Part讓篇章技巧助力

PartFour讓篇章技巧助力第10講常用時態(tài)在寫作中的應用——選準時機,表達清晰一、魔法導航時態(tài)錯誤是學生在英語書面表達中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的問題之一。在寫作中選

擇合適的時態(tài)對于保證語言的準確和清晰起著非常重要的作用。(一)投“時”問路在寫作中常用的時態(tài)主要有一般過去時、過去進行時、一般現(xiàn)在時、

現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、一般將來時,大家應對這幾種時態(tài)的用法熟

記于心并在實踐中力求熟能生巧。1.一般過去時:表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作、存在的狀態(tài)或過去習慣

性的動作。一般過去時不強調動作對現(xiàn)在的影響,只說明過去的情況。雕詞琢句(1)Someoftheworld’smostfamousmusiciansrecently

gatheredin

Paris

(聚集在巴黎)andNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInter-

nationalJazzDay.(2017全國Ⅰ)(2)BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalent

forart

(展示了他在藝術上的天賦)whenhewasonlysixyearsofage.2.過去進行時:表示過去某時正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。雕詞琢句(1)LastMonday,wewerehavingourChineseclass

(正在上語文課)

whentheteachersuddenlyslippedandfell.(2)老師進入教室的時候,我正在玩電腦游戲。Whentheteacherenteredtheclassroom,Iwasplayingcomputergames.

3.一般現(xiàn)在時:表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常、反復發(fā)生的動作,存在的狀態(tài)或習慣性的

動作。雕詞琢句(1)Weareveryproud

(非常自豪)ofourselvesandbelievewecando

moreforabetterworld.(2016北京)(2)在我們的文化中它是一個為老人設立的日子。Itisthedayfortheelderlyinourculture.

4.現(xiàn)在進行時:表示說話時或當前一段時間正在進行的動作。雕詞琢句(1)Iamwriting

(正在給你寫信)todrawyourattentiontosomeim-

properbehavioramongusstudents:litteringandscribbling.(2)我現(xiàn)在正在給你寫信告訴你我的激動人心的暑假計劃。I’mwritingtotellyoumyexcitingplanforthesummerholiday.

5.現(xiàn)在完成時:表示說話時已經(jīng)完成的動作,且這個動作的結果對現(xiàn)在仍

有影響,或過去的某一動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。雕詞琢句(1)Ihavealreadyfinished

(已經(jīng)完成)myapplicationandresume.(2)在幾項英語活動中,我已經(jīng)成功地向她伸出援手。Successfully,IhavelentahelpinghandtoherinseveralEnglishactivi-

ties.

6.一般將來時:表示將來某一時刻要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),或將來某

一段時間經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。雕詞琢句(1)Ourschoolphotographyclubisgoingtohold/willhold/istohold

(打算舉辦)anInternationalHighSchoolStudentPhotographyShow.(2016

全國Ⅱ)(2)翻譯句子如果你能來,我們將非常開心。Wewillbereallygladifyoucancome.

(二)時態(tài)選秀盡管時態(tài)的使用千變萬化,但在書面表達中卻“有章可循、有律可

遵”,現(xiàn)總結如下:1.敘事多用一般過去時。雕詞琢句Thatweekend,wewentto

(去了)anearbyneighborhoodandgave

themawaytothepeoplethere.(2016北京)2.表述觀點或議論文中主要使用一般現(xiàn)在時。雕詞琢句Personally,Iprefertoworkinateam

(我更喜歡在團隊里工作),

whichoffersmeachancetolearnhowtogetalongwithothersandshare

myexperienceswiththem.3.說明文通常用一般現(xiàn)在時。雕詞琢句Everystudentcandosomethingforourenvironmentindailylife.Forex-

ample,remembertoturnoffthelightsintimebeforeyouleavetheclass-

roomintheevening

(晚上在你離開教室之前).4.介紹客觀情況常用一般現(xiàn)在時。雕詞琢句ThesurveyshowsthathalfofthegirlschoosefilmandTVstarsastheiri-

dols,while48%oftheboyschoosesportsstars

(48%的男孩子選擇

體育明星).二、學以致用1.完美文章根據(jù)所給提示完成下面短文,注意時態(tài)。LocatedbesidetheYangtzeRiver,myhometownisabeautifulplacenow.

