【廣告?zhèn)髅健柯吠干?2021年新聞媒體中的種族和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力：來自五個市場的證據(jù)(英文)-市場營銷策劃

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FACTSHEET

March2021

RaceandLeadershipinthe

NewsMedia2021:Evidence

fromFiveMarkets

Authors:CraigT.Robertson,MeeraSelva,andRasmusKleisNielsen

Keyfindings

InthisReutersInstitutefactsheetweanalysethepercentageofnon-whitetopeditorsinastrategicsampleof100majoronlineandofflinenewsoutletsinfivedifferentmarketsacrossfourcontinents:Brazil,Germany,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdom(UK),andtheUnitedStates(US).

Lookingatasampleoftentoponlinenewsoutletsandtentopofflinenewsoutletsineachofthesemarkets,wefind:

?Overall,15%ofthe80topeditorsacrossthe

100brandscoveredarenon-white,despitethefactthat,onaverage,42%ofthegeneralpopulationacrossallfivecountriesarenon-white.IfwesetasideSouthAfricaandlookatthefourothercountriescovered,5%ofthetopeditorsarenon-white,comparedto,onaverage,30%ofthegeneralpopulation.Therehasbeennosignificantoverallincreaseinthenumberofnon-whitetopeditorsoverthelastyearacrossthemarketscovered.

?InBrazil,Germany,andtheUK,noneoftheoutletsinoursamplehaveanon-whitetopeditor.IntheUS,therearethreenon-whitetop

editorsinoursample(18%)andinSouthAfricaa

majority(60%)arenon-white.

?Ineverysinglecountrycovered,evenSouthAfrica,whichfaroutperformstheotherfourintermsoftheracialdiversityoftopeditors,thepercentageofnon-whitepeopleinthegeneralpopulationismuchhigherthanitisamongtopeditors.

?Inthefourcountrieswheredataareavailableonthenumberofnon-whitejournalists,thereisnosimplerelationshipbetweenthepercentageofnon-whitejournalistsandthepercentageofnon-whitetopeditors.InBrazilandtheUK,therearefewernon-whitetopeditorsthantherearenon-whitejournalists.InSouthAfricaandtheUS,therearemorenon-whitetopeditorsthannon-whitejournalists.

?Theshareofinternetnewsuserswhosaythattheyreadnewsfromatleastonemajoroutletwithanon-whitetopeditorrangesfrom0%inBrazil,Germany,andtheUKto86%inSouthAfrica.

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RACEANDLEADERSHIPINTHENEWSMEDIA2021:EVIDENCEFROMFIVEMARKETS

GeneralOverview

Topeditorialpositionsinmajornewsoutletsmatterbothpracticallyandsymbolically.Theyareimportantbecausetopeditorsarekeyfiguresintheleadershipanddirectionofnewsrooms.Moreover,whoeditorsaremattersforhownewsoutlets,andthenewsmedia

morebroadly,areseenbythepublic(Duffy2021).

Thesepremisesarecentraltoourongoingwork

studyingdiversityinleadershipinthenewsmedia,

bothfromtheperspectiveofgender(Robertsonetal.

2021)andrace(Nielsenetal.2020).

Wecontinuethatworkonraceandleadershiphere,documentingtheprofileoftopeditorsaftera

yearmarkedbyongoingconversationsaboutracial

justice,equity,anddiversityinmanycountries.Theyear2020onlyfurtherunderscoredhowthenewsmediaareanimportantpartoftheseconversations,whethertheyareabouttheissuesraisedbysocialmovementslikeBlackLivesMatter,structuralinequalitiesinemploymentandhealthcareaccessmadefurtherevidentbythecoronaviruspandemic,ortheongoinglegacyofcolonialismandimperialismandhowweengagewithourcollectivehistories.Thereareconcernsthatthemediacansometimesmissrelevantstoriesorperspectivesrelatedtotheseissues,inpartbecausetopeditorsexperienceandseetheunderlyingconcernsverydifferentlyfrom

thepeopleandcommunitiesmostdirectlyaffected

bythem(Arboine2020;Borzi2020).Thisiswhyitisimportanttolookatwhotopeditorsare.

