2015語(yǔ)言說(shuō)課比賽

An

Integrated

Course《新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程》New

College

EnglishTeaching

Materials1Teaching

Objectives3Teaching

Procedures4Teaching

Methods2Communicative

competencyReadingSpeakingListeningWritingOverallObjectivesCritical

thinkingAudio-visualApproachTask-drivingApproachStudent-orientedcommunicativeteachingAnalysis

andexplanationTeachingMethods:to

talk

about

their

understanding

of

successto

understand

the

main

idea

andstructure

of

the

passageto

be

able

to

learn

device

fordeveloping

a

paragraphto

conduct

a

series

of

reading

and

writingactivities

related

to

the

theme

of

the

unitTeachingObjectives:Key

pointsandDifficultiesto

express

their

opinion

on

what

doessuccess

mean

to

them

and

whataccount

for

success.

---

in-classdiscussion

and

free

talkto

master

the

device

for

developing

aparagraph

and

the

use

of

figure

speechin

writing ---

writing

practiceUnit

3

Born

to

Win2

periods（90

minutes）Teaching

procedures:Lead-inGlobal

reading

and

structure

analysisWriting

styleUnderstanding

of

the

Title—Born

to

Winborn

adj.

having

a

specific

natural

quality

orability

天生的He

is

a

born

writer/leader/athlete.born

to

do

sth:

destined

from

birth

to

do

sth.He

was

born

to

be

a

great

writer.born

to

win天生贏家生而為贏Is

ittrue

thateveryone

was

born

towin?Whatkind

of

persons

turnout

tobewinners?Q1.

What

does

winning

mean?Definition

of

WinningDiscussion:Q2.

What

account

for

winning?Ways

to

SuccessWinner

in

Your

EyesIt

is

your

turn

to

give

a

presentation

on

thesuccessful

figure

that

your

groups

would

like

toshare

with

us.

Let

us

start

with

the

question

whoare

they.What

Accounts

for

Success?Readthefollowingessayanddiscusswith

your

partner

what

accounts

forsuccess.Hey,

guys!

This

is

SuccessGarden.Pleasecome

on

inand

have

a

look.S

u

c

c

e

s

sG

a

r

d

e

nHello,

we

are

Peasand

my

name

isPreparedness.I’mPromptness.I’m

alwaysbeing

in

time.Oh,

call

mePerseverance,please.

I’m

verypersistent.How

do

you

do?From

my

smileyou

know

thatI’mPoliteness.PESASquash(vegetables

belonging

to

the

marrowfamily;

to

press

sth

so

that

itbecomes

damaged

and

flat)CriticismTheir

duty:Squash

GossipSquash

CriticismSquash

IndifferenceGossipIndifferenceLet

us

love

one

another.Let

us

be

faithful.Let

us

be

loyal.Let

us

be

unselfish.Let

us

be

truthful.Success:

Lettuce

(生菜,萵苣)family

know

theimportance

of

goodteam-work.

Their

sloganis:Mummy

tells

me

toturn

up

with

a

newideaDaddy

tells

me

toturn

up

with

thedetermination

to

do

abetter

job

tomorrowthan

I

did

today.Here

are

two

turnips(蔓菁).They

are

twins!geniustalentintelligenceinspirationabilityhigh

IQ/

EQconfidencedeterminationambitioncourageperseverancehard

workpatiencemotivationdedicationcooperative

spiritwide

interestsgood

self-imageself-controlself-confidenceopportunityluckgood

educationgood

healthoptimismpositive

attitude

towards

manythingsbeing

in

a

good

moodSuccess

=

Fame

and

fortune?Discussion:In

the

movie

“Brave

Heart”,

William

Wallace

is

a

herowho

encourages

his

men

to

struggle

for

freedom.Video

clip

WatchNick

Vujicic,

born

with

no

arms

and

no

legs,

is

anAustralian

Christian

evangelist

and

motivational

speaker.Material

gains

VS.

Spiritual

enrichmentResult

VS.

Processaward,prize…attitude,spirit…Redefine

the

word“Winning”1)

True

or

False

questions2)

Multiple

ChoicesIntroduction

(Para.

1)The

meanings

of

“winner”

and

“l(fā)oser”

(Para.

