有關(guān)太陽能跟蹤器中英文翻譯資料

附錄1SolarTrackerTheSolarTrackerteamwasformedinthefallof2005fromfivestudentsinanMEdesignteam,andaSmartHouseliaison.Wecontinuedtheworkofaprevioussolartrackergroup.Thetaskwastodesignaprototypetrackingdevicetoalignsolarpanelsoptimallytothesunasitmovesoverthecourseoftheday.TheimplementationofsuchasystemdramaticallyincreasestheefficiencyofsolarpanelsusedtopowertheSmartHouse.Thisreportexaminestheprocessofdesigningandconstructingtheprototype,theexperiencesandproblemsencountered,andsuggestionsforcontinuingtheproject.1.IntroductionSolartrackingistheprocessofvaryingtheangleofsolarpanelsandcollectorstotakeadvantageofthefullamountofthesun’senergy.Thisisdonebyrotatingpanelstobeperpendiculartothesun’sangleofincidence.Initialtestsinindustrysuggestthatthisprocesscanincreasetheefficiencyofasolarpowersystembyupto50%.Giventhosegains,itisanattractivewaytoenhanceanexistingsolarpowersystem.Thegoalistobuildarigthatwillaccomplishthesolartrackingandrealizethemaximumincreaseinefficiency.Theultimategoalisthattheprojectwillbecosteffective–thatis,thegainsreceivedbyincreasedefficiencywillmorethanoffsettheonetimecostofdevelopingtherigovertime.Inadditiontothefunctionalgoals,theSmartHousesetforththeotherfollowinggoalsforourproject:itmustnotdrawexternalpower(self-sustaining),itmustbeaestheticallypleasing,anditmustbeweatherproof.Thedesignofoursolartrackerconsistsofthreecomponents:theframe,thesensor,andthedrivesystem.Eachwascarefullyreviewedandtested,institutingchangesandimprovementsalongthedesignprocess.Theframeforthetrackerisanaluminumprismaticframesuppliedbytheprevioussolartrackinggroup.Itutilizesan‘A-frame’designwiththerotatingaxleinthemiddle.Attachedtothebottomofthissquarechannelaxleistheplatformwhichwillhousethemainsolarcollectingpanels.Theframeitselfisatanangletodirectthepanelstowardthesun(alongwiththeinclinationoftheroof).Itsrotationtracksthesunfromeasttowestduringtheday.Thesensordesignforthesystemusestwosmallsolarpanelsthatlieonthesameplaneasthecollectingpanels.Thesesensorpanelshavemirrorsverticallyattachedbetweenthemsothat,unlessthemirrorfacesdonotreceiveanysun,theyareshadingoneofthepanels,whiletheotherisreceivingfullsunlight.Oursensorreliesonthisdifferenceinlight,whichresultsinalargeimpedancedifferenceacrossthepanels,todrivethemotorintheproperdirectionuntilagain,themirrorsarenotseeinganysunlight,atwhichpointbothsolarpanelsonthesensorreceiveequalsunlightandnopowerdifferenceisseen.Afterevaluationofthepreviousdirectdrivesystemforthetracker,wedesignedabeltsystemthatwouldbeeasiertomaintaininthecaseofafailure.Ononeendoftheframeisamotorthathasthedrivepulleyattachedtoitsoutputshaft.Themotorrotatesthedrivebeltwhichthenrotatesthepulleyontheaxle.Thissystemissimpleandeasilydisassembled.Itiseasytointerchangemotorsasneededforfurthertestingandalsoallowsforoptimizationofthefinalgearratioforresponseofthetracker.Aswithanydesignprocesstherewereseveralsetbackstoourprogress.Thefirstandforemostwasinclementweatherwhichdeniedusofvaluabletestingtime.Despitethesetbacks,webelievethisdesignandprototypetobeaveryvaluableproof-of-principle.Duringourtestingwehaveeliminatedmanyoftherepetitiveproblemswiththemotorandwiringsothatfutureworkontheprojectwillgomoresmoothly.Wealsohaveachievedourgoaloftrackingthesunina‘hands-off’demo.Wewereabletohavethetrackerrotateunderitsownpowertotheangleofthesunandstopwithoutanyassistance.ThiswasthemaingoalsetforthtousbytheSmartHousesowebelieveoursensedmotionprototypeforsolartrackingwillbethefoundationastheymoveforwardinthefuturedevelopmentandimplementationofthistechnologytothehouse.2.DefiningtheProblemTheprojectwastocompletethe“REV2”designphaseofthesolartrackertobeusedontheSmartHouse.WhiletheteamwascomprisedofmembersfromtheME160seniordesigncourse,thecustomerforthisprojectwastobetheSmartHouseorganization.JeffSchwane,arepresentativefromtheSmartHouse,wasourliaisonandcommunicatedtoourgroupthedirectionSmartHouseleadershipwishedustoproceed.AtourfirstmeetingwithJeffandTomRose,thefollowingneedswereidentified:TrackthesunduringthedayUsenoexternalpowersourceWeatherproofCosteffectivepowergainMustlookgoodSolarpanelversatilei.e.canfitdifferenttypesofpanelsWiththeseneedsinhand,weconstructedaQualityFunctionDeploymentchart.ThischartcanbefoundinAppendixA.TheQFDshowedthemajorareasofconcernmighthavebeen:numberofpanels/sizeofpanels,internalpowerrequirements,motortorquerequired.Atourfirstmeetingwewerealsoabletosetupourgoalsforthesemester.Havingaworkingprototypecapableoftrackingthesunwastobethemaingoalfortheendofthesemester,butwesoonfoundthatinordertoaccomplishthis,wewouldbeforcedtoomitportionsofthedesigncriteriainhopestheywouldbeworkedoutlater.Thiswouldresultintheoptimizationofplatformspaceontherooftobeirrelevant,withourgoalbeingtohaveoneplatformtrack.Italsoledtotheassumptionthatourbasewouldnotneedtobetestedforstabilityorrequiredtobefastenedtotheroof.Withanideaofwhereweweretobegin,fromscratchwiththepossibilityofusingtheframefromthe“REV1”design,andanideaofwhereweweretofinish,withamovingprototype,weconstructedtheGanttchartthatcanbefoundinAppendixB.OurgroupplannedtomeetwithJeffonceaweektomakesurewewereontrackwiththeneedsoftheSmartHouse.JeffwouldalsomeetwithTomRose,thedirectorofSmartHouse,atleastonceaweekinordertokeepeveryoneonthesamepage.Withourgoalsinmindweembarkedontheprocessofideageneration.3.ConceptsandResearch3.1TrackingTypeOurgroupusedabrainstormingapproachtoconceptgeneration.Wethoughtofideasfordifferentsolartrackingdevices,whichproveddifficultattimesduetotheexistingframeandconceptpresentedtousbySmartHouse.Otherconceptsweregeneratedthroughresearchofpre-existingsolartrackingdevices.OriginallyourconceptgenerationwasgearedtowardscreatingacompletelynewsolartrackeroutsideoftheconstraintsofthepreviousstructuregiventousbySmartHouse.Thisinitialbrainstorminggeneratedmanyconcepts.Thefirstonewasauni-axialtrackingsystemthatwouldtrackthesuneasttowestacrosstheskyduringthecourseofadayandreturnattheendoftheday.Thisconceptpresentedtheadvantageofsimplicityandpresenteduswiththeoptiontousematerialsfromthepreviousstructure(whichwasalsointendedtobeauni-axialtracker)inconstruction.Anothermorecomplexconceptwastotrackthesunbi-axiallywhichwouldinvolvetrackingthesunbotheasttowestandthroughouttheseasons.Theadvantageofthisconceptwasamoreefficientharvestingofsolarenergy.Thethirdconceptwastoonlytrackthroughouttheseasons.Thiswouldprovidesmallefficiencygainsbutnowherenearthegainprovidedbytrackingeasttowest.Thedifferentstructureswecameupwithtoaccomplishtrackingmotionincludedarotatingcenteraxlewithattachedpanels,hydraulicormotorizedliftswhichwouldmovethemainpanelinthedirectionofthesun,andaroboticarmwhichwouldturntofacethesun.Theclearefficiencygainscoupledwiththesimplicityofdesignoftheuni-axialtrackingsystemandtheexistenceofusableparts(i.e.motorandaxle)fortherotatingcenteraxlestructure