還林(還草)grasslandn草地,草原greenhouseeffectn.溫室效應(yīng)[詳析]Thereisconcernthatincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases,includingcarbondioxideandmethane,mayenhancethegreenhouseeffectandcauseglobalwarming。greenhousegasesn。溫室氣體groundcovern。地被植物[詳析]Groundcoverreferstoplantsgrowntokeepsoilfromeroding.grounddepressionn.面沉降;地面塌陷groundwatern。地下水[詳析]Itmeansthesupplyoffreshwat(yī)erfoundbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarth(usuallyinaquifers)thatoftensupplieswellsandsprings.Hhabitat[]n。自然環(huán)境,棲息地Hazardousairpollutants(HAPs)危害性空氣污染物[詳析]chemicalsthatcauseserioushealthandenvironmentaleffects.hazardouschemicals有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)hazardoussubstance危險(xiǎn)品,有害物質(zhì)hazardouswaste危險(xiǎn)廢棄物hazen。薄霧,霾headlandn.岬heatislandeffect熱島效應(yīng)?[詳析]Citiesformheat(yī)islandsduetoincreasedcarbondioxide.herbivore[]n。食草動(dòng)物[詳析]Herbivoreisananimalthatfeedsonplants.Himalayas[]喜馬拉雅山(脈)hotsprings溫泉[擴(kuò)展]geysers[]間歇泉humanexposure人體照射hydrocarbon[]n.氮?dú)浠衔?,烴hydrology[]n.水文地理學(xué)Iiceage冰河時(shí)期,冰川代[詳析]IceAgereferstothelatestglacialepoch,theHYPERLINK”"\l”PLEIST.”PleistoceneEpoch.icesheet(continentalglacier)(地)大冰原;冰盾[詳析]DuringtheHYPERLINK""\l"PLEIST。"PleistoceneEpoch,icesheetscoveredlargepartsofNorthAmericaandnorthernEuropebuttheyarenowconfinedtopolarregions(e.g。,GreenlandandAntarctica).iceshelf(海)冰架industrialsolidwastes工業(yè)固體廢物infiltration(soil)[]n.滲透[詳析]Infiltrationmeansmovementofwaterfromthegroundsurfaceintothesoil。infrared[]n.紅外線[詳析]lightthat(yī)issoredhumanscannotseeitinfraredradiation[]紅外線輻射[詳析]AbbreviatedIR;alsocalledHYPERLINK""\l"saltmarsh"saltmarshesn.鹽沼HYPERLINK"”\l"dunes”sanddunes[]n。沙丘seasonalvariationn.季節(jié)性波動(dòng)secondarypollutantn.二次污染物seismic(earthquake)activity[]n.地震seismicwavesn.地震波sewagetreatment/disposal[]n.污水處理shelterbelt[]n。防護(hù)林shrubland[]n。灌木林地silviculture[]n。造林學(xué),林學(xué)[詳析]Silviculturereferstomanagementofforestlandfortimber.smogn.工業(yè)煙霧,煙霧污染[詳析]amixtureofpollutants,principallyground—levelozone,producedbychemicalreactionsintheairinvolvingsmog-formingchemicals.soilalkalinizat(yī)ion[]n。土壤堿化soilerosionn.土壤侵蝕solarcyclen.太陽活動(dòng)周期solarwindn.太陽風(fēng)[詳析]ThewindfromtheSun。source(thestartofariver)n.源頭spacetrashn.太空垃圾Stalactite[]n.地鐘乳[詳析]Waterdrippingfromtheroofsofcavesleavebehindmicroscopicparticlesofcalciumcarbonate。Thesebuildupasicicleshapedstalactites.stalagmite[]n.石筍stratosphere[]n.[氣]同溫層,最上層,最高階段(也是LasVegas賭城同名最高酒店)sulfurdioxide[]n。二氧化硫sunspotn.太陽黑子[詳析]Arelativelydark,sharplydefinedregiononthesolardiskSupernova[]n。超新星surfacealbedo[]n。表面反照率surfacewatern。地表水swamp[]n。沼澤,濕地,煤層聚水Ttemperate[]adj.溫和的temperateclimat(yī)en.溫和的氣候temperaturevariationsn.氣溫變化theamountofrainfalln.降雨量thebiologicaldiversityn。生物多樣性theeyen.風(fēng)眼[詳析]thecentralpartofthetropicalstormtheGanges[]恒河theozonelayer[]n.臭氧層thePacificRingofFiren。太平洋火環(huán)(世界上最主要的火山帶,系環(huán)繞太平洋的邊緣分布,號(hào)稱“火環(huán)")thermalpollution[]n.熱污染thermalpowerplantsn。熱電站three(cuò)-Dclimaten.立體氣候又見E詞條中environmentallapserate氣溫垂直遞減率(如由山地地形引起)ThreeGorgesProjectn.三峽工程ThreeGorgesreservoir[]n。三峽水庫tree(cuò)—hugger[]n.環(huán)境保護(hù)狂(有時(shí)甚至以抱樹的方式來護(hù)樹或宣示捍衛(wèi)樹木的決心--的環(huán)保人士)tropicalrainforestn.