2)Few

people

are

winners

and

losers

all

the

time.

(Para.

3)Winners

(Paras.

4-7)Characteristics

of

a

winner:Losers

(Paras.

8-10)Possible

causes:Characteristics

of

a

loser:Writing

style:The

author

uses

different

sentence

patterns

to

emphasize

his

opinionsthat

each

person

has

the

potential

towin.The

professor

also

usescomparison

and

contrast

to

point

outthe

differences

between

winners

andlosers.Rhetorical

deviceComparison

and

ContrastComparison

and

contrastA

winner

is

one

who

responds

genuinely

bybeing

trustworthy

and

responsive,

both

as

anindividual

and

as

a

member

of

a

society.

Aloser

is

one

who

fails

to

respondgenuinely.Winners

successfully

make

the

change

fromdependence

to

independence.Losersdonot.What

is

the

difference

between

contrastand

comparison? Read

the

followingpassage.Eating

andReadingAs

a

creature,

I

eat;

as

a

man,

I

read.

Eatingis

to

meet

the

primary

need

of

my

bodywhile

reading

is

to

satisfy

the

intellectualneed

of

my

mind.

To

keep

ourselves

alive,weneed

all

kinds

of

nutrition

gained

by

eating.Similarly,

to

enrich

our

minds,

we

needinformation

and

knowledge,

which

canbeobtained

through

reading.ContrastIt

explains

how

persons/things

are

different.ComparisonIt

explains

how

persons/things

are

similar.What

connecting

words

or

phrases

can

we

useto

develop

contrast

and

comparison?Contrast:

whilehowever,

but,

be

different

from,

unlike,

onthe

contrary,

just

the

oppositeComparison:

similarlyjust

like…,

alike,

likewise,

equally,

in

thesame

way,

both,

alsoWriting

TechniquesⅠ.

Parallel

structures1.SentencesEach

humanbeingisborn

assomethingunique,something

that

never

existed

before.

Eachperson

isbornwith

whatheneedstowin

at

life.A

normal

person

can

see,

hear,

touch,

taste,andthink

for

himself.

Each

hashisownuniquepotentials---hiscapabilities

andlimitations.

Eachcanbe

an

important,

thinking,

aware,

andcreatively

productive

person

in

his

own

right---awinner.2.VerbsA

normalperson

can

see,

hear,

touch,

taste,

andthink

for

himself.The

genuine

person

realizes

his

own

uniquenessand

appreciatestheuniquenessof

others.He

repeatsnot

only

his

own

mistakes

and

oftenrepeatsthose

of

his

family

and

culture.Ⅱ.

The

use

of

simple

sentencesA

winner

isflexible.A

winner

has

alovefor

life.He

triestoimprovethequality

of

life.Ⅲ.

Negation

before

affirmationAchievement

is

not

the

most

important

thingfor

winners;

genuineness

is.hedoes

not

see

himself

as

helpless.

Hedoeswhat

hecan

tomake

theworld

abetterplace.Each

person

is

born

with

what

he

needs

to

win

at

life.CommentsIn

“at

life”,

“at”

means

“in

the

activity

or

field”,

such

as

in“skilled

at

playing

chess”

or

“good

at

math”,

etc.

We

alsosay

one

is

skilled

at

tennis,

golf,

etc.

By

extension

wethen

say

that

the

person

wins

at

chess,

tennis,

etc.

Thus,in

the

sentence

“Each

person

is

born

with

what

he

needsto

win

at

life”,

life

is

being

compared

to

a

game.

Thewhole

sentence

means

that

we

all

are

born

with

skillsneeded

to

win

at

the

game

of

life.Examples1.

Barbara’s

getting

on

really

well

at

her

new

job.2.

I’m

not

good

at

mathematics.Each

person

is

born

with

what

he

needs

to

win

at

life.Translation每個(gè)人天生具有在生活中贏得成功的能力。born

v.be

born

into/to

sth.be

born

in

a

particular

situation,type

of

family

etc.出生于One-third

of

all

children

are

born

into

single-parent

families.be

born

with

sth.have

a

particular

disease,

type

of

character

since

birth天生具有Jenny

was

born

with

a

small

hole

in

her

heart.Each

person

is

born

with

what

he

needs

to

win

at

life.每個(gè)人天生具有在生活中成功的能力。adj.

having

a

specific

natural

quality

or

ability

天生的a

born

leader/athlete

天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者/運(yùn)動(dòng)員be

born

with

a

silver

spoon

in

one’s

mouth

(=beborn

into

a

rich

family)

生在富貴人家unique

(Line

1,

Para.