,ledustothechoiceoftheEasttoWesttracking,rotatingcenteraxleconcept.3.2StructureOncethemethodofmotionwaschosen,itwasnecessarytogenerateconceptsforthestructuralsupportoftheaxle.SupportcouldbeprovidedbythetriangularprismaticstructurewhichwasattemptedbythepreviousSmartHousesolartrackergrouporthroughtheuseofcolumnswhichwouldsupporttheaxisoneitherside.Whiletheprismaticstructurepresentedtheadvantageofmobilityandanexistingframe,thecolumnswouldhaveprovideduswitheaseofconstruction,simplegeometricconsiderations,andeaseofprospectivemountingontheroof.Duetotheheightenedintensityoftimeconsiderations,thepreviousfinancialcommitmenttotheprismaticstructurebySmartHouse,andourlimitedbudget,thepresenceofthepre-existingframeprovedtobethemostimportantfactorindecidingonastructure.DuetothesefactorswedecidedtoworkwithintheframewhichwasprovidedtousfromthepreviousSolarTrackergroup.3.2TrackingMotionOncethestructuralsupportwasfinalizedweneededtodecideonameanstoactualizethismotion.Wedecidedbetweensensedmotion,whichwouldsensethesun’spositionandmovetofollowit,andcontinuousclocktypemotion,whichwouldtrackthesunbasedonitspre-determinedpositioninthesky.Wechosetheconceptofcontinuousmotionbasedonitsperceivedaccuracyandtheexistenceofknowntimingtechnology.Duringtheevaluationstage,however,werealizedthatcontinuousmotionwouldprovedifficult.Onereasonwastheinabilitytodrawconstantvoltageandcurrentfromthesolarpanelsnecessarytosustainconsistentmotion,resultinginthenecessityforsensingtherotationpositiontocompensate.Continuousmotionalsorequirednearlyconstantpowerthroughouttheday,whichwouldrequireamechanismtostorepower.Asidefromtheseconsiderations,theimplementationofatimingcircuitandlocationsensingdeviceseemeddaunting.AfterconsultingDr.RhettGeorge,wedecidedonadeviceusingtwopanelsandshadingforsensedmotion.4.AnalysisandEmbodiment4.1StructureGeometryThegeometryoftheframewascreatedinordertoallowthesolarpanelstoabsorblightefficiently.Thiswasdonebyallowingrotationintheeast-westdirectionfortrackingthesundailyanda36°inclination(Durham’slatitude)towardsthesouth.Becausethisframewasdesignedtobeplacedonaroofwithaslopeof25°,theactualinclineoftheframewasmadetobe11°.Thegeometryoftheexistingplatformstructurewasmodified.ThiswasdoneinordertoincorporatetheresultsfromtheClearDayModelsuppliedtousbyDr.Knight.Thismodelledtotheconclusionthattheplatformshouldtracktoupto60°inbothdirectionsofhorizontal.Thus,theanglerangeoftheframehadtobeincreased.Thesidesoftheframewerebroughtintoincreasetheallowableangleofrotation,andtheywerebroughtinproportionallytomaintaintheinclinationangleof11°.Also,crosspiecesweremovedtotheinsideoftheframetoallowgreaterrotationoftheplatformbeforeitcameintocontactwiththesupportstructure.Thepanelsusedforsensingandpoweringrotationwereplacedontheplaneoftheplatform.Mirrorswereplacedperpendiculartoandinbetweenthepanelstoshadeoneandamplifytheotherinordertoproduceadifferencetopowerthemotor.Thesensingpanelswereplacedoutsidetheplatformareatomaintainthelargestareapossibleforcollectingpanels.Athirdsensingpanelwasmountednearlyverticalandfacingeasttoaidrotationbacktowardsthesuninthemorning.Thispanelwasattachedtotheframeundertheplatform,sothatduringmostoftheday,it’sshadedwithminimaleffectsonsensedrotation.Minimizingthetorquesonthemotorwasamainconcerninordertominimizethemotorpowerneeded.Theplatformdesignedfortheplacementofthecollectingsolarpanelswasplacedundertherotationalshaftsothatthepanelswouldbealignedwithittherotationalaxis.Sincethemainpanelscomprisethemajorityoftheweightputtingtheseintheplaneoftherotationalaxisreducestorqueontheshaft.Thesensingpanelswereplacedsymmetricallyabouttheaxisofrotationinordertopreventadditionaltorqueonthemotor.Thethirdpanelwasattachedtotheframeinsteadoftheplatformorrotationalshaftsoastoalsoavoidanytorque.4.2MaterialsMaterialsselectionformostoftheframewassimplebecauseithadalreadybeenconstructed.Themirrorsusedfortheamplificationandshadingofthesensingpanelswerealsoalreadypurchasedandavailableforuse.Additionalpartsforattachmentofthepanelsandmirrorstotheframeweretakenfromthescrappiecesavailableinthemachineshop.Inourselectionofsensingpanels,sizeandpowerneededtobebalancedeffectively.Thepanelsweretobeassmallaspossibleinordertoaddminimalstressandweighttotheframebutalsoneededtobepowerfulenoughtopowertherotationoftheplatform.Therefore,themostpowerfuloftheintermediatesizedpanelsavailablewereselected.Thepanelspurchasedalsoappearedtobethemostreliableofouroptions.4.3DriveMechanismAfterdesigningaprototypeandtestingit,themotorpurchasedandusedbytheprevioussolartrackergroupwasslipping.Itwasremoved,andtheinstallationofagearsystemwithanothersimplemotorwassuggestedandattempted.ProfessorKnightsuppliedsomegearsaswellassomebeltsandpulleys.Oneendoftheshaftwaslathedsothatoneofthepulleyscouldbesetonit,andspacerswereboughtsothata6Vmotorwehadavailablecouldpoweranotherpulley.Thesepulleysweretobeconnectedbyabelt.Thismotordemonstratedinsufficientstrengthtoturntherotationalshaft.Theoriginalmotor,oncedetached,wastakenapartandexamined.Itappearedtobeworkingagainsoanewpulleywaspurchasedtofititandwasattachedintheplaceofthe6Vmotor.5.DetailedDesign5.1FrameTheframewasdesignedfromoneinchsquarealuminumtubing,andafivefootlong,twoinchsquaretubefortheaxle.Itisconstructedwitharigidbaseandtriangularprismaticframewithsidesupportingbarsthatprovidestability.Theendoftheaxleisattachedtoasystemofpulleyswhicharedrivenbythemotor.Itiseasilytransportedbyremovingthesidesofthebaseandfoldingthestructure.5.2SensorOursensingpanelsareboltedtothebottomofthemainsolarpanelframeandbracedunderneathwithhalfinchL-brackets.ThemirrorsareattachedtotheinsideofthesensingpanelsandbracedbyL-bracketsaswell.Thewholestructureattacheseasilytothemainpanelframewhichisattachedtothemainaxleusingfour2-inchU-bolts.Athirdpanelisboltedtothestructuretoreturnthemainpanelsdirectiontowardsthehorizonofsunrise.5.3HowtheSensorWorksOursensorcreatesmovementofthemotorbyshadingoneofthepanelsandamplifyingtheotherwhenthesystemisnotdirectlyfacingthesun.Thetwosensingpanelsaremountedparalleltothemainpanelssymmetricallyaboutthecenteraxlewithtwomirrorsinbetweenthem.Theshadingononeofthepanelscreateshighimpedance,whiletheamplifiedpanelpowersthemotor.Thishappensuntilthepanelsreceivethesameamountofsunlightandbalanceeachotherout(i.e.whenthesensingpanelsandmainpanelsarefacingthesun.).Weinitiallyattemptedusingaseriesconfigurationtotakeadvantageofthevoltagedifferencewhenoneofthepanelswasshaded(AppendixC).Thisdifference,however,wasnotlargeenoughtodrivethemotor.Wesubsequentlyattemptedaparallelconfigurationwhichwouldtakeadvantageoftheimpedanceoftheshadedpanel(AppendixC)andprovidethecurrentneededtodrivethemotor.Oncethesensingmechanismhasrotatedfromsunrisetosunset,thethirdpanel,whichisusuallyshaded,usessunlightfromthesunriseofthenextdaytopowerthemotortoreturnthepanelstowardsthedirectionofthesun.6.PrototypeTestingInitialtestingwasdoneusingjustthesensingcomponentanda6Vmotor.Thepanelsweretiltedbyhandtocreateshadingandamplification.Aseriesconfigurationofthesensingpanelswasinitiallytestedandprovedineffective.Dataacquisitionshowedamaximumofa2Vdifferenceacrossthemotor,whichwasinsufficienttopowerit.Upontestingthepanelsindividually,itwasdiscoveredthattheopenvoltageacrosseachindividualpanelwouldonlyvarybetween21.5Vand19.5Vwhenfullyamplifiedandfullyshaded,respectively.Thecurrentrunningthrougheachpanel,however,wasseentofluctuatebetweennearly0ampswhenshaded,upto0.65ampswhenfullyamplified.Therefore,inordertotakeadvantageoftheincreaseinimpedanceofthesolarpanelsduetoshading,wechosetoputoursensingpanelsinparallelwitheachotherandthemotor.Testswiththisconfigurationturnedthemotorinonedirection,stoppedwhenthesensingpanelswerenearlyperpendiculartothesun,andreverseddirectionasthepanelsrotatedpastperpendicular.Wefoundtheanglerangenecessarytostopthemotortobeverysmall.Itwasalsoobservedthatthepanelsrotatedtoslightlypastperpendicularwhentheyceasedmotion.Thiserrormaybeduetoadifferenceintheinnateresistanceineachindividualsensingpanel.Whentesteditwasfoundthatonepanelhadaresistanceof52kΩ,andtheotherpanelresistancewas53kΩ.Othertestingfoundthevoltageandcurrentprovidedbythesensingsolarpanelstothemotortobeconsistentatallpoints,excludingwhenthesolarpanelsaredirectlyfacingthesun.Throughtestingitwasconcludedthatresistancemayneedtobeaddedtooneofthepanelstocompensateforthedifferencesintheinternalresistancesoftheindividualpanels,andavoltageregulatorneedstobeaddedtodecreasethevoltageseenacrossthemotor.Theoriginalmotorwaspronetofailureasitsslippagecausedthebreakdownofourinitialprototypeaftertesting.Thisledtotheinstitutionofthepulleyandbeltdrivensystemwhichwouldallowforeasiermaintenancegivenmotorfailureorslippage.Thesuccessofourinitialtestingandprototypeprovedtoustheefficacyofoursolartrackerdesign.7.ConclusionThroughoutthisprojectweenlistedthesupportofmultipleresources(i.e.MEandEEprofessors,previousSmartHouseteams).Welearnedearlyonthataclearproblemdefinitionwasessentialtoefficientdesignandprogress.Westruggledinitiallyaswetriedtodesignatrackingdevicethatwasdifferentfromtheprevioussolartrackergroup’sattempt,withoutfullyweighingthesizeoftheirinvestmentandtheadvantagesofusingtheexistingframeforourpurposes.Asweworkedwiththefixedframeconstructionfromthepreviousgroupwelearnedthatvariabilityofdesigniskey,especiallywhenintheinitialphasesofprototyping.Aftermanysetbacksintestingofthesolarpanels,welearnedthatwhenworkingwithsolarpanels,muchtimeneedstobesetasidefortestingduetotheunpredictabilityoftheweather. TheactualimplementationofusingtheprototypeinitsintendedlocationontheSmartHouseroofrequiresweather-proofingtoprotectthewiringandelectricalconnectionsfromtheelements,housingforthemotor,abracingsystemtoattachthestructuretotheroof,andpossibleredesigntoeliminateexcessheightandsimplifyoverallgeometry.Theefficiencyofthesensorsystemcouldbeimprovedbywideningthemirrorsorbyplacingblindersalongthesidesofthepanelstodecreasetheeffectsofreflectedandrefractedlightincidentontheshadedsensingpanel.附錄2太陽能跟蹤器摘要太陽能跟蹤隊(duì)成立于2005年秋季，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)由五名隊(duì)員組成，我們還負(fù)責(zé)與智能家居的聯(lián)絡(luò)工作。我們的太陽能跟蹤小組繼續(xù)以前的工作，現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)新的跟蹤裝置，因?yàn)樘柟獾姆较蚴亲兓模砸畲笙薅鹊厥固柲茈姵匕逑蛑?。?shí)施這種跟蹤，可以大大提高太陽能電池板工作效率，并且使太陽能電池板用來提供智能家居。