Thisshortfactsheetaddstoimportantresearchbyothersworkingonraceinthenewsmedia,includingthestudieswehighlightedlastyearbyprofessionalgroups–forexample:theAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsdiversitysurvey,ledmostrecentlybyMeredithClark(Clark2019);theJournalistsintheUKreportfromBritain(Thurmanetal.2016);workondiversityinBritishnewsroomsbyWomeninJournalism(DarrahandHaddou2020);andthe‘DiversityimdeutschenJournalismus’studybyNeuedeutschenMedienmacher*inneninGermany(Boytchevetal.2020)–aswellasworkbyarangeofacademics(e.g.Merrill2021;Lücketal.2020;SomaniandTyree2020).

MethodsandData

Continuingourworkfrom2020(Nielsenetal.2020),wefocusontopeditorialleadershippositionsina

strategicsampleoffivemarkets.Thesecountries

havedifferentdemographicsandhistoriesofwhiteimperialism,colonialism,andslavery.Togetanoverviewofsimilaritiesanddifferencesacrossmarkets,aswellasanychangesinleadership,we

examinethesamecountriesin2021aswedidlast

year,namelySouthAfrica;GermanyandtheUnitedKingdomfromEurope;theUnitedStatesfromNorthAmerica;andBrazilfromSouthAmerica.Tobeabletoleverageavailabledataonthejournalisticprofessionandonnewsandmediause,weincludefivemarketsfromthosecoveredinWorldsofJournalism(Hanitzschetal.2019)andintheReutersInstituteDigitalNewsReport2020(Newmanetal.2020).Whereitispossible,wecompareourfindingstodataon

diversityinthejournalisticprofession(usingWorlds

ofJournalismdata)andinthewiderpopulation(usingcensusdata).However,dataarenotalwaysavailableandcomparisonsnotalwayspossiblebecauseoflimitedresearch,butalsobecauseoflegalrestrictionsoncollectingandretainingcertainstatisticsonrace(forinstanceinGermany).

Ourapproachisidenticaltolastyear.Ineachmarket,wefocusedonthetoptenoffline(TV,print,andradio)andonlinenewsbrandsintermsofweeklyusage,as

measuredinthe2020ReutersInstituteDigitalNews

Report(Newmanetal.2020).Ourfocusonthemostwidelyusedofflineandonlinebrandsmeansthatsomeimportantoutletswithnon-whiteeditorsare

notincludedinthesample(intheUS,forexample,

theMiamiHerald,whichhasMonicaRichardson,aBlackwoman,asexecutiveeditorisnotinthesample).Becauseofchangesinwhatthemostwidelyusedbrandsare,andourfocusonthetoptenofflineandonlinebrands,therehasbeensometurnoverinthespecificbrandsincludedintheanalysis:89ofthe100brandscoveredin2020areincludedintheanalysisagainthisyear,with11newbrandsincluded.

Foreachbrand,weidentifiedthetopeditorbycheckingtheirofficialwebpages.ThedatawerecollectedinFebruary2021.Welookedforeditor-in-chieforthenearestequivalent;forexample,executiveeditor,orheadofnewsforTV.Theexactterminologyvariesfromcountrytocountryandorganisationtoorganisation,butinmostcasesitispossibletoidentifyasingleperson.Werefertotheindividualsidentifiedcollectivelyasthetopeditors.Itisimportanttonote,ofcourse,thatthisdoesnotmeanthetopeditoristheonlypersonwhomatters

or,infact,themostimportantpersonintermsofday-to-dayeditorialdecision-making.Wecodedobservationsasmissingincaseswherebothonlineandofflineversionsofthesamebrandshareatop

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RACEANDLEADERSHIPINTHENEWSMEDIA2021:EVIDENCEFROMFIVEMARKETS

editor,sotheanalysiscoversatotalof80individualsacrossthe100brandsincludedin2021,comparedto88individualslastyear.Sometopeditors,such

asMartinBaron,ExecutiveEditoroftheWashington

Post,weresteppingdownatoraroundthetimeofdatacollection.WeincludeherethetopeditorasoflateFebruary.

Theindividualsidentifiedweredouble-checkedbyjournalistsfromthemarketinquestion,aswellasbyacademicpartnersandourresearchers.Wealsocontactedthebrandsortheirpressofficestoconfirmwhotheirtopeditorwas.Whereorganisationsresponded,wealwaysdeferredtotheirjudgement.Insomecases,whereanorganisationhasnotrespondedtoourqueryandwherethereisnosingleclearlydesignatededitor-in-chief,orrolesandresponsibilitiesacrossonlineandofflinepartsofthesameoutletareunclear,wehavemadeajudgementcallastowhotocodeasthetopeditoroftheoutletinquestion.