1)adj.

being

the

only

one

of

its

type唯一的，獨(dú)一無(wú)二的；獨(dú)特的，無(wú)雙的Drug

abuse

is

by

no

means

_a

unique

problem

to

this

region

.（這一地區(qū)特有的問題）That

building

is

unique

becauseall

the

others

like

it

weredestroyed.（那座建筑很獨(dú)特）unique

opportunityunique

abilityunique

work

of

artunique

talentunique

wish千載難逢的機(jī)會(huì)獨(dú)有的能力獨(dú)一無(wú)二的藝術(shù)作品無(wú)與倫比的才能唯一的愿望常用搭配名詞形式：uniqueness

(Line

15,

Para.

4)唯一；獨(dú)一無(wú)二It

is

the

uniqueness

of

Elvis

Presley’s

singing

style

for

which

he

will

be

long

time

remembered.“貓王”艾爾維斯·普萊斯利獨(dú)一無(wú)二的演唱風(fēng)格將使他長(zhǎng)久地被（世人）懷念。Each

can

be

an

important,

thinking,

aware,

andcreatively

productive

person

in

his

own

right

—

awinner.CommentsThe

phrase“in

one’s

own

right”is

used

to

say

that

aperson

has

something

or

achieves

something

on

hisown

without

depending

on

other

people

（憑本身的權(quán)利或能力、實(shí)力、資格等）.2.

Each

can

be

an

important,

thinking,

aware,

andcreatively

productive

person

in

his

own

right

—

awinner.Translation每個(gè)人都能憑自己的本事成為舉足輕重、會(huì)思考、明事理、創(chuàng)造性成果頗多的人——一個(gè)成功的人。Examples1.

Bill

Gates

is

a

very

wealthy man

inhis

own

right.2.盡管他父親是著名的足球教練，但他憑自己的本事出名。Although

hewas

theson

ofafamousfootball

coach,

he

soonbecamefamous

in

his

own

right.potential

(Line

3,

Para.

1)n.

possibility

for

developing

or

being

developed潛力；潛能Athens

Olympic

gold

medalists

Li

Ting

and

Sun

Tiantianarewhen

she

was雅典奧運(yùn)會(huì)金牌得主李婷和孫甜甜是擁有巨大潛力的年輕網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Taiwanese

pop

queen

Amei

Chang

(Zhang

Huimei)showed

potential

for

becoming

a

singervery

young.臺(tái)灣流行天后張惠妹在很小的時(shí)候就顯示出了歌手的潛力。young

tennis

players

with

great

po.tentialadj.

that

may

happen

or

become

so,

although

notactually

existing

at

present

潛在的；可能的那款能聽MP3音樂的手機(jī)擁有巨大的潛在市場(chǎng)。That

type

of

MP3-capable

mobile

phone

has

a

large

potential

market.太陽(yáng)能是潛在的能量來(lái)源。Solar

power

is

a

potential

source

of

energy.limitation

n.shortcoming

or

defect

局限，缺陷，弱點(diǎn)他知道自己的長(zhǎng)處，也知道自己的缺點(diǎn)。?He

knows

his

capabilities

and

limitations.盡管這份報(bào)告有局限性，但是他確實(shí)說(shuō)明了一些總的趨勢(shì)。?Despite

the

limitations

of

the

survey,

it

did

suggest

some

generaltrends.2.

the

condition,

fact

or

circumstance

that

limits

限制因素There

are

also

technical

limitations.The

government

imposed

limitations

on

exports.limitcf.point,line

beyond

which

something

can’t

proceed

界 限，限度He

had

not

been

outside

the

limits

of

the

prison

wallsfor

20

years.Stay

inside

the

limits

of

the

school

ground.amount,number

or

speed

that

is

allowed

限額His

blood

alcohol

level

was

50%

above

the

legal

limit.There

is

no

age

limit

for

applicants.When

we

refer

to

a

person

as

a

winner,

we

do

notmean

one

who

defeats

the

other

person

bydominatingand

making

him

lose.

