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?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1111TheApproachesassistindevelopingTools?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1112Part2ToolsTopics6–8?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1113Part2:ToolsAIMdescribeandevaluatetheactivitieswhichindividualsandenterprisescanusetoincreasetheircapacityforethicalaction,andtoidentify,analyseandrespondtoethicalissuesTopics6:individualmoraldevelopment7:firm-leveltools;ethicsprograms8:InternationalandglobalaspectsAssessment3b:reportonanethicsprogram;ExamPartC?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1114

topicIndividual

6decisionguides,personalcapability

Organisational

7ethicsprograms,codesIndustry-wide,international

8decisionguides,generalprinciples

Toolstoincreasecapacityforethicalaction?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1115topic6IndividualtoolsandmoraldevelopmentF&Lchs5,6?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1116Recalldecisionmakingmodelmakemoraljudgementestablishmoralintentengageinmoralbehaviourrecognisemoralissuedilemmas:problemsofidentificationproblemsofcompliancehardtodowhatisbest,orright?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1117Individualcapability:

pointstoconsiderDevelopingcapability

DecisionaidsMoralreasoningMeasuringcapabilityCanethicsbetaught?Somepeoplearebetterpreparedthanothers

tomakeandimplementethicaljudgementsletusconsidereachinturnVirtuesarenourishedincommunityoften,atleast,insocialpractices(MacIntyre)Well-establishedideaConfucius:‘Thesuperiormanongroundsofculturemeetswithhisfriends,andbytheirfriendshiphelpshisvirtue’similarlyAristotleCanbuildonunderstandingconformityeffects?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11181.Developingmoralcapability:

(a)socialinfluenceresourceMoore,2023‘HumanizingBusiness’BusinessEthicsQly15p237-256Itmaybepossibletoconceivebusinessandbusinessorganisationsascommunitiesofpractice?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11191.Developingmoralcapability:

(b)reflectionwell-establishedideadifferentformsmeditation(MarcusAurelius,Buddha)discussion(Confucius,Aristotle)thought,writing(Dewey)discussedinTopic9F&L35-6?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1makemoraljudgementestablishmoralintentengageinmoralbehaviourrecognisemoralissueRest’smodelandreflectionreflectreflect120?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1121Moralimaginationnourishingvirtueincludesgrowingmoralimaginationdisengagingfromanimmediateissueandfrommentalmodelsthatlimitone’sunderstandingpracticeandreflectionpossibleassistancefromchecklistsandheuristicsF&L527-29Moberg&Seabright:eReading

MarkJohnson:eReading?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11222.DecisionaidsAAAChecklistMarkWorthing7stepsIMEVcaseprocessRotary4-WaytestincreasingthecapacityforethicalactionRemember:Howdowenormallymakedecisions?ConsiderlimitedalternativesUsesimplifieddecisionrules(“rulesofthumb,”etc.)Selectalternativethatsatisfiesminimumdecisioncriteria(“satisfices”-satisfies/suffices)?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1124Checklists

sometimescalled‘heuristics’Featureseasytoremember“mentaltricksofthetrade”focusoninformationgatheringstakeholders,situationExamples

fact-based,decision-focused AAAchecklistquestion-based Rotary,Caseprocessreflective MarkWorthingF&L180-90‘SunlightTest’Howwoulditlookonthefrontpage?ThinkofapersonyourespectWhatwouldtheythink?Howwillitlookinafewyears’time?Whatwouldyouwantsomeoneelsetodo?ifyourpositionswerereversed?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1125-variousdifferentversionsof‘thesunlighttest’?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1126Rotary4-WaytestIsittheTRUTH?IsitFAIRtoallconcerned?WillitbuildGOODWILL andBETTERFRIENDSHIPS?WillitbeBENEFICIAL toallconcerned?"