熱帶雨林tropicalstormn。熱帶風(fēng)暴thunder[]n.雷,雷聲toxicchemicalsn。有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)tributaries[]n.支流tropicalstormn.熱帶風(fēng)暴temperat(yī)ureinversion[]n。溫度逆增、逆溫現(xiàn)象[詳析]Temperatureinversionisoneoftheweatherconditionsthatareoftenassociatedwithserioussmogepisodesinsomeportionsofthecountrytephra[]n?;鹕交襕詳析]Anyrockmat(yī)erialproducedbyavolcano。tundra[]n。苔原,凍土[詳析]AtypeofHYPERLINK””\l"ECOSYS.”ecosystemdominat(yī)edbylichens,mosses,grasses,andwoodyplants.Itisfoundathighlatitudes(arctictundra)andhighaltitudes(alpinetundra).trafficcongestion交通擁塞UUV(ultraviolet)[]n.紫外線[詳析]Lightthat(yī)issobluehumanscannotseeit。Abandoftheelectromagneticspectrumbetwee(cuò)nthevisibleandtheX-ray。Photonsofultravioletlightaremoreenergeticthanphotonsofvisiblelight.UNCED聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會(huì)(環(huán)發(fā)大會(huì))unleadgas[]n.無鉛汽油urbanrefusen.城市垃圾urbanizationn。城市化urbanite[]n.都市人Vvapor[]n./v.蒸發(fā)vegetat(yī)ioncovern。植被覆蓋velocity[]n。迅速,快速;周轉(zhuǎn)率visibilityn.可見度volcaniceruption[]n.火山噴發(fā)volcanoes[]n.火山[擴(kuò)展]extinctvolcano[]n。死火山dormantvolcano[]n.休眠火山activevolcanon?;罨鹕剑譿astedisposaln.廢物處理waterlossandsoilerosionn。水土流失waterpollutionn.水污染watershedn。分水嶺weathern.天氣wetlandsn。濕地[詳析]Anareathatisregularlysaturat(yī)edbyHYPERLINK””\l”SURFWTR。"surfacewaterorHYPERLINK""\l"GRNDWTR."groundwaterandsubsequentlyischaracterizedbyaprevalenceofvegetationthat(yī)isadaptedforlifeinsaturated—soilconditions.wildfaunaandflora[]n。野生動(dòng)植物wildernessn.荒野,未開墾的荒地wildfiren.野火woodearn。木耳woodlandn.林地Wo(hù)rldEnvironmentDay(June5)世界環(huán)境日WorldMeteorologicalDay(March23)[]世界氣象日WorldOceansDay(June8)世界海洋日 Wo(hù)rldWaterDay(March22)世界水日Zzoon。動(dòng)物園zoology[]n。動(dòng)物學(xué),生態(tài)zooplankton[]n.浮游動(dòng)物SECTIONII:中譯英白色污染whitepollution(non-degradablewhiteplastics)保護(hù)生存環(huán)境protectnaturalhabitats城市垃圾urbanrefuse地面沉降landsubsidence;grounddepression二次污染物secondarypollutant二氧化氮nitrogendioxide二氧化硫sulfurdioxide二氧化碳carbondioxide防風(fēng)治沙checkwindandcontrolsand防護(hù)林shelterbelt防護(hù)林shelterbelt防治沙漠化combatdesertification封山育林setaparthillsforforestry工業(yè)固體廢物industrialsolidwastes國際生物多樣性日InternationalBiodiversityDay(Dec.29)國家環(huán)?;痉结楥hina'sguidingprincipleforenvironmentalprotection國家環(huán)??偩諷EPA(StateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration)海洋生物marinelife化害為利;變廢為寶turntheharmfulintothebeneficialandwasteintovaluable環(huán)保產(chǎn)品environment—friendlyproducts環(huán)保意識(shí)environmentalawareness環(huán)境惡化environmentaldegradat(yī)ion環(huán)境污染綜合防治integratedcontrolofenvironmentalpollution環(huán)境效益environmentalbenefit環(huán)境指標(biāo)environmentalcriteria減少擁擠decongestion交通噪音trafficnoise可再生資源renewableresources立體氣候3-Dclimate環(huán)發(fā)大會(huì)UNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)綠化運(yùn)動(dòng)afforestationdrive綠色奧運(yùn)greenOlympicGames??綠色能源greenenergyresource(e。g.thesolarpower如:太陽能)綠色企業(yè)greenenterprise綠色食品greenfood牧場pasture牧放(吃草)graze青藏高原Qinghai-Tibetplat(yī)eau清潔能源cleanenergy全球變暖globalwarming熱帶風(fēng)暴tropicalstorm熱帶雨林tropicalrainforest熱島效應(yīng)heatislandeffect熱污染ther

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