西方文化導論課件Unit6

U1_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesUnit6CultureDuringtheRenaissanceTheRenaissancereferstotheperiodinEuropeancivilizationtowardstheendoftheMiddleAges,whichwascharacterizedbyasurgeofinterestinclassicallearningandvalues.TheRenaissanceemergedwhensocialinstability,economicsluggishnessandintellectualdepressionbecamesointolerablethatmostofthepeople,especiallytheintellectualscouldnolongeraccepttheworseningsituation.TheRenaissanceasamovementfirststartedinFlorenceandthenexpandedtoVenice,RomeandotherItaliancitiesbeforeitswepttherestpartsofEurope.Paintingandsculpturewerethemostsensitivefieldstothechangewiththeirsubjectsandtastes,shiftingfromdullness,stagnation,lackofemotionanddivinitytodynamics,enthusiasmandhumanitarianism.LiteratureandideologysoonfollowedGetStarted_1.2GetStartedGetStarted_1.3GetStartedasotherimportantareasproceededandthemovementfurtherseparateditselffromfeudalistictyranny,ecclesiasticbondageandsoughtintellectualfreedomandideologicalemancipation.TheRenaissanceischaracterizedbyseekingideologicalemancipation,intellectualfreedomandpoliticalawareness,basedonculturalproductionandreligiousreformation.Allthesewereundertakenorunfoldedgraduallybutwidely,extendingitsinfluencestoeverycornerofEurope,withmoreandmorepeoplegettinginvolved.Theachievementswereseenprincipallyinsixareas,namely,painting,sculpture,poetry,fiction,dramaandreligiousreformationaswellasthechangeintheculturalandintellectualclimate.GetStarted_1.4GetStarted

TheRenaissancewasanimportantstageinthehistoricalprocessoftheWesterncivilizationandindicatedatransitionalperiodfromtheMiddleAgestothemodernerainthedevelopmentofWesternculture.EconomicandintellectualchangesduringtheRenaissancebothhelpedtospeedupWesternsocialandculturaldevelopmentandpreparedthenecessaryconditionsfortherapidprogressinpolitical,socialandideologicalareasoftheModernAge.TextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.BackgroundtotheRenaissance

II.Source,FeatureandSignificanceoftheRenaissanceIII.CulturalAchievementsoftheRenaissance

IV.SocialIdeologyduringtheRenaissanceV.TheReligiousReformationVI.DevelopmentsofNaturalScienceVII.BeginningofModernPhilosophyVIII.ClassicismandtheCulturalSalon

中世紀（MiddleAges）（約公元476年~公元1453年），是歐洲歷史上的一個時代（主要是西歐），自西羅馬帝國滅亡（公元476年）到東羅馬帝國滅亡（公元1453年）的這段時期。這個時期的歐洲沒有一個強有力的政權來統(tǒng)治。封建割據(jù)帶來頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭，造成科技和生產力發(fā)展停滯，人民生活在毫無希望的痛苦中，所以中世紀或者中世紀早期在歐美普遍被稱作“黑暗時代”，傳統(tǒng)上認為這是歐洲文明史上發(fā)展比較緩慢的時期。

政治上：封建專制制度的建立和完善，（領主，莊園主，騎士）

經濟上：以奴隸為主的生產方式——以農民為主的半雇傭勞動制度文化思想上：以基督教為中心和主導（唯靈主義）查理大帝（Charlemagne或CharlestheGreat,公元742---814年），或稱為查理曼、查理、卡爾大帝，法蘭克王國加洛林王朝國王，神圣羅馬帝國的奠基人。他建立了那囊括西歐大部分地區(qū)的龐大帝國。公元800年，由羅馬教皇加冕“羅馬人的皇帝”。他在行政、司法、軍事制度及經濟生產等方面都有杰出的建樹，并大力發(fā)展文化教育事業(yè)。是他引入了歐洲文明，他被后世尊稱為“歐洲之父”。TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFactorsthatcontributedtotheemergenceoftheRenaissance:

thebreak-upoffeudalstructuresthestrengtheningofcity-statesinItalytheemergenceofnationalmonarchiesinSpain,France,andEnglandthethriveofmanydifferentkindsofsocialstructures,suchasguilds,civicassociations,councilsandmonasticchapters,whichwerebasedonsomeformofautonomyTextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeastheriseoffolkcultureandpopularliteratureinmostEuropeancountriestowardstheendoftheMiddleAgeschangesinseculareducation,particularlythefoundingofuniversitiesculminatinginthebirthofaself-consciousnewagewithanewspiritTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsfolkculture民間文化:culturalactivitiesabouttheordinarypeople,particularlythelowerclasspeople,whichoftenincludedvulgarityjokesandsarcasmofthelowerclass,especiallyagainsttheupper-classculturewhichcaredfororder,socialclasses,peaceandgoodmannersofaristocracyandtheroyalfamilyTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsGuild行會或協(xié)會:asocietyofpeoplewithcommoninterestsoraims,alsoamedievalassociationofmerchantsorcraftsmenTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsmonasticchapter教會或修道院管理處:aChristianadministrativeofficewithinthechurchTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsBolognaUniversity博洛尼亞大學:oneoftheoldestuniversities(togetherwiththatofParis)establishedinBologna,acityinnorthernItaly,famousforthestudiesoflawandothermedievalandRenaissancesubjectsTextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasSource:

emergedfirstinItalyofFlorence,andthenspreadtoRome,Milan,VeniceandNaples,latertoFrance,Spain,GermanyandEnglandReasonsfortheemergenceoftheRenaissanceinItaly:MainIdeas(1)Italy’sprosperoustradeandproductionofhandicraft,whichfurnishedamaterialbasisforculturaldevelopmentTextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas(2) itsrichvarietyofurbansociallifecoincidingwiththeemergenceofmorecitieswheremanufacturingandcommercialactivitiescalledforthevigorousdevelopmentofculturallife(3)thewealthofculturepasseddownfromtheartisticandarchitecturalheritageofRome

(4)theuseofLatinasacommonlanguageintheItaliansociety,whichhelpedtoretainagoodmemoryofclassicalculture

TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFeature:TheRenaissanceischaracterisedbyseekingideologicalemancipation,intellectualfreedomandpoliticalawareness,basedonculturalproductionandreligiousreformation.Allthesewereundertakenorunfoldedgraduallybutwidely,extendingitsinfluencestoeverycornerofEurope,withmoreandmorepeoplegettinginvolved.ThemoststrikingfeatureoftheRenaissancewasdoubtlesslytheflourishofhumanism.TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasHumanismEmergenceinItalyPredecessorsDante,

PetrarchChiefProtagonistsGianozzoManetti,LeonardoBruni,MarsilioFicino,GiovanniPicodellaMirandola,LorenzoValla,andColuccioSalutatiDemandsa.literatureshouldrepresentthefeelingsofordinaryhumans;b.scienceshouldproducebenefitsformankind;c.educationshoulddevelopindividualpersonalityandfreehumanfeelingsandintelligencefromdivinebondage;TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasDemandsd.manshouldbecomecentralineverything;e.humanrightshouldbeagainstdivineright,humannatureagainstdivinenature,andindividualityagainstmedievalreligiousbondage.ContributionsTheyinheritedthefinetraditionofanancientculturebyreducingorbreakingdowntheinfluencesofthechurchauthorities,removingfeudalobscurantismandignorance,andexpandingmoderndevelopmentsinideological,scientificandculturalspheres.TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasSignificance:ThemostsignificantaspectoftheRenaissanceisitsreassertionofthenecessityforideologicalemancipationandintellectualfreedom,thoughitwasstilllimitedincomparisonwiththelaterattitudetotheliberationofthemind,ascharacteristicoftheEnlightenment.TextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsFlorence

佛羅倫薩:ThecapitalcityoftheItalianregionofTuscanyandoftheprovinceofFlorence.ItisthemostpopulouscityinTuscany,withc.370,000inhabitants(1,500,000inthemetropolitanarea).InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsThecityliesontheRiverArno;itisknownforitshistoryanditsimportanceintheMiddleAgesandintheRenaissance,especiallyforitsartandarchitectureand,moregenerally,foritsculturalheritage.AcentreofmedievalEuropeantradeandfinanceandoneofthewealthiestcitiesofthetime,FlorenceisconsideredthebirthplaceoftheRenaissance;ithasbeencalledtheAthensoftheMiddleAges.From1865to1870thecitywasalsothecapitaloftherecentlyestablishedKingdomofItaly.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_II_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsNaples

那不勒斯:AcityinSouthernItaly,situatedonthecountry’swestcoastbytheGulfofNaples.Lyingbetweentwonotablevolcanicregions,MountVesuviusandthePhlegraeanFields,itisthecapitaloftheregionofCampaniaandtheprovinceofNaples.Naplesisknowninternationallyforitsrichhistory,art,culture,architecture,music,andgastronomy,andhasplayedanimportantpoliticalandculturalroleontheItalianPeninsulaandbeyond

throughoutits2,800-yearexistence.InterpretationofCulturalTermsSculpture:basedonsolidfoundationofscienceDonatello(1386–1466)andGhiberti(378–1445)RepresentativeFilippoBrunelleschi(1377–1446)Painting:clear,simplestructurewithgreatpsychologicalpenetrationTextStudy_III_1.2.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasPeriodFeatureCharacters&WorksEarlyPeriodsRealisttendencywasvisiblemostlyintheuseofreligioussubjectmatterdrawnfromBiblicalandmythologicallegendsandfigure.Giotto(1267–1337)Architecture:usingmathematicstohelpsolvetheproblemofthepillarlessdome猶大之吻哀悼基督Thestyleofscientificnaturalismhasbeendeveloped.Theartistsmasteredthetechniqueofportrayingnatureonthebasisofaninsightfulassimilationofclassicalheritage.TextStudy_III_1.2.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasRepresentativethefounderofRenaissancepaintinginItaly,famousfortheintellectualityofhisconceptions,themonumentalityofhiscompositions,andthehighdegreeofnaturalisminhisworksPeriodFeatureCharacters&WorksLaterPeriodsMasaccio(1401–1428)TextStudy_III_1.2.4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasThestyleofscientificnaturalismhasbeendeveloped.Theartistsmasteredthetechniqueofportrayingnatureonthebasisofaninsightfulassimilationofclassicalheritage.Apoetandarchitect.Hispaintingsshowedthehumanistspiritofthecivilianclass.Michelangelo(1475–1564)Representa-tiveAprolificartistandscientist.Themostrepresentativeworksare:TheVirginoftheRocks;

MonaLisa

and

ThelastSupper.PeriodFeatureCharacters&WorksLaterPeriodsLeonardodaVinci(1452–1519)TextStudy_III_1.2.5MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasThestyleofscientificnaturalismhasbeendeveloped.Theartistsmasteredthetechniqueofportrayingnatureonthebasisofaninsightfulassimilationofclassicalheritage.Paintings:Genesis,FinalJudgment

Sculpture:DavidBestknownwork:thegiantceilingfrescooftheSistineChapelintheVatican,RomeMichelangelo(1475–1564)Representa-tivePeriodFeatureCharacters&WorksLaterPeriodsTextStudy_III_1.2.6MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasThestyleofscientificnaturalismhasbeendeveloped.Theartistsmasteredthetechniqueofportrayingnatureonthebasisofaninsightfulassimilationofclassicalheritage.Famousforhisprodigiousoutput,eventemperament,andpreferenceforclassicalharmonyandclarity.FrescoWorks:TheSchoolofAthens;TheVirginMary.PeriodFeatureCharacters&WorksLaterPeriodsRaphaelSanzio

(1483–1520)Representa-tiveTextStudy_III_1.2.6MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasThestyleofscientificnaturalismhasbeendeveloped.Theartistsmasteredthetechniqueofportrayingnatureonthebasisofaninsightfulassimilationofclassicalheritage.KnownasTitianinVenice.Hissubjectmatterwasofwidevarieties,rangingfromcivilianlifetoreligioustalesandGreco-Romanmyths.Works:TheAssumptionoftheVirginPeriodFeatureCharacters&WorksLaterPeriodsTiziano

