(全)初中英語主要語法-動詞不定式講解及練習(名校版)

初中英語主要語法--動詞不定式講解及練習1不定式的基本形式與結構動詞不定式指通常由to加上動詞原形(如towrite)所構成的一種非限定性動詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。動詞不定式有進行體和完成體(如上tobewriting，tohavewritten)，也有被動態(tài)(如tobewritten)，所有的主動詞，不論是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，也不論是動作動詞還是狀態(tài)動詞，都有不定式形式。助動詞除be和have外，沒有不定式形式。動詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。2不定式的用法1)不定式結構作主語1.TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago．2.Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge．在上述情況下，如果不定式較長，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如：1.ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago．2.Johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime．不定式結構所表示的動作是誰做的，即不定式的邏輯主語，通常可以通過forsb.todosth.結構表達：1.Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview．2.Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容詞(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind，naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表語時，不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語：1.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth．2.Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything．2)不定式作賓語不定式作賓語有兩種：一種是及物動詞后直接跟帶to的不定式，另一種是“及物動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式。及物動詞+帶to的不定式結構:只能跟動詞不定式的動詞，常見的有:afford，agree，aim，appear，ask，believe，care，claim，decidedemand，desire，determine，expect，fail，happen，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，prepare，refuse，seek，swear，undertake，want，wish等。1.Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem.2.Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway.3.Mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.動詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式：這類動詞常見的有advise，decide，findout，forget，inquire，know，learn，see，regard初中英語語法總結，remember，teach，tell，understand，wonder等。常見的疑問代(副)詞有:what，when，where，which，how，whether等。1.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.2.Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.3.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有時，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結構表達：動詞(如find，think，consider，feel等)+it+形容詞+不定式。1.Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.2.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o’clock.3)不定式做表語一種情況為主語是不定式(表示條件)；表語也是不定式(表示結果)：1.Toseeistobelieve.2.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving．另一種情況為主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等名詞為中心的短語，或以what引導的名詞性從句，不定式表語對主語起補充說明作用；例如：1.Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture．2.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice．3.WhatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience．4)不定式作定語不定式結構作名詞詞組修飾語主要有三種類型：第一種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯賓語。例如：1.Therewasreallynothingtofear．2.Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread．如果不定式是不及物動詞，后面就得加相應的介詞。例如：1.Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith．2.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout．3.Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento．4.Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes，Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon．第二種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語；例如：1.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?2.Theactiontobetakeniscorrect．3.Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending．第三種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結構。這類名詞通常是表示企圖、努力、傾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意義的名詞：ability，attempt，effort，impulse，inclination，wish等。例如：1.Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher．2.Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou．3.NeitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithMary.5)不定式作狀語不定式結構在句中作狀語通常都能轉換為限制性狀語從句。例如作原因狀語：1.Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea．2.Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea．3.Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark．4.Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark．作目的狀語：1.Sheraisedhervoicetobehearedbetter．2.Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter．3.WewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam．4.WewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam．作結果狀語：1.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians．2.TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians．3.Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone．4.Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone．3不帶to的不定式的使用動詞不定式通常帶to，但在有些搭配中不帶to，在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。歸納起來，以下情況下使用不帶to不定式：1)在can／could，/may／might，will／would，shall／should，must，need，dare等情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞不定式不帶to。