(Line

6)When

we

refer

to…

as…, we

don’t

mean…當(dāng)我們將······看作······的時(shí)候，我們并不是說(shuō)······CommentsWhen

we

refer

to

a

person

as

a

winner,

we

do

notmean

one

who

makes

someone

else

lose.當(dāng)我們將某人稱作勝者時(shí)，我們并非指他是一個(gè)致使他人一敗涂地的人。When

we

refer

to

the

computer

as

the

dominantmachine

in

the

future,

we

do

not

mean

they

will

takethe

place

of

human

beings.當(dāng)我們認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)是未來(lái)的主宰機(jī)器時(shí)，我們并不是說(shuō)它們將會(huì)代替人類。ExamplesThe

speaker

referred

to

him

as

an

up-and-comingpolitician.演講人把他稱為一位正在崛起的政界人物。Chinese

pop

music

fans

refer

to

Hong

Kong

SAR

veteransingers

Liu

Dehua,

Zhang

Xueyou,

Li

Ming

and

GuoFucheng

as

“Four

Heavenly

Kings”.中國(guó)的流行樂迷把香港地區(qū)資深歌手劉德華、張學(xué)友、黎明和郭富城稱為“四大天王”。當(dāng)我把學(xué)習(xí)看作是大學(xué)期間的主要任務(wù)時(shí)，我并不是說(shuō)我們就不必和社會(huì)接觸。When

I

refer

to

study

as

the

chief

task

in

college,

I

donotmean we

don’t

need

to

contactsociety

.當(dāng)我們把互利作為發(fā)展國(guó)與國(guó)之間關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)時(shí)，我們并不是說(shuō)可以為了部分國(guó)家的利益而損害世界和平。When

we

refer

to

mutual

benefits

forboth

sides

asthe

baseto

developrelationsbetweennations

,wedonotmeanthat

weshall

sacrifice

the

world

peace

for

benefits

of

only

some

nations

.Complete

the

following

sentences：When

we refer

to

a

person

as

a

winner,

we

do

notmean

one

who

defeats

the

other

person

bydominating

and

making

him

lose.

(Line

6)Translation當(dāng)我們把一個(gè)人稱作是成功者時(shí)，我們所指的并不是那種通過(guò)優(yōu)勢(shì)控制他人、令其失敗而獲得成功的人。有能力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人能以人格的力量支配他人。Capable

leaders

can

dominate

others

by

force

of

character.With

remarkable

skills

and

great

confidence,

Swiss

Roger

Federercan

dominate

today’s

ultra-competitive

men’s

tennis

world

.因?yàn)閾碛谐錾那蚣己蛷?qiáng)大的信心，瑞士人羅杰?費(fèi)德勒成為當(dāng)今競(jìng)爭(zhēng)異常激烈的男子網(wǎng)壇的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)者。dominate

(Line

7,

Para.

2)v.

have

or

exercise

control

or

power

over支配；統(tǒng)治；控制名詞形式：dominationgenuinely

(Line

8,

Para.

2)adv.sincerely,truly,honestly

真誠(chéng)地；確實(shí)，真正地她對(duì)他所說(shuō)的確實(shí)感到吃驚。She

was

genuinely

surprised

about

what

he

said.The

government’s

new

higher

taxes

are

genuinelybeginning

to

bite.政府提高稅收的新措施真正地開始引起不滿了。形容詞形式：genuineadj.

real,

not

false;

sincere;

frank1)真的，名副其實(shí)的;2)真誠(chéng)的，真實(shí)的那件夾克是用真皮制成的。That

jacket

is

made

of

genuine

leather.他真誠(chéng)的演講感動(dòng)了所有的聽眾。His

genuine

speaking

touched

all

the

listeners.genuine

gold/friend/support/painting

真正的······genuine

passion/affection/pride/desire/hatred/

love/regret/enthusiasm

真實(shí)的······capacity

(Line

12,

Para.

3)n.