?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1127AAAChecklistAmericanAccountingAssociationGetthefactsDefinetheethicalissue:stakeholders,issuesIdentifyprinciples,rules,valuesListalternativesIsthereanover-ridingprincipleorrule?AssessconsequencesMakedecision?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1128IMEVcaseprocessWhoarethestakeholders?Whogainsorloses?Whatis/arethemoralissue/s? Didanyonedoanythingwrong?Whatisthenatureoftheissue? Isitadilemmaoracomplianceproblem?Doesoneofthemainapproachessuggestaclearanswer?Whatpossiblesolutionscanwethinkof?Canstoriesorexamplarshelpourimagination?Reflectandrespond?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11297stepstoethicaldecisionmaking

identifyproblem

post-decisionreflectionenactdecisionevaluationofnormsmomentof

decisionidentifyoptions

analysesituationMarkWorthingAdelaide2023?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11303.MoralReasoning:TheoriesKohlberg’stheoryevidencefrominterviewswithchildrenthreelevelsappliesPiaget’sstagesofachild’scognitivedevelopmenttomoralreasoningnotspecificallybusiness-related,butsomeconfirmatoryevidence

F&L2023p252-255?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1131LawrenceKohlberg’sTheoryLevelA:pre-conventionalpunishment,obedience,instrumentalexchangeLevelB:conventionalinterpersonalrelationsandconformitysocialinstitutionsanddutiesLevelC:post-conventionalabstractvalues&rights,universalethicalprinciplesReproducedandcommunicatedonbehalfoftheUniversityofSouthAustraliapursuanttoPartVBoftheCopyrightAct1968(theAct)inrelianceons135ZMEon12/9/07.AnyfurtherreproductionorcommunicationofthismaterialbyyoumaybethesubjectofcopyrightprotectionundertheAct.Donotremovethisnotice.?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1132FeaturesofKohlberg’sTheorysequentialmovementthroughstagessuchmovementconstitutes‘progress’arrivalatlaterstageisneededtounderstandreasoningatthatstagemanyadultsneverpassbeyondLevelB?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1133sequential pre- post-conventionalconventionalconventional?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1134progresspost-conventionalconventionalpre-conventional?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1135comprehension?!!post-conventionalconventionalpre-conventional?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1136ImplicationsoftheTheorymoraleducationispossibleformanagers,andothersmoraleducationmaybelargelycognitiveasopposedto,say,emotional,orvolitionalpeople’smoraldevelopmentcanbeassessedi.e.todeterminetheirlevelofdevelopmentmayallowassessmentoforganisationslevelofmoraldevelopmenttheypromote&sustain?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1137QuestionsaboutKohlberg

Isthereanunjustifiedprescriptiveelement?ConflictingintuitionsDomenandwomendevelopdifferently?

Gilligan:InaDifferentVoiceHowgoodistheempiricalevidence?

outofdate,culture-specific,limitedforhigherlevels?Doesitaddressproblemsofcompliance?F&L107?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1138CarolGilligan’sTheoryKohlberg’sresearchassistantatHarvardinlate1960scombinesFreud’sconcernforegowithPiaget’scognitive

aspectsInadifferentvoice1982;F&L2023p107girls’developmentacceptsconnectedness, emphasisesrelationshipsandresponsibilitiesboys’developmentincreasesdifferentiationofself, emphasisesrulesandfairnessLevelA:pre-conventionalgoalisindividualsurvivalLevelB:conventionalresponsibilityforothers,self-sacrificeisgoodnessLevelC:post-conventionaldonothurtothersorself,acceptanceofpersonhoodReproducedandcommunicatedonbehalfoftheUniversityofSouthAustraliapursuanttoPartVBoftheCopyrightAct1968(theAct)inrelianceons135ZMEon12/9/07.AnyfurtherreproductionorcommunicationofthismaterialbyyoumaybethesubjectofcopyrightprotectionundertheAct.Donotremovethisnotice.?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1139KohlbergseemsmainlyabouttheseDoesitaddresscompliance?makemoraljudgementestablishmoralintentengageinmoralbehaviourrecognisemoralissueproblemsofcomplianceproblemsofidentification?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1140Nevertheless,despitethequestionsaboutKohlberg’stheoryitiswidelyused,andmanytestsarebasedonitsuchastheMoralJudgmentTestthereisnoclearalternativeaccountofhowpeopledevelopmoralunderstandinganditdrawsattentiontopossibilitiesof