Vecellio

(1477–1576)Representa-tiveTextStudy_III_1.3.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasLiteratureDecameronGiovanniBoccaccio

(1313–1375)FrancescoPetrarch

(1304–1374)DanteSonnetsinLatin,including:Africa,TheCanzonmere,etc.ItalyRepresentativeFiguresNationalityCharacter&WorksTheDivineComedy,includingthreesections:Inferno,Purgatory,andParadise.TextStudy_III_1.3.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasSpainWellknownnovel:DonQuixoteMigueldeCervantes(1547–1616)MichelMontagne

(1533–1592)FrancoisRabelais(1494–1553)Prose:EssaisFranceRepresentativeFiguresNationalityCharacter&WorksGargantuaandPantagruelTextStudy_III_1.3.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasGeofreyChaucer(1340–1400)EnglandRepresentativeFiguresNationalityCharacter&WorksCanterburyTalescontains24storiesandageneralprologue.Thebookexpressesastrongsenseofhumanistvaluebesidestheuseofpoetictechnique,suchasdiphthongrhymingskill.HeisthemostaccomplishedwriterduringtheRenaissance.Heproduced37playsandover100poems,includingAMid-SummerNight’sDreamandTwelfthNight(inhisearlyphase);tragediesincludingHamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,andAnthonyandCleopatra(inhis2ndphase);andplaysrelatedtomythssuchasTheWinter’sTaleandTheTempest(the3rdphase).TextStudy_III_1.3.4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasWilliamShakespeare(1564–1616)EnglandRepresentativeFiguresNationalityCharacter&WorksHewasbothscientistandmanofletters.Total58piecesinhisEssaysmadehimthefirstessayistinEnglishliterature.TextStudy_III_1.3.4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasFrancisBacon(1561–1626)EnglandRepresentativeFiguresNationalityCharacter&WorksTextStudy_III_1.4.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasArchitecture

FivedominanttypesofarchitectureduringtheRenaissance:Tuscan,Doric,Ionic,Corinthian,andComposite.Music