1)

the

ability

to

do

a

particular

thing

能力，才智她的接受能力很強(qiáng)。She

has

a

mind

of

great

capacity.He

is

a

man

with

a

prodigious(大得驚人)capacity

of

alcohol.他是個(gè)酒量很大的人。That

original

novel

in

English

is

far

beyond

the

capacity

ofthose

non-English

major

students.那本英文原版小說(shuō)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了那些非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生的（理解）能力。2)

the

amount

that

something

can

hold

or

contain容量，容積，容納力That

multimedia

classroom

has

a

seating

capacity

of

100

students.那間多媒體教室能夠容納100名學(xué)生（同時(shí)上課）。The

assembly

hall

was

filled

to

capacity.大會(huì)堂里擠滿了人。capability

(Line

4,

Para.

1)n.

the

fact

or

quality

of

being

able

to

do

something能力，才能ability,capability與capacityability

指某一方面的才能，后通常接不定式。e.g.

That

boy

has

the

ability

to

write

novels.那個(gè)男孩有寫小說(shuō)的能力。

capability

著重強(qiáng)調(diào)人的才干，其后可與of/for

doing

連用。復(fù)數(shù)形式capabilities表示潛在的能力或尚未開發(fā)出來(lái)的能力。e.g.

As

an

excellent

table

tennis

player,Chinese

Wang

Hao

hasthe

capability

of

winningthe

goldmedal

in

the

2008

BeijingOlympic

Games.作為一名優(yōu)秀的乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)員，中國(guó)的王皓有能力在2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)上奪取金牌。capacity

常指學(xué)習(xí)、理解能力或較全面的才能，其后可接to

do/of

doing/for

doing。e.g.

I

appreciated

his

capacity

of/for

making

friends.我欣賞他的交友能力。However,

once

a

person

has

the

capacity

to

be

awinner,

his

chances

are

greater

for

becoming

evenmore

so.ParaphraseHowever,

once

a

person

has

developed

both

theskills

and

the

attitude

to

become

a

winner

(i.e.

thecapacity

to

be

a

winner),

he

will

very

likelybecome

even

a

more

frequent

winner.Translation然而，當(dāng)一個(gè)人一旦具備了成為成功者的能力時(shí)，（他）經(jīng)常獲得成功的可能性就會(huì)更大。She

has

a

good/fair

chance

of

a

successful

recovery.There

is

little

chance

of

her

being

found

alive.The

day

will

be

cloudy

with

a

slight

chance

of

rain later

tonight.He

gave

the

show

a

fifty-fifty

chance

of

survival.It

was

a

million-to-one

chance,

but

it

had

happened.The

operation

is

performed

under

local

anesthetic, which

lessens

the

chances

of

infection.How

can

we

improve

our

chances

of

career development?ExamplesHere,

the

word

“chance”

means

“possibility”.He

listens

to

others,

evaluates

what

they

say,

butcomes

to

his

own

conclusions.他傾聽他人、評(píng)價(jià)他們說(shuō)的話，卻能得出自己的結(jié)論。TranslationNotice

the

parallel

structure

in

which

a

seriesof

verbs

are

used.

Besides,

pay

attention

to

thecollocation

“come

to

a

conclusion”.CommentsTo

be

continued1.

It

is

still

too

early

to

reach

a

conclusion

on

thispoint.There

are

perhaps

two

main

conclusions

to

be drawn

from

the

above

discussion.All

the

evidence

pointed

to

/

led

to

/

supported the

conclusion

that

he

was

guilty.It’s

important

not

to

jump

to

conclusions. (decide

something

too

quickly,

without

knowing all

the

facts)The

police

came

to

the

inescapable

conclusion that

the

children

had

been

murdered.

(the conclusion

that

you

must

come

to)Examplesevaluate

(Line

25,

Para.

5)v.

calculate

or

judge

the

value

or

degree

of評(píng)價(jià)；評(píng)估，估計(jì)After

careful

evaluating

,

all

the

connoisseurs

drew

the

sameconclusion

that

the

pottery

was

an

antique

of

Ming

Dynasty.經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)的鑒定，所有鑒定家的結(jié)論都是那件陶器是一件明代的古物。The

head

coach

will

evaluate

all

the

key

factors

very

carefully

before

deciding

which

player

could

take

part

in

the

upcomingOlympic

Games.主教練在決定由哪名運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加即將到來(lái)的奧運(yùn)會(huì)之前會(huì)充分估計(jì)各方面的重要因素。flexible

(Line

28,

Para.