moraleducationNevertheless...?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11414.MeasuringmoralcapabilityMeasuringintellectualcapabilityWhattypeofmoralreasoningisusedBasedonKohlberg’sstagesLittlecases,vignettes,scenariosMoralJudgementTestMeasuringethicalcommitmentorbehaviourExperimentslikeMilgram’sObservationandpeerassessment?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1142MoralJudgementTestQuestion:doesitmeasuremoralreasoning??UniSA2023IMEV-SP11435.CanEthicsbeTaught?thereissignificantevidencethatmoraleducationispossiblee.g.bygettingpeopletothinkandtalkaboutethicaldilemmasitisnotnecessarytoassumesystematicgeneralstagesofmoraldevelopmentanymorethanphysicalfitnessorlearningtocookarebasedongeneralregularstages?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1144OrganisationalSupportitseemsclearthatorganisationscaninhibitethicalbehaviourseee.g.RobertJackall,MoralMazescanorganisationspromoteethicalbehaviour?again,wedonothavetoassumesystematic,regularstagesofdevelopmenttobelievethattheycanethicsprograms?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1145Summary:personalcapacityDevelopingcapabilitynourishingvirtue,incommunityDecisionaidsAAA,Rotary,IMEVcaseprocess,othersMoralreasoninglevels,Kohlberg,Gilligan,Measuringcapabilityreasoning,MJT,behaviourCanethicsbetaught?empiricalevidence(especiallyaboutreasoning)organisationscanassistpersonaldevelopment?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1146topic7Firm-leveltools:ethicsprogramsF&Lch10?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1147Ethicsprogramsystematicefforttopromoteethicalbehaviourbymembersofanorganisationcomponentsofmoraleducation:

example,practice,developedreasona‘program’involvesanumberofdifferentbutcomplementarypartsrecognisesthataspectsoforganisationscaninhibitorpromoteethicalactionF&L389-90?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1148AspectsofEthicsprogramsClearlanguageCodesofPracticeSkillDevelopmentPeerSupportCharacterDevelopmentletusconsidereachinturn?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1149‘good’...

13differentmeanings‘bad’...

descriptivevsprescriptiveuses‘commongood’…doweallagree?1.

Clearlanguageperhapsbecause‘ethicsissomethingwealldo’?vaguenessanddisagreementcomparee.g.‘netpresentvalue’-cleartechnicaldefinitionthus,useideaslike‘conflictofinterest’(whichwecometolater)thatcanalsobegivencleardefinitionorsimplerideas(‘gift’,‘personaluse’,…)?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11502.

CodesofPracticeothernames:‘codeofethics’,‘codeofconduct’TwosortsofcodeitemsAspirationalspecifyconducttobeencouragedfailuresare‘failingtoliveupto’thecodeRegulatoryspecifyconducttobeavoidedfailuresare‘breaching’thecodeEffectivecodesmayneedbothF&L44,391-2AspirationalvsRegulatoryCodes:ExamplesAspirational‘Surveyorsshouldworktoachievepublicadvantage’‘Engineersshouldacttomeritthetrustofthecommunity’RegulatorySarbanes-Oxley,Tencommandments?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1151?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1152Typicalcontentofcodesvaluepeopleandtreatthemwithdignitye.g.equaltreatment,appropriaterewards,safeworkplace,traininganddevelopmentrespectthelawactwithintegrity,fairnessandhonestyusecompanyassetsresponsiblyacceptresponsibilityF&L398-401?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1153DevelopingacodeResolutionofconflictsManagementendorsementDraftOrganisation-widecommentandresponseAdoptformallyPromulgate,publiciseandtrainReviewF&L396-7?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1154Docodesimproveperformance?‘recentresearchhasfoundnosignificantcorrelationbetweencorporationshavingacodeofethicsandareductioninethicalviolations’Deck,inHartman(2023),p248perhapsa‘modestcontribution’?(Kernaghan)whatarethedetailsoftheresearch?maynotbeintegratedwithotheractivitiescode≠programF&L394-6?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11553.SkillDevelopmentlanguageunderstandingofdecisionstagesofapproachesofinfluenceschecklistsotherheuristicse.g.useofstories,exemplars?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1156Agentleman…Agentlemanlookstofriendstohelphimcultivatebenevolence?UniSA2023IMEV-SP11574.PeerSupportandOrganisationalRecognitionethicsoccursincommunitiespracticalexamples: codesofpractice mentors ethicsombudsmen