Attitudestowardsmusic:MartinLutherinsistedthatmusicmustbesimple,direct,accessibleandanaidtopiety,anditwasonlyatoolforacertainpurpose.Comparatively,JohnCalvininsisteduponthesupremacyoftheBiblicaltext,andwarnedagainstthevoluptuousanddisorderlyinfluenceofmusic.ThemostinfluentialcomposerswereJosquinDesPrez(1445–1521)andPalestrina(1525–1584).ThelatterwasaprofessionalItaliancomposer,whowasbestknownforhisnoblepolyphonicsacredchoralworks,includingTheMassDedicatedtoPopeMarcellus,etc.TextStudy_III_1.4.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudySistineChapel西斯廷教堂:theprivatechurchintheVaticanforPope,famousforthemagnificentdesignsandfrescoesmadebyMichelangeloduringtheRenaissanceInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyMannerism風格主義:ItisaperiodofEuropeanartthatemergedfromthelateryearsoftheItalianHighRenaissancearound1520.Itlasteduntilabout1580inItaly,whenamoreBaroquestylebegantoreplaceit,butNorthernMannerismcontinuedintotheearly17thcenturythroughoutmuchofEurope.Stylistically,Mannerismencompassesavarietyofapproachesinfluencedby,andreactingto,theharmoniousidealsandrestrainednaturalismassociatedwithartistssuchasLeonardodaVinci,Raphael,andearlyMichelangelo.Mannerismisnotableforitsintellectualsophisticationaswellasitsartificial(asopposedtonaturalistic)qualities.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.3InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyPolyphonicmusic復合音音樂:Itismusicwhichincludesmultiplemelodiesorvoicesincontrastwithhomophonicmusicwithasinglemelodyandharmony,inwhichchordsharmonizewithaleadingmelodyorvoice.TheheightofpolyphoniccompositioncameintheMiddleAgesandRenaissancewhenthistypeofmusicbecameverypopular.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_1.1.2_pop1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.2_pop2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.2_pop3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.2_pop4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.2_pop5MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.2_pop6MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.2_pop7MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.3_pop8MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.3_pop9MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.3_pop10MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.3_pop11MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.1.3_pop12MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.2.2_pop13MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.2.2_pop14MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.2.2_pop15MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.2.3_pop16MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.2.3_pop17MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasIdeasDivineComedy,Convivio,OnMonarchyRepresentativeFiguresWorksDantea.Loveisthecoreofhumanrelationsandpowertodominatetheuniverse.b.HeseverelycriticizedthechurchandPopefortheircorruption.c.Hearguedforadivisionbetweenpoliticalpowerandthechurch,andcomparedchurchandstatetotwosuns,shiningrespectivelyoverspiritualandsecularworlds.TheDecameronBoccacciooppositiontofeudalisticbondageanddemandforindividualfreedomandequalityTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasIdeasRepresentativeFiguresWorksPetrarcha.oppositiontothepapalauthoritytowardsAristotleb.oppositiontoasceticismandadvocacyofsecularmoralityMainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasIdeasThePrince,DiscoursesontheFirstTenBooksofLivyRepresentativeFiguresWorksMachiavellia.advocacythatevilactsofarulerjustifiedtheevilactsinturnbytheruledb.firsttopropoundthethesisofhistoricalcyclesandfirsttoconstructapoliticalsciencebasedonthestudyofmanc.theamoralityofpolitics(thecoreofhispoliticalthinking)MainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasCausesofthereligiousreformation:moraldegenerationintheCatholicChurch.SignificanceoftheReligiousReformation:madegreatcontributiontothesocialandintellectualdevelopmentofWesterncivilization.a.Withthefar-reachingpolitical,economicandsocialeffects,theReformationbecameabasisforthefoundingofProtestantism,whichemergedasoneofthethreemajorbranchesofChristianity.b.TheReformationwasthemosteffectiveandinfluentialintermsoftheresultsitachieved.ItnotonlycontributedtotheecclesiasticaldevelopmentofChristianity,butopenedthewaytomuchofthesubsequentsocialandintellectualprogressoftheWest.TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasJohnCalvina.

thetheoryofpredestinationb.

thedemocraticandrepublicansystemTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasViewpointsNameMartinLuthera.TheBibleoughttoberegardedasthemostauthoritativeChristiansource,inoppositiontothepapalauthority.b.AChristianshouldadvocatethejustificationoffaithratherthanthejustificationofindulgence.c.Statepowershouldbeseparatedfromdivinepowerwhenthereisacombinationofthetwo.Majorreformers:

MainIdeasHumanistsintheearlystageofmodernsciencemainlysearchforancientwritingsthatwouldincreasecurrentscientificknowledge.Botany,zoology,magic,alchemy,andastrologyweredevelopedduringtheRenaissanceasaresultofthestudyofancienttexts.TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasKeplerdiscoveredthattheearthandplanetstravelaboutthesuninellipticalorbits

GalileoTychoBrahe第谷·布拉赫CopernicusSideriusnuncius星座報告inventionofanaccuratetelescopewhichhelpedtoobservetheheavensAchievementsestimationofplanetarypositionsbyrefutingtheAristoteliantheorythatplacedtheplanetswithincrystalspheresDerevolutionibus天體運行論TextStudy_III_1.2.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasFieldFiguresWorksAstron-omydiscoveredthatthesunwasatthecenteroftheuniverseandtheplanetsrevolvedarounditThePioneeringFiguresofModernScienceVesalius,Rembrandt,MichelangeloArtAndreasVesalius維薩里dissectedhumanbodiesandmadethefirstanatomicaldrawingsWilliamHarveyLeonardoDaVinciTheheartactsasamuscularpumpwhichcirculatesbloodaroundthebodyinthebloodvessels.AchievementsPaintingtruehumanemotiondemosntratedfromfaceandbodylanguage.Useofhumananatomyinpaintingandsculputre.TextStudy_III_1.2.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasFieldFiguresMedicalScienceOptics,MathematicalPrinciplesofNaturalPhilosophyTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasPhysicsBrunelleschi,FranescoBorromini,LeonardoDaVincitheapplicationoflinearperspectiveandmathematicsinarchitectureIsaacNewtondiscoveredgravity,fluxions,andestablishedthemodernstudyofopticsAchievementsFieldFiguresArchi-tectureThomasHobbesAninfluentialBritishphilosopher.Heestablishedmechanicalmaterialism,anddevelopedpoliticalphilosophy.HismajorworkswasLeviathan.TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasContributionsPhilosophersFrancisBaconFounderofexperimentalscienceandmaterialism.Hecompletedabreakthroughfromthemedievalscholasticmethod,laiddownaclassificationofthenaturalsciencesandfoundedthenewinductivemethodofreasoning.BaruchSpinozaADutchphilosopher.Hedevelopedareligiousrationalismandtheoryofhumansalvation.Hisphilosophyisareasonablyidealisticexplanationofthemovementoftheuniverseandapreparationforthecomingofmonistscience.HismajorworkswereEthics,andTractatus