6)adj.

1)

that

can

change

or

be

changed

to

be

suitablefor

new

needs

靈活的，可變通的intercourses.那位奧斯卡獲獎(jiǎng)女演員非常有必要設(shè)計(jì)一份靈活的時(shí)間表來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)各種社會(huì)應(yīng)酬。有智慧的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人應(yīng)該采取靈活變通的政策解決各種經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。A

wise

political

leader

should

be

flexible

in

dealing

withvarious

economic

issues.It

is

really

necessary

for

that

Oscar-winning

actress

todesign

a

flexible

schedule

to

handle

all

kinds

of

social2)

that

can

bend

or

be

bent

easily

有彈性的，柔韌的跳舞的人需要有柔軟的身體。Dancers

need

to

be

flexible.彈性塑料管flexible

plastic

tubing靈活的計(jì)劃/安排flexible

plans/arrangements溫順的性格a flexible

character軟線flexible

cord彈性工作時(shí)間flexible

working

hours靈活的法則/原則flexible

rules/principles靈活機(jī)動(dòng)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)flexible

strategy靈活的決策體系flexible

decision-making

systemsina…

wayThe

word

“way”

means

the

manner

or

style

in

whichsomeone

does

something

or

in

which

somethinghappens.Other

phrases

with

the

same

meaning

are

asfollows:

in

a…manner,in

a…fashion

(以······方式).Maria

got

up

and

took

a

shower

in

a

leisurely

way.Please

leave

the

building

in

an

orderly

fashion.call

for

(Line

29,

Para.6)need

or

deserve

需要，要求To

become

an

excellent

golfer

as

Tiger

Woodscalls

for

talent

and

savvy

.想成為一個(gè)像泰格·伍茲那樣優(yōu)秀的高爾夫球選手需要天賦與悟性。West

Point,

the

most

famous

military

academy

ofthe

United

States,

calls

for

those

young

people

with

a

true

vocation

.美國(guó)最著名的軍事學(xué)府西點(diǎn)軍校需要具備使命感的年輕人加入。Without

guilt

he

enjoys

his

own

accomplishments.Without

envy

he

enjoys

the

accomplishments

of

others.(Line

30)Without…

he

does

sth.

.

Without…

he

does

sth.沒有······

的時(shí)候，他······

；沒有······

,他······Figures

of

speech:ParallelismContrastAlliteration他能享受自己的成功而不感到愧疚，他也能欣賞他人的成功而不感到妒忌。Without

guilt

he

enjoys

his

own

accomplishments.Without

envy

he

enjoys

the

accomplishments

of

others.(Line

30)Although

people

are

born

to

win,

they

are

also

borntotally

dependent

on

their

environment.CommentsHere

“totally

dependent…”

is

a

subject

complement(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)).ExamplesThe

window

was

paint

blue.The

truck

was

found

abandoned

on

Highway

63.請(qǐng)看下面的例子：主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)位于主語(yǔ)之前，后有逗號(hào)。Tired

and

sleepy,

I

went

to

bed.有時(shí)位于主語(yǔ)之后，前后皆有逗號(hào)。Chen,

only

1.30

meters

tall,

won

the

first

prize.位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。He

died

young. He

was

found

died.除形容詞外，名詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句也可作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He

came

home

quite

changed.過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Although

people

are

born

to

win,

they

are

also

borntotally

dependent

on

their

environment.即使人們生來(lái)注定會(huì)成功，但也是生來(lái)就要完全依賴于周圍環(huán)境的。TranslationSomewhere

along

the

line

losers

begin

to

avoidbecoming

independent.

(Line

38)avoid

doing英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，avoid的用法就是這樣。avoid后只能跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞，而不能跟不定式。跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞還有：mind,

finish,

enjoy,celebrate,advocate,suggest,delay,quit,forgive,admit,tolerate,escape,consider,give

up,be

capable

ofproblem

+doing,

have

trouble/difficult/adoing,

succeed

in

doing,keep/prevent...

from

doing,

cannot

help/cannothelp

but

do,

keep

(on),

spend

+

n.