helplines professionalassociations

Platts,eReadingF&L402?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1158thenotion‘tobeofgoodcharacter’iswell-established,inlawandcommunity‘characterdevelopment’canmakeusuneasybecausebecausetheideaof‘goodcharacter’maybeabused,tomean‘compliant’needtospecifyclearlywhatismeantassistedthroughorganisationalculture5.CharacterDevelopment?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1159ImplementationMakingtheethicsprogramworkAneffectiveprogramrequires:CodeTrainingEnforcement(consistencyisimportant)CommitmentInstituteofBusinessEthics?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1160PoorPractice fromIBEPinonnoticeboardNocommitmentfromBoardGiveonedepartmentresponsibilityDon’taddresstherealissuesLeaveitoutofinductionOnceoff,nowaytochangeMakeexceptionsDon’tfollowuponbreachesPoorexamplefromthetopKeepitinternal,don’tshowoutsidersMakeithardforstafftoaccess?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1161GoodPractice fromIBE

BasecodeonvaluesGiveeveryoneacopyProvideconfidentialreportingIncludeethicsinalltrainingInvolvetheBoardinpreparationandreviewReportonitintheAnnualreportMakeitpartoftheemploymentcontractTranslateintoallrelevantlanguagesGivecopiestostakeholdersRegularreviewBosses‘walkthetalk’

?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1162Summary:firm-leveltoolsEthicsprogram:systematiceffort…ClearlanguageCodesofPracticeaspirationalorregulatory,developmentprocessSkillDevelopmentcognitive,emotional,volitional,otherPeersupport:mentors,professions,hotlineCharacterDevelopmentImplementationCode,sanction,training,commitment?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1163topic8InternationalandglobalaspectsofethicsF&Lch11?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1164Operatingawayfromhome:

DescriptiveaccountsClassiccases:consultancyfirm,NestléReports:what’shappeningISBEEreport(see/)

GRI(seeFisher&Lovellpages381,416)othersDifferences:wages,safety,workhours,alcohol,capitalpunishment,briberyOneoption:ethicalrelativismdoastheRomansdobutwehaveseenproblemswithethicalrelativismdenialofmoralprogressnobasisfordiscussioninternalconflictforfirms?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1165Internationaldecisionmaking?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1166Operatingawayfromhome:

PrescriptiveresponsesDonaldson:fundamentalinternationalrightsBowie’sdecisionrule:factorprincipleCauxprinciples:fordemocracyandparticipationletusconsidertheseinmoredetail?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1167sometimescalled‘hypernorms’InternationalbestpracticeLocalbestpracticeFundamentalinternationalrightsLocallegalminimumDonaldson:

FundamentalinternationalrightsIsthereaminimumweoughttoadhereto,whereverweareoperating?Whereforus?F&L322?UniSA2023IMEV-SP1168Distinctiveobligations

NormBowie’sdecisiontreeQ1AreethicalobligationsofMNCinthiscasedifferentfromthoseofanybusiness?plantclosuresNO,infantformulaYESQ2Isthedif