本報(bào)告審查過程中設(shè)計(jì)和建造的樣機(jī)以及所得到經(jīng)驗(yàn)和遇到的問題激勵(lì)我們繼續(xù)這一項(xiàng)目。一、導(dǎo)言改變太陽能電池板的角度，這樣能使太陽能電池板充分利用太陽能。這是通過旋轉(zhuǎn)面板始終垂直于太陽的入射角實(shí)現(xiàn)的。初步測(cè)試后，這個(gè)過程可以提高太陽能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)50％的工作效率。這些測(cè)試結(jié)果說明這是一個(gè)很有吸引力的研究，加強(qiáng)了現(xiàn)有的太陽能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。其目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)跟蹤機(jī)，完成太陽能跟蹤，并實(shí)現(xiàn)最高的效率。其終極目標(biāo)是本項(xiàng)目要符合成本效益，那也就是說隨著時(shí)間的推移將大大降低發(fā)展跟蹤機(jī)的成本。除了上述功能目標(biāo)，智能家居還為我們的項(xiàng)目提出了以下的其他目標(biāo)：必須不吸取外部電源（自我維持），必須美觀，而且還要能防水。我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的太陽能跟蹤器包括三個(gè)組成部分：結(jié)構(gòu)，傳感器和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。每個(gè)都被仔細(xì)審查和檢測(cè)，實(shí)行跟蹤。先前的太陽能跟蹤小組設(shè)計(jì)的框架是一個(gè)鋁棱柱形框架。它采用了一種'格'設(shè)計(jì)并且旋轉(zhuǎn)軸在中間，與方形電池板底部相連的是一個(gè)用來支撐集熱板的平臺(tái)。該框架本身有一個(gè)角度，此角度的度數(shù)由小組對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況調(diào)查而定，其旋轉(zhuǎn)的軌道是系統(tǒng)隨太陽從東到西轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，這一過程在白天進(jìn)行。該傳感器系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)采用了兩個(gè)小型太陽能電池板作為跟蹤機(jī)的采集板。這些傳感器面板采用垂直的反光鏡相連接，除非反光鏡接收不到任何太陽光，不然它會(huì)遮擋其中一個(gè)面板，而另外一個(gè)能夠接收到太陽光。我們的傳感器依靠這種差異繼續(xù)研究，結(jié)果兩種差異很大的面板都能驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)跟蹤的方向，直到反光鏡子再次得不到任何陽光，而此時(shí)雙方的太陽能板對(duì)傳感器能得到同等陽光。所有我們拭目以待。我們認(rèn)為以往用于跟蹤直接驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是很容易在跟蹤時(shí)失敗。所以我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)帶系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)的一端是一個(gè)馬達(dá)，具有傳動(dòng)皮帶輪和輸出的功能。電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)傳動(dòng)皮帶，然后旋轉(zhuǎn)滑輪上的輪軸。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)單，易于拆解，所以很容易根據(jù)需要將傳動(dòng)做進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)和優(yōu)化。正如任何設(shè)計(jì)過程中都會(huì)遇到問題。我們遇到的首要的問題是天氣惡劣而否認(rèn)我們寶貴的測(cè)試時(shí)間。盡管遇到挫折，我們相信，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)與原型是非常有價(jià)值的。在我們的測(cè)試中，我們已經(jīng)消除了許多重復(fù)的問題，使今后的工作和該項(xiàng)目的研究更為順利。我們也已將我們的樣機(jī)做跟蹤太陽的演示，在沒有任何外部輔助下，我們能讓跟蹤器依靠自己的能量旋轉(zhuǎn)和停止，演示過程中沒有任何援助。聯(lián)合國(guó)向我們提出的智能家居的主要目標(biāo)是：在今后的發(fā)展中將這項(xiàng)技術(shù)推廣到普通家庭。所以我們相信我們研究一定能使太陽能跟蹤向前邁一步。二、問題設(shè)定該項(xiàng)目完成了太陽能跟蹤器設(shè)計(jì)階段的任務(wù)，以用于智能家居。而團(tuán)隊(duì)組成后，成員完成高級(jí)程序設(shè)計(jì)，客戶可以為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行內(nèi)部設(shè)計(jì)。值得提一下的是，杰夫泰森代表智能家居與我們進(jìn)行聯(lián)系和溝通，以及聰明的眾議院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人也認(rèn)同我們的研究。在我們的第一次會(huì)議上，杰夫和湯姆確定了以下目標(biāo)：a白天追蹤太陽b不使用任何外部電源c不受天氣影響d符合成本效益e必須外觀好看f太陽能電池板大眾化即能夠適用于不同類型的面板根據(jù)這些目標(biāo)，我們構(gòu)建了質(zhì)量功能配置圖。此圖可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，其主要關(guān)注的領(lǐng)域可能有以下幾個(gè)：面板數(shù)量，面板尺寸，內(nèi)部電源要求，電動(dòng)機(jī)的扭矩要求。在我們的第一次會(huì)議上，我們?cè)O(shè)定了我們這一階段的目標(biāo)：做出一個(gè)工作原型，能夠跟蹤太陽。這也是完成該項(xiàng)目的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但我們很快發(fā)現(xiàn)要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們將被迫省略部分的設(shè)計(jì)，他們希望工作列其后，這將導(dǎo)致在優(yōu)化平臺(tái)空間時(shí)是不是屋頂無關(guān)重要？我們的目標(biāo)是要有一個(gè)平臺(tái)上的軌道，它也說明了為了穩(wěn)定或需要，我們的原型需要測(cè)試。我們開始有一個(gè)想法，這一想法從無到有，就是有可能使用幀，舍棄最初的設(shè)想即采用REV1設(shè)計(jì)方案或采用轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)原型方案，我們的設(shè)計(jì)圖見附件B，以應(yīng)付與杰夫每周一次的會(huì)議，以確保我們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)時(shí)能夠滿足他們的需要。