+

doing,

beskilled/skillful

at/in

doingYou

must

avoid

giving

any

unnecessary

information.你應(yīng)該盡量避免提供不必要的信息。China

is

to

avoid

experiencing

big

ups

anddowns

ineconomy

in

the

coming

year.中國(guó)將在未來(lái)一年里避免經(jīng)濟(jì)有大的起伏。在這一過(guò)程的某個(gè)時(shí)候，失敗者開始逃避獨(dú)立。Somewhere

along

the

line

losers

begin

to

avoid

becomingindependent.

(Line

38)Poor

nutrition,

cruelty,

unhappy

relationships,disease,

continuing

disappointments,

and

inadequatephysical

care

are

among

the

many

experiences

thatcontribute

to

making

people

losers.The

attributive

clause

“that

contribute

to

making…”modifies

the

noun

“experiences”.

The

word

“to”

in

thephrase

“contribute

to”

is

a

preposition,

so

it

should

befollowed

by

either

a

noun

or

a

gerund.Commentscontribute

(Line

41,

Para.8)v.

help

in

causing

a

situation,

event,

or

condition有助于，促成提示詞造句：psychological

pressure,

failureGreat

psychological

pressure

contributed

to

his

failurein

the

English

Speaking

Competition.international

matches,

the

maturity

of

one’s

skills

andstate

of

mindTaking

part

in

international

matches

regularly

willcontribute

to

the

maturity

of

young

players’

skills

andstate

of

mind.Poor

nutrition,

cruelty,

unhappy

relationships,disease,

continuing

disappointments,

and

inadequatephysical

care

are

among

the

many

experiences

thatcontribute

to

making

people

losers.營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、非人道待遇、不愉快的人際關(guān)系、疾病、長(zhǎng)期的失望、以及身體護(hù)理不足等經(jīng)歷都會(huì)促使人們成為失敗者。TranslationA

loser

is

held

back

by

his

low

capacity

toappropriately

express

himself

through

a

full

rangeof

possible

behavior.The

phrase“hold

back”means

“prevent

someone

fromimproving

or

developing(阻礙，抑制)”.The

phrase“arange

of”means

“a

variety

of

things

of

a

particular

type”.Comments1.

They

felt

the

economy

was

being

held

back

byexcessive

government

controls.Do

you

think

that

mixed-ability

classes

hold back

the

better

students?The

hotel

offers

a

wide

range

of

facilities

and services.There

is

a

full

range

of

activities

for

children.ExamplesA

loser

is

held

back

by

his

low

capacity

toappropriately

express

himself

through

a

full

rangeof

possible

behavior.A

loser

is

prevented

from

succeeding

by

hisinability

to

let

people

know

his

thoughts

andfeelings

in

different

situations.失敗者不善于通過(guò)一系列可能采取的作為來(lái)恰當(dāng)?shù)卣宫F(xiàn)自己，這阻礙了他獲得成功。TranslationParaphraseHe

may

be

unaware

of

other

choices

for

his

life

ifthe

path

he

chooses

goes

nowhere.The

expression

“go/get

nowhere”

means

“make

noprogress

or

have

no

success”.

Another

similar

expression“get

sb.

nowhere”

means

“make

sb.

fail

to

achievesuccess

or

to

make

progress”.We

discussed

it

all

morning

but

got

nowhere.The

proposal

went

nowhere

in

the

Senate.Talking

to

him

will

get

you

nowhere.

I

soon

realized

that

being

tough

was

gettingme

nowhere.CommentsExamplesHe

may

be

unaware

of

other

choices

for

his

life

ifthe

path

he

chooses

goes

nowhere.如果他所選擇的生活道路毫無(wú)前途的話，他可能不知道對(duì)自己的生活還可以有其他的選擇。TranslationA

loser

has

difficulty

giving

and

receiving

love.CommentsNotice

the

phrase

“have/experience

difficulty

(in)doing

something”.

Other

similar

expressions

are

asfollows:have

a

good

(hard/great/lovely

etc.)

time doing

somethingThere

is

no

point

in

doing

something.It’s

no

use

doing

something.It’s

no

fun

doing

som