Followingworkontherepresentationofraceineditorialpositionsincommunicationsresearch(Chakravarttyetal.2018),weoperationalisedracebyadoptingaconceptualisationthatcontrastsinstitutionallydominantwhitepopulationsanddominatednon-whitepopulations.Raceandracialdiscriminationworkincomplexwaysnotalwaystiedtoskincolour,forexamplewhereithasareligiousdimension.Therearealsodimensionsofethnicitythatarenotalwaysrelatedtorace.However,awhite/non-whiteconceptualisationcapturessomeimportantaspectsofthisinthecountrieswecover.Wethereforedeployasimpleandreductionist,buthopefullystillilluminatingandrelevant,binary,andcodeeachtopeditoraswhiteornon-white.Non-whiteisinnowaymeanttosuggestanidentity,letaloneahomogenousgroup,giventhegreatdiversityandcomplexityofpeople’sidentities,butitprovidesawaytocategoriseotherwiseverydifferentpeoplewhocomefromdominatedethnicandracialgroups.Ithelpsuspointtoadimensionofinequalityinrepresentationatamacrolevel.

Allindividualsinthedatasetwerecodedindependentlybytheauthorsand,afterdiscussion,

allcodeswerethesame(theinitialinter-coderreliabilityscorewas0.99).Raceandethnicityarecomplicatedphenomenaandsoarestatisticsonraceandethnicity.Whatwepresenthereisbasedonourcodingoftheindividualscovered.Topeditorsmaynotineveryinstanceseethemselvesinthesameway,oralwaysbeseenbyeveryoneelseinthesameway.Allthenumberspresentedhere,bothfromourowndatacollectionandfromsecondarysourceswerelyon,shouldbeseenwiththisinmind.

Findings

Basedonthisdataset,wefindthat15%ofthetop

80editorsacrossthe100brandscoveredarenon-white.Thiscomparesto18%in2020.Itis,again,substantiallybelowthe,onaverage,42%ofpeopleinthegeneralpopulationacrossallfivemarketswhoidentifyasnon-white(basedoncensusdataandotherofficialestimates).1Itisalsobelowtheaveragepercentageofnon-whitejournalists(21%)inthefourcountrieswherewehaveavailabledata(Hanitzschetal.2019).SettingasideSouthAfrica,5%oftopeditorsacrossBrazil,Germany,theUK,andtheUSarenon-white,comparedto,onaverage,30%ofthegeneralpopulationacrossthesemarkets.

Lookingexclusivelyatthe89brandswecoveredlastyearandagainthisyear,17%ofthetopeditorsarenon-whitein2021,comparedto16%in2020.Thisreflectsthattherehasbeensometurnoveramongthetopeditors.Amongthe11newtopeditorsidentifiedandcodedamongthesebrands,fivearenon-white.However,fourofthesearefromSouthAfricaalone.Acrossbrandsincludedinboth2020and2021inthefourothermarketscovered,oneofsevenindividualsincludedforthefirsttimein2021isnon-white.Combinedwiththeneweditorsfromthe11newbrandsaddedtoourlistthisyear,thereare20newtopeditorsintotaland,ofthese,25%arenon-white(thedeclineinthetop-linefigurereflectsthefactthattherewere30%non-whitetopeditorsamongthebrandsincludedin2020butnolongeronourlistin2021).

1Forinformationaboutthegeneralpopulation,wehavereliedonofficialdatawherepossible,namely2018populationdatafromtheBrazilianInstituteofGeographyandStatistics,the2019mini-censusinGermany,2020populationestimatesfromStatisticsSouthAfrica,the2011censusintheUK,and2019populationestimatesfromtheUSCensusBureau.Racedoesnothavethesamehistoryorworkthesamewayinallthesecountries,acomplexitywesetasideheretoenablecross-nationalcomparison.Germanlawprohibitsthecollectionofofficialstatisticsaboutethniccategories,apracticethathasimportanthistoricalreasonsbehinditbuthasalsobeensubjecttosomecriticism.(‘[If]you’renotcounted,thenyoudon’tcount,’asDanielGyamerahhasputit.)Toarriveatanapproximatefigureforcomparison,wehaveaggregatedcensusdataonmigrantswithaMiddleEastern/NorthernAfrican/CentralAsian,Sub-SaharanAfrican,EastAsianandSouth/SoutheastAsian,other/unspecified/mixedbackground.