杰夫也將會(huì)見湯姆，總之與智能家居的會(huì)議每周至少一次，以使每個(gè)人都能在同一高度上。從我們的目標(biāo)開始，我們著手對(duì)這一進(jìn)程的進(jìn)行構(gòu)想。三、觀念和研究3.1跟蹤模式我們小組用了一個(gè)集思廣益的方法來界定概念。我們的思想理念是為了設(shè)計(jì)不同條件下使用的太陽能跟蹤裝置，因?yàn)樗鼈兛朔瞬煌瑮l件下的困難，再把可行的框架和概念介紹給我們的智能家居。其他的概念產(chǎn)生是通過研究事先存在的太陽能跟蹤裝置得到的。原來我們的概念是面向創(chuàng)造一個(gè)完全新的太陽能跟蹤裝置，以前的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)方法已經(jīng)給我們的智能家居提供了思路。這一初步獻(xiàn)策產(chǎn)生了許多觀點(diǎn)：第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是一個(gè)單向軸跟蹤系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)將追蹤太陽從東到西橫跨天空的全過程，檢測(cè)每一段時(shí)間，直到第二天結(jié)束。這一概念的提出很簡(jiǎn)單，我們選擇使用的結(jié)構(gòu)材料正在制作中；另一種更復(fù)雜的概念是雙向軸跟蹤系統(tǒng)，并在整個(gè)季節(jié)都能從東到西跟蹤太陽。這種概念是較為高效率的利用太陽能；第三個(gè)概念是只隨季節(jié)跟蹤。這將提供小型效率收益，但遠(yuǎn)不及第二個(gè)概念提供的從東到西的跟蹤裝置。我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的跟蹤裝置結(jié)構(gòu)包括一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)中心軸和附加板以及液壓機(jī)或電動(dòng)升降機(jī)，將提供主要方向的跟蹤，還有一個(gè)機(jī)械臂將使它轉(zhuǎn)到面對(duì)著太陽。清晰的效率收益，再加上設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單的單向軸跟蹤系統(tǒng)，以及以電機(jī)軸為旋轉(zhuǎn)中心軸的結(jié)構(gòu)，使我們能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)從東到西的跟蹤。3.2結(jié)構(gòu)一旦方法的議案被選擇，有必要使產(chǎn)生的觀念、結(jié)構(gòu)支持車軸?？商峁┤抢庵Y(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說由前智能家居太陽能跟蹤小組，或通過使用欄目將對(duì)任何一方提供支持。而棱柱結(jié)構(gòu)提交的優(yōu)勢(shì)和現(xiàn)有的框架、欄目會(huì)為我們提供方便的建設(shè)，簡(jiǎn)單的幾何考慮，并準(zhǔn)確安裝在屋頂上。由于提高了強(qiáng)度的時(shí)間考慮，而我們的預(yù)算又有限，在加上現(xiàn)有的框架被證明是最重要的因素，由于這些因素，我們決定用過去的太陽能跟蹤組向我們提供的工作框架。3.3跟蹤運(yùn)動(dòng)一旦支撐結(jié)構(gòu)確定，最后我們需要一種手段來決定這項(xiàng)議案，我們決定之后感受到這一議案的可行性，這將使太陽跟蹤器的研究方向和進(jìn)度向前一步。在連續(xù)討論議案后，決定在跟蹤太陽的基礎(chǔ)上，預(yù)先確定太陽在天空中的位置，所以我們選擇連續(xù)跟蹤太陽能的議案，就是根據(jù)其知覺的準(zhǔn)確性和存在的已知定時(shí)技術(shù)進(jìn)行。在評(píng)估階段我們意識(shí)到：連續(xù)跟蹤太陽能的的議案將被證明是困難的。其中一個(gè)原因是無法從太陽帆板提請(qǐng)不斷的電壓和電流，要保持一貫的議案，從而有必要性改變遙感輪換的立場(chǎng)。連續(xù)跟蹤的議案還需要近恒定的功率，一天的運(yùn)作中這將需要一個(gè)機(jī)制來存儲(chǔ)能量。除了這些因素，實(shí)施的時(shí)間安排電路和位置傳感裝置似乎是艱巨的。與博士喬治協(xié)商后，我們決定對(duì)裝置使用兩個(gè)小組和底紋為感受的議案。四、分析與體現(xiàn)4.1結(jié)構(gòu)幾何創(chuàng)造幾何學(xué)的框架，以使電池板吸收高效率的太陽能。之所以能這樣做，是讓輪換在東西方向的電池板始終對(duì)南，每天跟蹤太陽一個(gè)360°傾角（達(dá)勒姆的緯度）。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)框架的目的是擺在屋頂25°的斜坡上，但實(shí)際的傾斜度是11°。對(duì)現(xiàn)有的幾何平臺(tái)的結(jié)構(gòu)作調(diào)整，這樣做是為了博士奈特給我們的晴天模式，這種模式導(dǎo)致的結(jié)論是：該平臺(tái)應(yīng)當(dāng)跟蹤到達(dá)到60°兩個(gè)方向的水平。因此，角度范圍的框架尚待提高。把雙方的幀引入以增加允許的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)角度，而他們帶來的比例以維持傾角11°。此外，幀被轉(zhuǎn)移到里面的框架以允許更大的旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺(tái)來接觸到支持結(jié)構(gòu)。該面板放在用于傳感和驅(qū)動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)的平臺(tái)上。鏡子垂直放置，并在這兩者之間產(chǎn)生一個(gè)差額，帶動(dòng)功率電機(jī)。傳感板放在外面平臺(tái)區(qū)，以保持收集板的最大可能面積。第三個(gè)傳感小組展開近于直立，并且面向東，以確保在早晨輪換時(shí)回到太陽升出處。這個(gè)小組被連接到框架下的平臺(tái)，因此，在一天的大部分時(shí)間里，它的陰影與影響是最小的。最小力矩馬達(dá)是一個(gè)主要的關(guān)注，以最大限度地減少電機(jī)功率的需要。該平臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)用于安置收集太陽能電池板劃歸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸，使該小組符合它的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸。由于主要有展板組成，其中大部分的重量使這些旋轉(zhuǎn)軸降低了對(duì)軸的扭矩。傳感板置于對(duì)稱軸左右旋轉(zhuǎn)，以避免額外對(duì)馬達(dá)的扭矩。第三個(gè)小組是隸屬該幀而不是平臺(tái)或轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸等，以盡量避免任何扭矩。4.2材料材料的選擇，大部分的框架很簡(jiǎn)單，因此它已經(jīng)建成。用于擴(kuò)增和遮蔭傳感面板的鏡子，也已購(gòu)買，并已使用。