Inthepast,(1)itwasapoorvillagewherepeopleledahardlife

(它是

個貧窮的村莊,在那里人們過著艱苦的生活).However,(2)inthepasttwentyyearsgreatchangeshavetakenplace

(在過去的20年里發(fā)生了巨大的變化)here,thankstothegoodpolicyof

theParty.Tobeginwith,alargenumberofnewhouseshavebeensetupwhichareequippedwithmodernappliancessuchascomputers,fridges,TVsets,washingmachinesandsoon.What’smore,thereisalargesu-permarketinit,(3)wheretherearevarietiesofgoodsthatpeopleneed

(那里有人們需要的各種各樣的商品).Muchtoourdelight,(4)amuchbiggerschoolisbeingbuilt

(一所更大的學校正在建設當中).Thereisnodoubtthat(5)thechildrenwillreceiveabettereducation

(孩子們將會接受更好的教育)bythetimeithasbeenputintouse,becauselotsofmodernteachingfacilitieswillbeusedinthenewschool,(6)whichwillhelpteachersmaketheirclasseslivelyandinteresting

(它們將幫助老師使課堂變得生動有趣).Suchismyhometown(7)whereallthepeoplearelivingahappylife

(在這里所有的人正過著幸福的生活).AndIamsure(8)itwillbecome

amorecharmingandcomfortableplace

(它將會變成一個更加迷人和舒

適的地方)tolivewiththedevelopmentofeconomyandsocietyaswell.2.話題寫作【本期話題】書信交流【寫作微練】根據(jù)下面的信息提示,寫一篇80詞左右的英語短文。1.我是一名四川的學生李華,從小就是大熊貓愛好者;2.三年前,我很高興得知大熊貓白云生了她的女兒蘇林;3.在你們的網(wǎng)站上我一直關注著蘇林的成長;4.得知她在你們動物園生活得非常好,我很高興;5.明年夏天我去美國的時候要去動物園看她;6.非常感謝你們?yōu)檎疹櫞笮茇埜冻龅膭趧印Ｗ⒁?正確使用時態(tài)進行短文寫作。答案

Onepossibleversion:IamLiHua,astudentinSichuan.IhavebeenapandaloversinceIwasa

child.ThreeyearsagoIwasdelightedtolearnthatBaiyungavebirthtoher

daughterSulinandIhavebeenwatchinghergrowthonyourwebsite.When

learningSulinislivingwellinyourzoonow,Iamveryhappy.Iwillvisit

herwhenIgotoAmericanextsummer.Thankyouverymuchforyourcaringforthepandas.三、實戰(zhàn)提能假如你是李華,與同學王明約好到他家討論將要舉行的英語演講比賽。

但是在路上你目睹了一起交通事故,并把傷者送往醫(yī)院,沒能赴約。請

你給他寫一封道歉信,信的內容如下:1.向王明表示歉意;2.解釋未能赴約的原因;3.約定時間以便再作討論。注意:1.詞數(shù)80左右;2.可適當增加細節(jié),以使行文連貫。

我會審題文章體裁應用文(道歉信)主要人稱第一人稱和第二人稱寫作提示1.本文的要點較多,一定注意覆蓋所有的要點2.本文是一封道歉信,要特別注意其中的禮貌用語3.本文既要陳述過去發(fā)生的事情,又要表達自己的歉意,因此要特別注意時態(tài)的應用。陳述過去的事

情要用過去時,而解釋和約定要用現(xiàn)在時和將來時我會聯(lián)想1.詞匯鋪路(1)沒有做成某事failtodosth.

(2)原諒某人某事excusesb.forsth.

(3)偶遇comeacross

(4)急送某人去醫(yī)院rushsb.tohospital

(5)在某人方便的時候atsb.’sconvenience

2.句型搭橋(1)Iamwritingtoyouthisletterofapologyfor...(2)Ihopeyouwillacceptmyapologyfor...(3)Iwillappreciateitifyou...

我會表達答案

Onepossibleversion:DearWangMing,Iamwritingtoyouthisletterofapologyforfailingtomeetyouforthedis-

cussionaboutthecomingEnglishspeechcontest.Pleaseexcusemeformyabsence.Onthewaytoyourhome,Icameacross

acaraccident.AmanwasseriouslyinjuredandIhadtorushhimtohospitalinataxi.NotuntiltheinjuredmanwastreateddidIleavethehospital.Therefore,it’snotmyoriginalintentiontomissthemeeting.Pleaseacceptmysincereapology.Iwillappreciateitifyoukindlytellme

whenitwillbeatyourconveniencesothatwewilldiscussthecontestlater.Lookingforwardtoseeingyou.Yourssincerely,LiHua第11講開頭和結尾在寫作中的應用——鳳頭豹尾,雙管齊下一、魔法導航引人入勝的開頭(鳳頭)是寫作成功的保障,而回味無窮的結尾(豹尾)可

以為文章錦上添花。因此,熟練掌握恰當?shù)拈_頭和結尾方式對提升作文

品質至關重要。(一)記敘文的常用開頭和結尾法常用開頭法1.情景鋪墊法:在文章的開頭先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交代清楚。LastTuesday,ourclassinvitedanoldcraftsmantoteachushowtomake

doughfigurines.2.環(huán)境襯托法:在文章開頭利用自然景物或社會環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物

或談論的話題。3.回憶引題法:通過回憶的方法引入文章要表達的主題。Howtimeflies!Itistwoweekssinceyoucametoourschoolandyouare

goingtoreturntoEnglandsoon.(2016天津)常用結尾法1.隱含式:用含蓄的手法間接地表達作者的情感或看法,讓讀者自己意會

或思索。Grandpaandthechildrenwereveryhappytoseethebirdflyingawayin

thesky.2.抒情式:直抒胸臆,表達自己的看法或情感。I’mconfidentthatI’llliveuptotheexpectationofmyfuture.3.點題式:總結全文,進一步升華主題。FromthisexperienceIhavelearntthatquestioningcanserveasabridge

thathelpsustoseekthetruth.(二)說明文的常用開頭和結尾法常用開頭法1.開篇點題法:一開頭就點明文章要介紹的事物。Everyonehashisfavoriteseasonwhilespringismyfavorite.(2016四川)2.問題引入法:在文章的開頭先用提問題的方法引出文章涉及的內容。Whatshouldpeoplereallydotoencouragetheirkidstoconcentratetheir

timeandenergyonstudyinglessonsanddoingwell?3.引用數(shù)據(jù)法:利用數(shù)據(jù)引出要說明的問題或談論的主題。Morethan60%ofthemiddleschoolstudentsareshort-sighted,arecently

studyshows.常用結尾法結論式:總結說明的事物,進一步說明其特征、影響、意義等。Inconclusion,thetruefriendshipmeansalottome,whichcontributestomy

recoveryaswellashelpsmesucceedinstudy.(三)議論文的常用開頭和結尾法常用開頭法1.點明主旨法:提出一個觀點或論據(jù)作為文章要闡述的主題。ThepersonIwouldliketointerviewisYangLiwei.2.列舉實例/現(xiàn)象法:通過實例或現(xiàn)象引出要談論的話題。Thephenomenonof“Myfriendfalls,Ilaugh;myphonefalls,Icry.”

sometimesexistsaroundus.常用結尾法1.概括式:用一句或幾句話概括全文內容,進一步深化主題或強調作者的

觀點。So,it’ssafetoconcludethatitisreasonabletoincludeEnglishwhichfacili-

tatesdailycommunication.2.引用式:引用格言、諺語或習語總結全文。Asaproverbgoes,“Romewasn’tbuiltinaday.”Successisnoteasy,so

whateverfailuresweexperience,weshouldbelieveinourselvesandkeep

trying.3.展望或呼吁式:在文章的結尾表示對未來的展望或期待,希望或呼吁人

們投入行動。It’severybody’sdutytoobservethetrafficrulestokeepoursocietyinor-

derandgoingontherighttrack.二、學以致用1.完美文章根據(jù)文章內容給下面短文寫一個恰當?shù)拈_頭和結尾。Howtokeephealthy文章開頭:Withtheimprovementoflivingstandards,moreandmore

peoplearepayingattentiontotheirhealth.

Herearesomesuggestionstohelpyoukeephealthy.Tobeginwith,you

oughttokeepupagoodstateofmind,whichisofgreatbenefittoreducing

pressureandfightingagainstdiseases.Inaddition,it’sagoodideatokeepabalanceddiet,whichshouldincludeenergy-givingfoodsandbody-building

foods.Lastbutnotleast,notonlyshouldyouhaveenoughsleepandrest,

butyoushouldalsodoexerciseregularly.Inthisway,youcanbuildupyour

bodyaswellasensureyouworkwell.文章結尾:Inconclusion,solongasyouformgoodlifehabitsandeat

healthyfoods,youcanliveahealthyandhappylife.