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RACEANDLEADERSHIPINTHENEWSMEDIA2021:EVIDENCEFROMFIVEMARKETS

LookingatFigure1,thepercentageofnon-whiteeditorsvariesconsiderablyacrossthefivemarketswecover.InGermanyandtheUK,aswasthecaselastyear,noneoftheoutletswecoverhasanon-whitetopeditor.InBrazil,wefindnonon-whitetopeditorsamongthebrandsincludedin2021(in2020,

therewasone).SouthAfricastillhasamajorityofnon-whitetopeditors,thoughthepercentagehasdroppedfrom68%in2020to60%in2021.IntheUS,thereisonemorenon-whitetopeditorinoursamplethisyear.

Figure1.Percentageofnon-whitetopeditorsbycountry

%Non-whitetopeditors2020%Non-whitetopeditors2021

r

P

e

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

68

60

18

11

5

00

00

0

GermanyUKBrazilUSSouthAfrica

Source:DatacollectedbytheReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalismontheethnicityoftopeditorsat100newsoutlets.

Whenwelookattherelationshipbetweenthepercentageofnon-whitepeopleworkingin

journalism,relyingondatafromWorldsofJournalism

(Hanitzschetal.2019),andthepercentageofnon-whitetopeditorsacrossourfivemarkets,showninFigure2,wefindamixedpicture(aswasthecasein2020).TheUKhasasmallnumberofnon-whitejournalists(6%)and,again,nonon-whitetopeditorsinoursample.TheUSalsohasasmallnumberof

non-whitejournalists(9%),butalargerpercentage

ofnon-whitetopeditors(18%).InBrazil,despitea

thirdofjournalistsbeingnon-white(34%),thereare

nonon-whitetopeditorsinoursamplethisyear.

SouthAfricastandsoutasanexception,withathird

ofjournalistsbeingnon-white(34%)but60%oftop

editorsbeingnon-white.(Dataontheracialidentity

ofjournalistsinGermanyisnotavailable).

Figure2.Percentageofnon-whitejournalistsvs.percentageofnon-whitetopeditors

40

Brazil

SouthAfrica

30

je

20

w

o

N

%

10

US

UK

0

0102030405060

%Non-whitetopeditors2021

Source:DatacollectedbytheReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalismontheethnicityoftopeditorsat100newsoutlets.Dataon

journalistsfromtheWorldsofJournalismproject(2012–16).Note:DataonjournalistsnotavailableinGermany.

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100

80

n

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o

60

p

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40

w

-n

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N

%

20

Germany0

0

RACEANDLEADERSHIPINTHENEWSMEDIA2021:EVIDENCEFROMFIVEMARKETS

Comparingdataonthedemographicsofthe

populationasawholewiththepercentageofnon-

whitetopeditorsineachmarket(Figure3),wefindmarkeddisparities,aswedidlastyear.DespitewelloverhalfofthepopulationinBrazilidentifyingasnon-white(57%),therearenonon-whitetopeditorsinoursample.Inmarketswithsmallerpercentagesofnon-whitepeopleinthegeneralpopulation,namelyGermanyandtheUK,therearealsononon-whitetopeditors.IntheUS,thepercentageofnon-white

topeditors(18%)isbelowhalfofthepercentage

ofnon-white(includingHispanic/Latinx)people

inthegeneralpopulation(40%).AndevenSouthAfrica,wherethepercentageofnon-whitepeopleinthegeneralpopulationis92%,hasadisparityinrepresentationamongtopeditors(60%arenon-white).Thus,inallmarketswecovertherearedisparitiesinrepresentationamongtopeditorsand,notably,inthreemarketswithmillionsofnon-whitepeople,therearenonon-whitetopeditorsatall.

Figure3.Percentageofnon-whitepeopleingeneralpopulationvs.percentageofnon-whitetopeditors

SouthAfrica

Brazil

US

UK

20

80

100

4060

%Non-whitetopeditors2021

Source:DatacollectedbytheReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalismontheethnicityoftopeditorsat100newsoutlets.Dataonthegeneralpopulationfromcensusandotherofficialgovernmentsources.