新增部分附著的板和后視鏡框都是廢品，可在車間找到。對(duì)我們選擇的傳感面板的體積和耗電量都需要加以平衡。該小組將盡可能添加最小應(yīng)力和重量，而框架還需要得到足夠強(qiáng)大的力量旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺(tái)，因此世界上最強(qiáng)大的中間尺寸面板可供選擇。該小組還購(gòu)買了其他最可靠材料來供我們的選擇。4.3傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)過重新設(shè)計(jì)原型和測(cè)試，電動(dòng)機(jī)的購(gòu)買和使用由先前的太陽能跟蹤組完成。與會(huì)者建議把它拆除并試圖安裝了一個(gè)齒輪系統(tǒng)與另一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)作。奈特教授提供的一些裝備以及一些皮帶和滑輪與另一端的軸連接，在定這件事期間分別買了一個(gè)充電器和電機(jī)，我們可以從另一個(gè)權(quán)力滑輪將這些滑輪接上皮帶。這表明電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)軸強(qiáng)度不足，一旦原電機(jī)抽離，被送走和檢驗(yàn)，這似乎又增加了新的工作，一個(gè)新的滑輪需要購(gòu)買并在所附的地方要適應(yīng)該6V馬達(dá)。五、詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)5.1結(jié)構(gòu)框架的是以一英寸的方形鋁管為油管，以及以5英尺長(zhǎng)、2英寸的方管為車軸。它是一個(gè)剛性基層和三角棱柱形框。年底前輪軸是重視制度的滑輪，其中主要是驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)。這是很容易運(yùn)送消除雙方的基地和折疊結(jié)構(gòu)。5.2傳感器我們的傳感面板螺栓到底部的主要太陽能電池板框架，硬著頭皮下半英寸L型括號(hào)。鏡子都附在里面的傳感面板中，硬著頭皮由L型括號(hào)內(nèi)為好。整個(gè)架構(gòu)重視用4個(gè)2英寸的U型螺栓將主面板框連接到主軸。第三小組是螺栓，以結(jié)構(gòu)返回主面板方向的地平線上的日出。5.3如何傳感器工程我們的一個(gè)調(diào)查小組發(fā)現(xiàn)傳感器造成運(yùn)動(dòng)的電機(jī)遮蔭，并在其他的很多時(shí)候，該系統(tǒng)并非直接面向太陽。兩個(gè)傳感板裝在平行主面板左右對(duì)稱的中心軸與兩面鏡子之間。遮蔭對(duì)其中的面板制造了高阻抗，這種情況直到面板得到同樣數(shù)額的陽光和平衡（即當(dāng)傳感面板及主要面板都面臨著外）。我們最初試圖用一系列配置，以充分利用電壓差時(shí)，這里有其中一個(gè)小組的陰影（附錄C）。這種差異也不是大到足以驅(qū)動(dòng)馬達(dá)。其后，我們?cè)噲D平行配置，其中將利用阻抗的林蔭道小組（附錄C），并提供所需的電流驅(qū)動(dòng)馬達(dá)。從日出到日落一旦感應(yīng)機(jī)制有旋轉(zhuǎn)，利用太陽光從日出的第二天功率電機(jī)歸還板方向的太陽，第三個(gè)小組通常會(huì)被填滿。六、原型測(cè)試初步測(cè)試工作只用傳感元件和16V電機(jī)。該小組成員經(jīng)過一系列的配置后，其傳感面板進(jìn)行最初測(cè)試，結(jié)果證明是無效的。數(shù)據(jù)采集顯示，最多不超過2V的差異，這是不夠準(zhǔn)確的。經(jīng)測(cè)試該面板的整體，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一個(gè)隨意的電壓，每個(gè)小組肯定各有不同，當(dāng)21.5v和19.5v時(shí)應(yīng)充分補(bǔ)充，并迅速充分填滿。目前這些數(shù)據(jù)分別由每一個(gè)小組區(qū)實(shí)驗(yàn)，由于被認(rèn)為波動(dòng)數(shù)值為0安培之間時(shí)被填滿，直至0.65安培時(shí)充分補(bǔ)充，因此，為了充分避免太陽能電池板被遮光，我們選擇了把我們的傳感板平行與陽光垂直。測(cè)試此配置，使電機(jī)在一個(gè)方向停下時(shí)，傳感面板幾乎垂直于太陽，如果太陽扭轉(zhuǎn)了方向，同時(shí)面板旋轉(zhuǎn)過去保持與太陽光的垂直。我們調(diào)整角度范圍，要使電動(dòng)機(jī)停止時(shí)誤差要非常小。也有人指出，面板旋轉(zhuǎn)稍近垂直時(shí)，電機(jī)不再工作。這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤可能是由于二個(gè)傳感小組的結(jié)合。測(cè)試時(shí)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)小組阻力是52kω，其他小組的阻力為53kω。再進(jìn)行深一步測(cè)試，發(fā)現(xiàn)電壓和電流提供傳感太陽能電池板向著太陽，在各點(diǎn)上以保持一致，但不包括當(dāng)太陽能電池板直接面向太陽時(shí)。通過其中一個(gè)調(diào)查小組試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，阻力可能需要加以補(bǔ)充，以彌補(bǔ)分歧，在內(nèi)部電阻的個(gè)體面板上穩(wěn)壓器需要加以補(bǔ)充，以減少電壓誤差而出現(xiàn)馬達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。我們最初的原型測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)因?yàn)樗墓こ萄诱`所造成的崩潰，所以原發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是容易失敗的。這導(dǎo)致了該機(jī)構(gòu)的滑輪和皮帶驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障，并且將允許故障或延誤繼續(xù)。我們的太陽能跟蹤器的設(shè)計(jì)初步測(cè)試和原型證明了我們的成效。七、結(jié)論整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中，我們邀請(qǐng)了多種專家（即我和EE教授，以前智能家居隊(duì)）。早在前面說過，必須明確定義問題，是至關(guān)重要的，這是提高設(shè)計(jì)的效率和進(jìn)展情況所必需的。我們的奮斗讓我們得到了最初的一個(gè)跟蹤裝置試圖設(shè)計(jì)，這是不同于以往太陽能需求者的企圖，但無充分權(quán)衡利弊大小，決定利用現(xiàn)有的框架，他們的投資和優(yōu)勢(shì)為我們的目的提供了幫助。我們了解到，進(jìn)行部分的設(shè)計(jì)是關(guān)鍵，尤其是當(dāng)在初始階段的原型設(shè)計(jì)中。幾經(jīng)周折，在測(cè)試太陽能電池板時(shí)我們才知道，由于不可預(yù)測(cè)性天氣，太陽能電板工作需要很多的時(shí)間去測(cè)試是否與太陽垂直有關(guān)。實(shí)際執(zhí)行的使用原型在其預(yù)定位置對(duì)智能家居屋頂需要的樣機(jī)一樣，以保