舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)培訓(xùn)課件

舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Recommendednutrientlevelsfor70-poundfinishinglambsarelistedinTable1.Theseproteinlevels(12percentto14percent)arehigherthanthoserecommendedbytheNationalResearchCouncil(11percentCP)basedonrecentresearchshowinglambperformanceresponse.70磅育肥羔羊的推薦營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平見(jiàn)表1.，其蛋白水平（12-14%）要高于國(guó)家科學(xué)研究委員會(huì)（NRC）推薦值（11%粗蛋白），這是基于近年來(lái)對(duì)羔羊生產(chǎn)水平的研究而提出的。NutrientLevels營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平2舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Table1.Recommendednutrientlevelsfor70-poundfinishinglambs(dry-matterbasis).表170磅育肥羊推薦營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平（干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)）%Crudeprotein粗蛋白Sodium鈉Calcium鈣Phosphorus磷Magnesium鎂Potassium鉀Sulfur硫12-140.04-0.10.21-0.520.16-0.370.04-0.080.50.14-0.163舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Oneofthemorecriticalareastowatchisthecalciumtophosphorusratio.Thisratioshouldbekeptatapproximately2or2.5to1inordertopreventurinarycalculi.Theadditionofammoniumchloride(.25ounces/head/day)totherationhasbeenrecommendedtopreventurinarycalculi;however,ammoniumchloridehasbeenimplicatedincausingthroatirritationthatleadstoexcessivecoughingandpossiblytoincreasedincidenceofprolapses.值得關(guān)注的重要領(lǐng)域之一是鈣磷比例，這個(gè)比例必須保持在2:1~2.5:1之間，以預(yù)防尿結(jié)石。以前推薦日糧中添加氯化銨（0,25盎司/頭/只），然而，氯化銨被證明可刺激咽喉而導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)烈咳嗽，也可能增加脫肛的發(fā)病率。4舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Ureaanddustmayhaveasimilarimplicationintheprolapseproblem.Ureashouldnotprovidemorethan15percentto25percentofthetotalcrudeproteininfatteningrations.尿素和粉塵具有相似的引發(fā)脫肛的問(wèn)題。在育肥羊料中，尿素所提供的蛋白不得超過(guò)總蛋白量的15-25%5舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)TraceMinerals：礦物質(zhì)Sheeparesensitivetotracemineralimbalances.Sincecopper-molybdenum-sulfurlevelsinteractwitheachother,checkthesetracemineralstopreventimbalancesandreducedperformance(Table2).Supplementsthatusepoultrymanurecontainhighcopperlevels,sospecialattentionmustbepaidtotraceminerallevelswhentheseproductsarefed.Seleniumalsoisofconcern,especiallyinareasthathaveahighincidenceofwhitemuscledisease.羊?qū)ξ⒘吭氐氖Ш夥浅Ｃ舾?，由于個(gè)體之間對(duì)銅的耐受性不銅，因此要定期監(jiān)測(cè)微量元素，以防止失衡，降低生產(chǎn)性能（表2）。使用雞糞做的補(bǔ)充飼料含有高水平的銅，因此在使用這類產(chǎn)品時(shí)，一定要特別注意，花錢檢測(cè)微量元素的水平。硒也是需要關(guān)注的一個(gè)微量元素，特別是在白肌病高發(fā)地區(qū)。6舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Table2.Tracemineralsfor70-poundfinishinglambs(dry-matterbasis).表270磅育肥羔羊的微量元素需求ppmCopper銅Iron鐵Manganese錳Zinc鋅Cobalt鈷Iodine碘Molybdenum鉬Selenium硒530-5020-4035-500.10.1-0.8>0.50.17舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Vitamins維生素VitaminsA,DandEareimportantforfinishinglambsandusuallyneedtobesupplementedinfinishingrations(Table3).Includingtheseintherationisfairlyeasy;however,somestudiesindicatethatinjectingtheseintolambsuponreceivingismoreadvantageousthanday-to-dayvitaminsupplementation.Watersolublevitamins(Bvitamins)usuallyarenotneededunlesslambsaresickandtheirdigestivesystemsarenotfunctioningproperly.維生素ADE對(duì)于育肥羔羊非常重要，通常需要在育肥日糧中額外添加（見(jiàn)表3）。這些維生素在日糧中非常普遍，但是，有些研究表明，給羔羊注射這些維生素，其吸收率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于每天補(bǔ)充飼喂的效果。水溶性維生素（B族維生素）通常不需額外添加，除非羔羊病了，它的消化系統(tǒng)不能正常運(yùn)作。8舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Table3.Vitaminsfor70-poundfinishinglambs表370磅育肥羔羊的維生素需求Vitamin維生素perheadperday每天每頭ADE1000IU300IU50mg9舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)WhatFeedingMethod?