Finally,bycombiningthedatacollectedforthisReutersInstitutefactsheetwithdatafromthe2020ReutersInstituteDigitalNewsReport(Newmanetal.2020),wecanidentifytheproportionofpeopleineachmarketwhoaccessnewsfromatleastonemajornewsoutletwithanon-whitetopeditor.AsshowninFigure4,theshareofonlinenewsconsumerswhosaythattheygotnewsfromatleastonemajoroutlet(onlineoroffline)withanon-whitetopeditor

variesconsiderably,withlittlechangebetween2020and2021.AudiencesinGermanyandtheUKstillaccessednonewsfromamajoroutleteditedbyanon-whitepersoninthepastweek,whileaudiencesinBrazilnowreportgettingnonewsoverseenbyanon-whitetopeditorinthepastweek.IntheUS,in2021,42%ofonlinenewsusersusedatleastonesourcewithanon-whitetopeditor,upfrom30%lastyear,andinSouthAfrica,thefigureremains86%.

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RACEANDLEADERSHIPINTHENEWSMEDIA2021:EVIDENCEFROMFIVEMARKETS

Figure4.Percentageofonlinenewsusersusingatleastonesourcewithanon-whitetopeditor

%Onlinenewsaudience2020%Onlinenewsaudience2021

908686

80

70

60

g

e

50

42

c

e

r

40

e

P

30

30

20

9

10

0

00

Germany

00

Brazil

US

UK

SouthAfrica

Source:DatacollectedbytheReutersInstitutefortheStudyofJournalismontheethnicityoftopeditorsat100newsoutlets.Dataon

newsaudiencesfromtheReutersInstituteDigitalNewsReport2020.

Conclusion

InthisReutersInstitutefactsheetwehaveanalysedtheracialbreakdownoftopeditorsatastrategicsampleof100majoronlineandofflinenewsoutletsinfivedifferentmarketsacrossfourcontinents.Afterayearofincreasinglycriticalscrutinyofthefrequentlackofdiversityinnewsmedia,especiallyintopleadership,wefindnosignificantincreaseinthenumberofnon-whitetopeditorsacrossthemarketsandsampleofbrandscovered.

Theoverallfindingsarethesameaslastyear:relativetotheirshareofthegeneralpopulation,whitepeoplearesignificantlyover-representedamongtopeditorsinallfivecountries,andnon-whitepeoplesignificantlyunder-represented.All,ornearlyall,topeditorsinoursampleinmostofthesecountriesarewhite.SouthAfricaistheonlycountrywherethisisnotthecase,andevenherethereisamorethan30percentagepointgapbetweenthepercentageofnon-whitetopeditors(60%)andthepercentageofnon-whitepopulation(92%).InBrazil,Germany,andtheUK,wefindnonon-whitetopeditorsinoursample,thoughallthesecountriesarehometomillionsofpeopleofcolour(amajorityofthepopulationinthecaseofBrazil).

Publiccriticism,professionalandindustryself-reflection,andsurveysofnewsmedialeaderssuggestthereisarecognitioninsomequartersthatthenewsmedianeedtoreckonwith‘whojournalismisn’tserving’(CallisonandYoung2019),andthatpartof

thatreckoningisaboutthefrequentlackofdiversityintheindustryandprofessionitself,especiallyatthetop.In2020,theReutersInstitutesurveyeda

strategicsampleof136newsindustryleaders,and

amajorityrecognisedthattheirnewsorganisationneededtoaddressproblemsofethnicdiversityandnamedoneormoreinitiativesalreadyunderway

intheirorganisationtohelpdoso(Cherubinietal.

2020).Whenaskedtoidentifythebiggestpriorityintermsofnewsroomdiversityintheyearahead,apluralityidentifiedethnicdiversityasthetoppriority,aheadofdiversityintermsof,forexample,genderorsocialclassbyalargemargin(Cherubinietal.2020).Aclearmajorityoftherespondentsrecognisedthattheirorganisationswerenotdoingagoodjobwithdiversityataseniorlevel.

Thisrealisationisnotnew.TaketheUK,wherethe

SocietyofEditorsin2004wrotethat‘changingthe

complexionofthenewsroomisafundamentalchallengethatwillrequirecommitmentandastructuredapproach,drivenconsistentlyfromthetop’.Seventeenyearslater,itisnotclearthattheprofileoftopeditorsissignificantlymorediverseintermsofracethanitwasthen.Changeandturnoveratthetopisoftenslow,andevenwhenithappensitdoesnotalwaysresultingreaterdiversity.

Sotheconversation–andthecriticism–willcontinue.Willthepaceofchangeincrease?Wewillknowmorewhenwerepeatthisanalysisin2022totrackdevelopmentsinraceandequalityamongtopeditorsacrosstheworld.

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RACEANDLEADERSHIPINTHENEWSMEDIA2021:EVIDENCEFROMFIVEMARKETS

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