2.話題寫作【本期話題】文化交流【寫作微練】請根據(jù)下面的提示,寫一篇80詞左右的英語短文。1.不同文化背景的人打招呼的方式各不相同;2.有的擁抱,有的握手,有時甚至引起誤會;3.為了能更好地交流,要了解一些不同國家的文化習俗;4.身處異國時,我們要入鄉(xiāng)隨俗,不要給國家丟臉。注意:給出恰當?shù)奈恼麻_頭和結尾。答案

Onepossibleversion:Generallyspeaking,peoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentwaysto

greeteachother.Whenmeetingeachother,somehug,someshakehands,and

sometimestheyarelikelytocausemisunderstanding.Thus,inorderto

communicatewellwithforeigners,weshouldlearnsomethingaboutculture

andcustomsofdifferentcountries.What’smore,whenabroad,weshould

keepinmindthatwearerepresentingourcountryandtrynottoloseface.Justastheproverbgoes,“WheninRomedoastheRomansdo.”三、實戰(zhàn)提能(2018浙江紹興一模)一批外國交流生將來你校學習一周。為幫助他們盡快適應學校生活,校

學生會將舉辦一場歡迎晚會。假設你是李華,請代表學生會用英語在晚

會上簡短致辭,內容包括:1.表示熱烈歡迎;2.學習課程:安排以了解中國文化為目的學習課程;3.實踐活動:學習一些中國傳統(tǒng)烹飪技巧并組織一次使用筷子比賽。注意:1.詞數(shù)80左右;2.可以適當增加細節(jié),以使行文連貫。

我會審題文章體裁應用文主要人稱第二人稱寫作提示1.文章有三個主要要點,但是每個要點都有二級要點。注意不要遺漏2.題目要求的內容信息比較多,注意內容的合理安排3.注意使用非謂語動詞,使文章的句子多樣化我會聯(lián)想1.詞匯鋪路(1)代表onbehalfof

(2)熱忱歡迎h(huán)eartilywelcome

(3)按計劃bescheduledto

(4)投入進去getinvolved

2.句型搭橋(1)Youarescheduledto...(2)Iamnotsure...(3)Ifpossible...我會表達答案

Onepossibleversion:Onbehalfofthestudents’union,Iheartilywelcomeyoutoourschool.Inthecomingweek,youarescheduledtoexploremoreaboutthesplendid

Chineseculturethroughsomespecificclassesandco-curricularactivities.

Beingacountryofgreattraditions,itscookingskillsareoutstanding.

Hence,you’lllearnsomeChinesecookingskills.Meanwhile,acompetitionorganizedattheendwillallowyoutodisplayhowskillfulyouareatusingchopsticks.IhighlyencourageyoutogetinvolvedandhaveanenjoyablestayinChina.第12講過渡在寫作中的應用——上貫下聯(lián),渾然一體一、魔法導航(一)合理使用連詞增加句子之間的連貫性。連詞是增加句子之間連貫

性的重要手段,它主要包括并列連詞和從屬連詞。1.并列連詞:用來連接并列的詞與詞、分句與分句或句子與句子,常用的

并列連詞有:and、or、but、yet、for、while、neither...nor、notonly...

butalso。如:(1)Iwouldlovetogotoamuseum,butmostofmyclassmateswantedto

goforapicnic.(2)Itnotonlyaffectsoureverydaylife,butmayalsothreatenpeople’s

lives.2.從屬連詞:常用來引導各種狀語從句。如:(1)Wecansetoutearlysothatwewillhavemoretimetoreadandselect

books.(2016全國Ⅲ)(2)Ifyouareabletocomewithus,pleaseletusknowandwe’llwaitfor

youattheschoolgateat9inthemorning.(3)Ifyoucouldcome,thereisnoneedforyoutotakefoodbutyou’dbetter

wearsportsshoesandsuitableclothes.(2017浙江)(二)恰當?shù)厥褂眠^渡語。過渡語可增強句子之間的連貫性,它主要包括起連接作用的副詞和起過渡作用的插入語等。如:(1)However,IamnotquitesureofthelanguageandtheformatI’veused.