Theologico-politicus.TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasContributionsPhilosophersReneDescartes笛卡爾Hesetupmodernmetaphysicsrejectingscholasticism,andprovidedthemechanisticmethodofreasoninggenerallycalledCartesianism.Hismostremarkableachievementishismethodofcriticismanddoubt,whichwasapplieduniversallylatertothenaturalsciencesandlaidthefoundationforscientificmaterialism.TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasSocialbackgroundofclassicism:AftertheHundredYearsWarbetweenFrenchandEnglishinvaders,Franceenteredaperiodofcomparativelysteadydevelopment.Inthelatterhalfofthe17thcentury,HenryIVstartedaseriesofculturalreforms,whichinfluencedthelaterperiodofFrenchcultureandlifestyleinthewholeofEurope.TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasFeaturesofclassicism:

a.DramaandotherformsofartstendedtoimitateandreflectthoseoftheGraeco-Romancivilization.b.Literatureofthisperiodistermedneoclassical,becauseitsoughtbeautyofformratherthanthecontent.c.Cultureinthisperiodnotonlyexhibitedtheproductionsofartisticworks,butpromotedthedevelopmentoflifestyles,suchasdressandspeech.d.AscommonlyopposedtoRomanticism,the17th-centuryclassicisminFranceimpliesasocialideal.e.Classicismtendsnaturallytobeexpressedbytheadoptionofcertainclassicalforms.MainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasFormsofclassicism:culturalsalons,theFrenchAcademyandclassicalDrama.MainIdeasTextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsheroiccouplet英雄偶句詩:

AtraditionalformforEnglishpoetry,commonlyusedforepicandnarrativepoetry;itreferstopoemsconstructedfromasequenceofrhymingpairsofiambicpentameterlines.Therhymeisalwaysmasculine.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsPalladianstyle巴拉迪建筑風格:Architectureanddesigninthestyleof16th-centuryItalianarchitectAndreaPalladio.Hisdesignsinspiredanarchitecturalmovementthatdominatedbuildingdesigninthe18thcenturyinEnglandanditsAmericancolonies.InterpretationofCulturalTermsSupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_main1.FurtherReadingSupplementaryResources2.ReferenceBooksShallIcomparethee(you)toasummer’sday?Thou(you)art(are)morelovelyandmoretemperate;RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’slease(夏日的租約)hathalltooshortadate;Sometimestoohottheeyeofheaven（指太陽）shines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfair（美好的人或物）fromfair（美好的狀態(tài)）sometimesdeclines,SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_1.1Passage1ShallICompareTheetoaSummer’sDay?(我想將你比作迷人的夏日)

ByWilliamShakespearePassage1SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_1.2Passage1Passage1Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimm’d(=untrimmed雜亂不整，意指因意外或是大自然無可避免的日夜交替與四季變換，美人終難免花容褪色);Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st(own);Norshalldeathbragthouwander’st(wander)inhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st(grow);Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_1.3Passage1Passage1Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.(十四行詩最后兩行往往都是產生驚奇效果的詩句（punchlines），給人出人意表的文章總結。這里將對