考研閱讀理解Part A命題規(guī)律與答題技巧：（一）

第頁共頁考研閱讀理解PartA命題規(guī)律與答題技巧：〔一〕考研閱讀理解PartA命題規(guī)律與答題技巧：〔一〕閱讀理解PartA試題在考察內(nèi)容上大致可分為五種類型：1)主旨大意題；2)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題；3)語義理解題；4)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題和5)推理判斷題。按出現(xiàn)頻率由高到低分別是：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、語義理解題和觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。下面我們來分別評述各類題型的命題特點(diǎn)與解題思路。(一)主旨大意題1．主旨大意題的種類及題干表現(xiàn)形式1〕從考察的對象上劃分，主旨大意題可分為兩種：A篇章主旨：針對全文的主題進(jìn)展提問。主題句出如今首段的居多，其次是末段或?yàn)閹锥沃黝}的綜合。B段落主旨：針對某一段或幾段的主題提問。主題句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能不在此(幾)句，需要從上下文中尋找或總結(jié)。2〕從考察的內(nèi)容上劃分，還可分為主題類(內(nèi)容)(考察文章或段落的主旨大意)、目的類(考察文章或段落的寫作目的)和標(biāo)題類(要求考生選出文章的.最正確標(biāo)題)三種。主旨大意題經(jīng)常用mainidea,mainpoint,keypoint,maintopic,mainlydiscuss,mainlyexplain,ismainlyabout;purpose;besttitle等詞語來表達(dá)。比方：(1)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?(2)Whatisthekey/mainpointofthepassage?(3)Thepassageismainlyabout____.(4)Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout____.(5)Thepassagemainlydiscusses____.(6)Thispassagewaswrittentoexplain____.(7)Thepassagemainlydealswith____.(8)Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?(9)Whichsentencebestsummarizesthearticle?(10)Thepurposeofthispassageis____.(12)Inthispassagetheauthortriesto____.(13)Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?(14)Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe____.2.主旨大意題的命題規(guī)律1〕段首、段尾句常考：段首、段尾句一般表達(dá)了文章的中心思想，或者就是該段的主題句，對全文或全段起著提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用。2〕語義轉(zhuǎn)折處?？迹河绕涫嵌问椎恼Z義轉(zhuǎn)折，其后面往往是作者真實(shí)的寫作目的或根本觀點(diǎn)，即文章的中心思想所在。3〕因果句常考：因果句通?？梢员憩F(xiàn)出作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)甚至全文的主題，因此成為考點(diǎn)。3.主旨大意題干擾項(xiàng)與正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)1〕干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：A部分信息：涉及文章的某一細(xì)節(jié)，犯了以偏概全的錯誤。B涉及某一自然段的大意，而非整篇文章的中心思想，犯了歸納不夠的錯誤。C選項(xiàng)概括范圍太寬，其內(nèi)容超出文章闡述的部分，犯了歸納過頭的錯誤。這類干擾項(xiàng)常常在提問文章標(biāo)題的題目中出現(xiàn)。D與文章內(nèi)容毫不相干或與文章內(nèi)容相悖。2〕正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：A含有抽象名詞和概括性詞語的選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。一般來說，句子中含有approach,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,many,difficult(y),way,necessary,necessity,importance等詞的是正確答案。B這類題的答案往往在內(nèi)容相近的選項(xiàng)中。C較全面、有針對性地表達(dá)文章中心思想的選項(xiàng)一般是答案項(xiàng)。4．主旨大意題答題技巧例解這類題型主要測試考生對文章某一段或全篇大意的把握。做這類題時(shí)，首先要找到主題句。但考研題中很少直接考主題句，主題句的作用在于幫助我們正確理解文章，然后經(jīng)過分析^p、推理得出正確答案。1〕時(shí)間緊迫的情況下，只讀首尾段，答案很可能就在這些段落中。例如：BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld'sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration)...Q:Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?[A]WhythereisanincreasedenrolmentinMBAprograms____.[B]ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools____.[C]DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree____.[D]Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycuses____.答案是[C]。文章的第一段(上文)第一句作者就點(diǎn)明了本文的主題是對MBA價(jià)值的疑心，即答案[C]。2)注意文中出現(xiàn)頻率高的單詞。這些【關(guān)鍵詞】：^p在文中屢次出現(xiàn)，常常是表達(dá)主題的主要措辭。例如：EarlyintheageofaffluencethatfollowedWorldWarII,anAmericanretailinganalystnamedVictorLebowproclaimed,"Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomy...demandsthatwemakeconsumptionourwayoflife,thatweconvertthebuyinganduseofgoodsintorituals,thatweseekourspiritualsatisfaction,ouregosatisfaction,inconsumptionWeneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,replacedanddiscardedataneverincreasingrate."AmericanshaverespondedtoLebow'scall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.Consumptionhasbeeacentralpillaroflifeinindustriallandsandisevenembeddedinsocialvalues.Opinionsurveysintheworld'stwolargesteconomies—JapanandtheUnitedStates—showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbeingevermoreprevalent.Over-consumptionbytheworld'sfortunateisanenviro____entalproblemu____atchedinseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirsurgingexploitationofresourcesthreatenstoexhaustorunalterablyspoilforests,soils,water,airandclimate.Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow—that,misledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings.Ofcourse,theoppositeofover-consumption—poverty—isnosolutiontoeitherenviro____entalorhumanproblems.Itisinfinitelyworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Dispossessedpeasantsslash-and-burntheirwayintotherainforestsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomadsturntheirherdsoutontofragileAfricangrassland,reducingittodesert.Ifenviro____entaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendoeshavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction?Q:Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat____.[A]humanspiritualneedsshouldmatchmaterialaffluence[C]whetherhighconsumptionshouldbeencouragedisstillanissue[D]howtokeepconsumptionatareasonablelevelremainsaproblem答案是[D]。這是一道需經(jīng)過推理的主旨大意題(當(dāng)然也可以歸為推理判斷題)。閱讀全文我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)，一些詞連續(xù)屢次出現(xiàn)，如“consumption”，“consume”，“consumerist”，“over-consumption”。由此可知，文章大意與“consumption”有關(guān)。[A]、[B]均未提及，可以排除；[C]雖然提及“consumption”，但文中沒有說是否鼓勵高消費(fèi)仍然是一個(gè)問題；文章最后一段說Ifenviro____entaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendoeshavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction?大意是：假如人們擁有太多或太少都會使環(huán)境遭到破壞，那么到底擁有多少才是足夠的呢?地球能支撐什么樣的消費(fèi)程度?擁有多少才能滿足人們的需要呢?可見作者是在說怎樣維持合理的消費(fèi)程度仍然是一個(gè)問題,這正是本文的主題，因此正確答案為[D]。3)從選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容判斷答案。一般來說，那些概括全文，含義深入，說明道理的選項(xiàng)是答案。例如：Theattention-gettingpropertyofmercialscanbeseenbyobservingone-to-two-year-oldchildrenwhohappentobeplayingaroundatelevisionset.Theymaytotallyignoretheprogramming.However,whenamercialeson,theirattentionisimmediatelydrawntoitbecauseofitsdramaticsoundquality.Q:Inthepassage,theauthor