2)在表示感覺意義的動詞，如see初中英語語法總結，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意義的動詞，如have，let，make等后，動詞不定式不帶to。例如：1.Ioftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard．2.Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes．但是，當這類結構轉換為被動語態(tài)時，后面的不帶to不定式一般轉換為帶to不定式。例如：1.Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard．2.Afterhehadfinishedspeaking，hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions．3)在動詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式。例如：1.Helptheoldlady(to)carrytheheavybox.4)在hadbetter，wouldrather，may／mightaswell，ratherthan，cannotbut等搭配之后初中英語語法總結，動詞不定式也不帶to。例如：1.Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout，Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight．2.Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.5)在makedo，makebelieve，letdrop，1etfall，1etfly，letslip，letdrive，letgooff，hearsay，heartell，leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不帶to的動詞不定式。例如：1.Theyletgooftherope．他們松開了繩子。2.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme．約翰朝我痛罵了一頓。3.I'veheardtellofhim．我聽說過他。4.Someofthefacultywereletgoforlackofthestudents．由于生源不足，一些教職員工被解雇了。6)在介詞but初中英語語法總結初中英語語法總結，except之后，如果其前有動詞do的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶to，反之則必須帶to，表示“不得不初中英語語法總結，只能”。例如：1.Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm．2.Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender．3.Thespywasbothhungryandcold；therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein．4.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining．下面一些短語是固定搭配，不帶to：cannothelpbut，cannotchoosebut，cannotbut，donothingbut，havenothingtodobut。例如：Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight．如果是下面一個固定搭配，就帶to：Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.7)緊跟在why或whynot之后的動詞不定式總是不帶to。但是，緊跟在who，what，which，whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon'tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn'tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience．4不定式的完成式和進行式1)構成完成式：to+havedone進行式：to+bedoing2)用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的動作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生在主要謂語動作之前初中英語語法總結，那么不定式就要用其完成式。進行式：如果主要謂語動作(情況)發(fā)生時，不定式所表示的動作正在發(fā)生，那么不定式就要用其進行式。例如：1.Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline．2.TheVikingsarebelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica．3.Whenyoucalledmelastnight，Ihappenedtobeworkingonthecomputer．5不定式的被動形式當不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：1.Fortwelveyears，SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca'snametobementionedandhisworktobepublished．2.Thesnowwassupposedtohavebeenblownoffthemountain．6不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的標志to前加not。例如：1.Idecidednottoaskhimagain．2.Pleaseremembernottoleavethelightsonwhenyouareout．7單項選擇練習1.______theseedsandtheywillgrow.A.WaterB.TowaterC.WateringD.Watered2.Thepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbut______workforyoungpeople.A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.provided3.Hearrivedattheofficeearly,______agoodexampletotheothers.A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingset4.Pleasemakemyexcuseattomorrow’smeeting—I’vegottoomuchwork______.A.todotocomeB.doingcomingC.todocomingD.todocoming5.Welookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhere_____A.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfound6.Afterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewenton______howmuchtheywouldcost.A.toexplainB.explainingC.tobeexplainingD.havingexplained7.Totesteggs,______theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey’rebad,iftheysinkthey’regood.A.putB.puttingC.toputD.tobeputting8.Pleaseremember______theplantswhileI’maway.A.wateringB.tobewateringC.towaterD.beingwatering9.______wine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.A.MakingB.TomakeC.TobemakingD.Make10.I’veneverbeensopoor______abletoaffordameal.A.astobenotB.notastobeC.asnottobeD.astonotbe11.Idon’tknowwhethertostayinteachingor____anotherjob.A.tryinggettingB.totrytogetC.tryingtogetD.tryget12.I’llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout—Idon’twant______likethis.A.toseeB.tobeseeingC.tobeseenD.beingseen13.Infact,shewasthefirstwoman______tosuchapost.A.toelectB.tobeelectingC.tohaveelectedD.tohavebeenelected14.I’dlike___overtheAlpsandlookingdownatthemountains.A.flyingB.beingflyingC.tobeflyingD.beflying15.I’mlearning______acake.Canyouexplain______one?A.tomake,tomakeB.howtomake,tomakeC.tolearn,howtomakeD.making,making16.Whomwouldyourather_____withyou,JimorJack?A.havegoB.havetogoC.havegoneD.hastogo17.Thehusbandadvised______tothesouth,buthiswifeadvisedhim_____uptheidea.A.moving,givingB.tomove,togiveC.moving,togiveD.tomove,giving18.“Wouldyouliketocomeforawalkwithme?”“I’dprefer___,thankyou.”A.nottoB.tonotC.notD.can’t19.Iwouldmendyou