采用何種飼喂方式Essentially,twofeedingmethodsexistforfinishinglambs.Methodoneisreferredtoasperimeter,orfence-line,feeding.Theotherisaself-feedingsysteminwhichlambsgraduallyarebroughtuptoamedium-tohigh-concentrateration,andfeedisavailablecontinuously.AstudyconductedattheUniversityofMinnesotain1972comparedtheeffectsoffeedingmethodsonlambperformance(Table4).基本上，羔羊育肥分為兩種方式。一種被稱為圍欄邊或柵欄邊飼喂方式，另一種為自由采食的飼喂方式，采用這種飼喂方式的羔羊逐漸由中等精料過(guò)渡到高精料的日糧，飼料要持續(xù)不斷地供給。1972年，明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究，比較了兩種飼喂方式對(duì)羔羊生產(chǎn)性能的影響（表4）.10舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Onegroupoflambswashand-fedtwicedailywhiletheotherswereself-fed.Thoselambsgiven24-houraccesstoaself-feederconsumedmoreandgainedsignificantlymorethanhand-fedlambs.Feedefficiencyalsoimprovedsignificantlywithself-feeding.一組羔羊采用人工飼喂方式，每天飼喂兩次；另外一組采用自由采食方式，這些羔羊可以一天24小時(shí)從自由采食喂料器中獲得飼料，采食量和增重要顯著高于人工飼喂，自由采食的飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率同樣也顯著提高。11舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Table4.Methodoffeedingandlambperformance(Minn.’72)表4飼喂方式和羔羊生產(chǎn)水平（Minn，1972年）Hand-fed人工飼喂2x/day每天兩次Self-fed自由采食ADG(lbs)日增重（磅）Intake(lbs)日采食量（磅）FE飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率（料重比）0.583.275.640.753.534.7112舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)StartingLambsonFeed從采食開(kāi)始Timingthestartoflambsonfeediscriticalinfeeder-lambmanagement.Typically,whenlambsarestartedonfeed,theyarebroughtgraduallyfromahighroughage-lowconcentratetoahighconcentrate-lowroughagerationoverseveralweeks.Somefeedlotshaveaseriesoffivetoninedifferentrationsthatarechangedeverytwotothreedaystoenablelambstoadapttoahigh-concentratefinishingrationwithin15to20days.在舍飼羔羊的管理中，確定羔羊開(kāi)始采食飼料的時(shí)間是非常關(guān)鍵的。通常，當(dāng)羔羊開(kāi)始采食飼料時(shí)，要用幾周的時(shí)間，逐漸地由高粗料日糧過(guò)渡到高精料日糧。有些飼養(yǎng)場(chǎng)有一系列的5-9種不同的日糧，每隔兩到三天變更一種，以使羔羊在15-20天內(nèi)適應(yīng)高精料育肥日糧。13舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)WhatConcentrateLevel?使用什么營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平的精料Energylevelisoneofthemajorfactorsusedinfinishing-lambrationsandisoneofthemostimportant.A1973studyconductedatColby,Kansas,evaluatedconcentratelevelinlamb-finishingrations.Thedietcontained17percentcrudeproteinonadry-matterbasis.Concentratelevelsof100percent,90percent,75percentand50percentwereevaluated(Table5).能量水平是羔羊育肥日糧的一個(gè)主要因素，也是最重要的一個(gè)因素。1973年，atColby,Kansas做了一個(gè)研究，評(píng)估了羔羊育肥日糧中的不同精料水平的效果。這種精料含17%的粗蛋白（干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)），在日糧中的添加比例分別為100%、90%、75%和50%，評(píng)估結(jié)果見(jiàn)表5.15舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Milowasusedasthegrainsource.Concentratelevelsof90percentand75percentprovidedsignificantlyhigheraverage-daily-gainsthanthe50percentor100percentconcentratelevel.Feedefficiencyimprovedastheconcentratelevelincreasedintheration.However,feeding100percentconcentrateisnotrecommendedinmostinstancesbecauseproblemswithenterotoxemiaorovereatingdiseasecouldincrease.Furthermore,lambsshouldbevaccinatedforenterotoxemiaorovereatingdiseaseatleasttwicepriortobeingfedahigh-concentrateration.高粱用作精料的谷物來(lái)源。精料水平為90%和75%的日糧，其平均日增重顯著高于精料水平100%和50%的日糧。飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率隨著日糧中精料水平的提高而提高。然而，100%飼喂精料在大多數(shù)情況下是不提倡的，因?yàn)樗嶂卸竞脱蚰c毒血癥會(huì)顯著增加。因此，在飼喂高精料日糧之前，羔羊至少兩次注射免疫酸中毒和羊腸毒血癥。16舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Table5.Energylevelsandperformanceoflambs.1表5能量水平和羔羊的生產(chǎn)性能Concentrate,%；精料%100907550ADG(lbs)日增重0.66a0.77b0.79b0.70aFE飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率4.604.765.245.95ColbySheepDay,1979.abP<.0517舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)AnotherstudyconductedinColby,Kansas,evaluatedthepercentwheatinthegrainportionofa70percent-concentrateration.Wheatlevelsof0percent,25percent,50percent,75percent,or100percentofthe70percent-concentraterationwereevaluated(Table6).Wheatreplacedmiloasthegrainsource.ADGwasnotaffectedsignificantlybyreplacingmilowithwheatintheration’sgrainportion.Feedefficiencywasmostimprovedwhenwheatwasincludedat100percentofthegrainportionofa70percent-concentrateration.Colby,Kansas做了另外一項(xiàng)研究，評(píng)估了含70%精料的日糧中，谷物部分用不同比例小麥替代的效果。小麥的水平有0%、25%、50%、75%和100%。小麥代替高粱作為谷物飼料來(lái)源。當(dāng)日糧中的谷物部分，用小麥代替高粱，日增重不受影響。而一個(gè)含70%精料的日糧中的谷物部分100&使用小麥的時(shí)候，飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率大大提高了。18舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Table6.Wheatlevelsand104-daylambperformance.1表6小麥水平和104天羔羊的生產(chǎn)性能%Wheatingrainportionofration小麥占日糧的谷物部分的比例0255075100ADG(lbs)日增重0.610.600.630.640.63FE飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率5.124.924.855.004.56ColbySheepDay,1979.19舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Exercisecautionwhenusingprocessedwheat.Itshouldnotmakeupmorethan50percentofthegraininaration.AnotherColbystudyevaluatedwheatandalfalfalevelsinself-fedgroundrations.Wheatmadeup82percent,68percent,60percentand48percentwhilealfalfawasincludedat10percent,25percent,35percentand50percentofthefourrations,respectively.(Table7).使用加工小麥一定要注意，它在日糧中的添加比例不能超過(guò)50%。Colby的另一個(gè)研究評(píng)估了在自由采食粉狀日糧中小麥和苜蓿的添加水平。在苜蓿的添加水平10%、25%、35%和50%四種日糧中，小麥分別占了82%、68%、60%和48%。見(jiàn)表720舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Table7.Wheatandalfalfalevelinlambfatteningrations.1表7育肥日糧中小麥和苜蓿的添加水平Alfalfalevels苜蓿水平10253550ADG(lbs)日增重0.780.780.750.60FE飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率4.504.245.214.58ColbySheepDay,1979.abP<.0521舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Lambsfedthe50percentalfalfarationneeded5.33poundsoffeedtoproduceapoundofgain.Thoseonthe25percentalfalfaration(themostefficient)required4.24lbsoffeedtoproduceapoundofpostweaninggain。Wheatrationscontainingupto35percentalfalfaproducedsatisfactorygainswhenfedtogrowing-finishinglambs.Whenthelevelofalfalfareached50percentperformancedroppedmarkedly.飼喂含50%苜蓿的羔羊需要5.33磅飼料才能產(chǎn)生1磅的增重，而含25%苜蓿的日糧只需4.24磅飼料就可以產(chǎn)生1磅的斷奶后增重（這是最有效率的）。小麥日糧中含有35%的苜蓿，在飼喂生長(zhǎng)育肥羊羔羊的時(shí)候，可產(chǎn)生令人滿意的增重。當(dāng)苜蓿的添加水平達(dá)到50%四，生產(chǎn)水平顯著下降。22舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)ShouldGrainBeProcessed?谷物是否應(yīng)該加工？Theeffectofwheatprocessingonlambperformance(Table8)wasevaluatedinaCanadianstudy.Wheatwasevaluatedinthewhole,rolledorpelletedform.Lambsfedwheatthatwaseitherwholeorrolledhadsignificantlyhigheraveragedailygains(ADG)thanlambsfedpelletedwheat.Feedefficiencyalsofavoredthewholeorrolledformofwheat.小麥加工后對(duì)羔羊生產(chǎn)性能的影響是加拿大的一項(xiàng)研究評(píng)估的（見(jiàn)表8）。小麥通過(guò)整粒、壓片和制粒三種形態(tài)來(lái)評(píng)估。飼喂整粒小麥和壓片小麥的羔羊，其日增重要顯著高于飼喂制粒小麥的羔羊。飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率也是整粒和壓片兩種形態(tài)的要好。23舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Table8.Effectofwheatprocessingonlambperformance.1表8小麥加工對(duì)羔羊生產(chǎn)的影響Item項(xiàng)目Whole整粒Rolled壓片Pellleted制粒ADG(lbs)日增重0.590.550.46FE飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率4.224.204.341Can.JournalofAnimalScience53:89.24舍飼育肥羔羊的營(yíng)養(yǎng)Barleyalsowasfedtolambsinwhole,rolledorpelletedforms(Table9).Lambperformancewassignificantlybetterwiththefeedingofwholebarley.Incomparingbarleyandwheat,wheathadaslightadvantag