(2016全國Ⅰ)(2)Ontheonehand,itcanstrengthenthehealthawareness.Ontheother

hand,itislikelytobringaboutover-anxiety.(3)Seeingyouradinthenewspaper,IshowgreatinterestinitandIwantto

learnmoreinformationaboutyourcourses.Firstofall,wouldyouplease

tellmetheexactstartdate?Bytheway,howmanyschoolhoursarethereeachweek?What’smore,I’dliketoknowhowmuchIshallpayforthe

courseandwhattypeofaccommodationyouwillprovideforme.同學們要熟記下表中在寫作中常用的過渡語:表時間atfirst,then,afterwards,before,after,intheend,later,inthefuture,immediately表順序first,second,then,lastly,finally,lastbutnotleast表并列或遞進besides,what’smore,inaddition,also,moreover,furthermore,worsestill表個人觀點inmyopinion/view,frommypointofview,asfarasImconcerned表總結inaword,ingeneral,tosumup,allinall,insummary,inconclusion,generallyspeaking,inbrief表轉折或對比however,onthecontrary,yet,bycomparison,bycontrast,ontheotherhand表因果therefore,thus,asaresult,so(三)正確使用段落主題句和總結句。段落主題句和總結句可以使文章

首尾呼應,在意義上形成一個整體,從而在宏觀層次上達到增強句子連

貫性的目的。如:April12ismemorablebecauseourclasshadameaningfulexperienceon

thatday.Inthemorning,webicycledtothesuburbstoplanttrees,talking

andlaughingalltheway.Uponarrival,webegantoworkimmediately.

Somewerediggingholes.Somewerecarryingandplantingyoungtrees.

Otherswerewateringthem.Aftergettingtheworkdone,weputupaboardremindingpeopletoprotectthetrees.Beforeleavingwetooksomephotostorecordourgreenaction.Seeingthelinesoftrees,weallhadasenseof

achievement.Wefeelit’sourdutytoprotectandbeautifyourenvironment.【評析】在段落的開頭作者用一個句子點出了段落中心思想,在文章

的結尾再次用一個句子表達了自己參加“綠色行動”的感受,從而升華

了主題。另外,在中間部分作者通過合理運用inthemorning、uponar-

rival、aftergettingtheworkdone、beforeleaving和seeingthelinesof

trees等過渡語把活動的整個過程以時間的順序有機地融為一體,很好地體現(xiàn)了文章的連貫性,值得大家學習和模仿。二、學以致用1.完美文章在橫線上填上合適的過渡語或過渡句使上下句連貫。(1)Inordertostudywell,weneedtoplaysportssothat/inorderthat

we

cankeepfit.(2)Manypeoplesuggestthattheparentsshouldlistenmoretotheirchil-

dren,so

theywillunderstandthembetter.(3)I’mgladtoreceiveyourletteraskingformyadviceonhowtolearn

Chinesewell.

Hereareafewsuggestions

.First,itisimportanttotakeaChinesecourse,as

youwillbeabletolearnfromtheteacherand

practicewithyourfellowstudents.(4)Therearebasicallytwowaystogetworkdone

.Oneistoworkin-

dividually.Inthisway

,peoplecandecidebythemselveswhentostart

workandhowtodoit.What’smore

,theywillbeabletolearnhow

tosolveproblemsontheirown.Peoplemayalso

choosetoworkina

team,where

theycanlearnfromeachotherandhelpeachother.Besides/Inaddition

,theymayworkoutbetterwaystogetworkdonebydiscussion.2.話題寫作【本期話題】地點介紹【寫作微練】請根據(jù)下面的提示,寫一篇80詞左右的英語短文。1.我們的祖國位于亞洲的東部,面積960萬平方千米,人口13億;2.歷史悠久,文化豐富;3.有很多聞名世界的旅游資源,如長城、九寨溝等;4.在過去的三十年發(fā)生了巨大變化。注意文章的連貫性。答案

Onepossibleversion:LocatedintheeastofAsia,ourhomelandisagreatcountrywithalonghis-

toryandrichculture.Itcoversanareaofabout9,600,000squarekilometers

withapopulationofabout1.3billion.Inaddition,therearealotofworld-

famoustouristsitesinChina,suchastheGreatWall,Jiuzhaigouandsoon,

whichattractagoodmanyvisitorsallover