2018年11月3日雅思閱讀考情回顧

雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)2018年11月3日雅思閱讀考情回顧一、考試時(shí)間：2018年11月3日（周六）二、考試概述：第一篇ThehistoryofAfricanTribe,關(guān)于非洲部落的歷史。發(fā)明發(fā)展史文章在雅思閱讀中最為常見且通常按照時(shí)間先后順序進(jìn)行描述如劍七第三套第二篇PopulationmovementsandGenetics以及劍八第二套第二篇Thelittleiceage。第二篇NewZealand’sOceanProblem關(guān)于新西蘭海洋環(huán)境問題。環(huán)境問題文章可參考劍五第一套第三篇Thetruthabouttheenvironment和劍六第一套第二篇ClimatechangeandtheInuit。第三篇ResearchaboutDreams，對夢的研究。相關(guān)心理類文章可參考劍七第一套第三篇EducatingPsyche和劍五第一套第二篇NatureorNurture。三、文章簡介Passage1:ThehistoryofAfricanTribe，關(guān)于非洲部落的歷史Passage2:NewZealand’sOceanProblem，新西蘭海洋環(huán)境問題Passage3:ResearchaboutDreams，對夢的研究四、篇章分析:Passage1文章內(nèi)容主要講了一個(gè)非洲部落以及其周邊的部落的發(fā)展歷史題型分布與答案參考判斷題7，填空題6參考答案：判斷題.Aoshx是個(gè)統(tǒng)的部落T.其中兩個(gè)部落的關(guān)系是敵對的F.一個(gè)部落曾經(jīng)幫助一個(gè)部落攻打另一個(gè)部落.有一個(gè)部落曾經(jīng)移民其它地區(qū)T（答案僅供參考）相關(guān)拓展CLASSIFYINGSOCIETIESAlthoughhumanshaveestablishedmanytypesofsocietiesthroughouthistory,sociologistsandanthropologiststendtoclassifydifferent雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)societiesaccordingtothedegreetowhichdifferentgroupswithinasocietyhaveunequalaccesstoadvantagessuchasresources,prestigeorpower,andusuallyrefertofourbasictypesofsocieties.Fromleasttomostsociallycomplextheyareclans,tribes,chiefdomsandstates.ClanThesearesmall-scalesocietiesofhuntersandgatherers,generallyoffewerthan100people,whomoveseasonallytoexploitwild(undomesticated)foodresources.Mostsurvivinghunter-gatherergroupsareofthiskind,suchastheHadzaofTanzaniaortheSanofsouthernAfrica.Clanmembersaregenerallykinsfolk,relatedbydescentormarriage.Clanslackformalleaders,sotherearenomarkedeconomicdifferencesordisparitiesinstatusamongtheirmembers.Becauseclansarecomposedofmobilegroupsofhunter-gatherers,theirsitesconsistmainlyofseasonallyoccupiedcamps,andothersmallerandmorespecializedsites.Amongthelatterarekillorbutcherysites—locationswherelargemammalsarekilledandsometimesbutchered—andworksites,wheretoolsaremadeorotherspecificactivitiescarriedout.Thebasecampofsuchagroupmaygiveevidenceofratherinsubstantialdwellingsortemporaryshelters,alongwiththedebrisofresidentialoccupation.TribeThesearegenerallylargerthanmobilehunter-gatherergroups,butrarelynumbermorethanafewthousand,andtheirdietorsubsistenceisbasedlargelyoncultivatedplantsanddomesticatedanimals.Typically,theyaresettledfarmers,buttheymaybenomadicwithaverydifferent,mobileeconomybasedontheintensiveexploitationoflivestock.Thesearegenerallymulti-communitysocieties,withtheindividualcommunitiesintegratedintothelargersocietythroughkinshipties.Althoughsometribeshaveofficialsandevena“capital”orseatofgovernment,suchofficialslacktheeconomicbasenecessaryforeffectiveuseofpower.雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)Thetypicalsettlementpatternfortribesisoneofsettledagriculturalhomesteadsorvillages.Characteristically,noonesettlementdominatesanyoftheothersintheregion.Instead,thearchaeologistfindsevidenceforisolated,permanentlyoccupiedhousesorforpermanentvillages.Suchvillagesmaybemadeupofacollectionoffree-standinghouses,likethoseofthefirstfarmsoftheDanubevalleyinEurope.Ortheymaybeclustersofbuildingsgroupedtogether,forexample,thepueblosoftheAmericanSouthwest,andtheearlyfarmingvillageorsmalltownof^atalhoyukinmodernTurkey.ChiefdomTheseoperateontheprincipleofranking-differencesinsocialstatusbetweenpeople.Differentlineages(alineageisagroupclaimingdescentfromacommonancestor)aregradedonascaleofprestige,andtheseniorlineage,andhencethesocietyasawhole,isgovernedbyachief.Prestigeandrankaredeterminedbyhowcloselyrelatedoneistothechief,andthereisnotruestratificationintoclasses.Theroleofthechiefiscrucial.Often,thereislocalspecializationincraftproducts,andsurplusesoftheseandoffoodstuffsareperiodicallypaidasobligationtothechief.Heusesthesetomaintainhisretainers,andmayusethemforredistributiontohissubjects.Thechiefdomgenerallyhasacenterofpower,oftenwithtemples,residencesofthechiefandhisretainers,andcraftspecialists.Chiefdomsvarygreatlyinsize,buttherangeisgenerallybetweenabout5000and20,000persons.EarlyStateThesepreservemanyofthefeaturesofchiefdoms,buttheruler(perhapsakingorsometimesaqueen)hasexplicitauthoritytoestablishlawsandalsotoenforcethembytheuseofastandingarmy.Societynolongerdependstotallyuponkinrelationships:itisnowstratifiedintodifferentclasses.Agriculturalworkersandthepoorerurbandwellersformthelowestclasses,withthecraftspecialistsabove,andthepriestsandkinsfolkoftherulerhigherstill.Thefunctionsoftherulerareoften

雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)separatedfromthoseofthepriest:palaceisdistinguishedfromtemple.Thesocietyisviewedasaterritoryownedbytherulinglineageandpopulatedbytenantswhohaveanobligationtopaytaxes.Thecentralcapitalhousesabureaucraticadministrationofofficials;oneoftheirprincipalpurposesistocollectrevenue(oftenintheformoftaxesandtolls)anddistributeittogovernment,armyandcraftspecialists.Manyearlystatesdevelopedcomplexredistributionsystemstosupporttheseessentialservices.Thisrathersimplesocialtypology,setoutbyElmanServiceandelaboratedbyWilliamSandersandJosephMarino,canbecriticized,anditshouldnotbeusedunthinkingly.Nevertheless,ifweareseekingtotalkaboutearlysocieties,wemustusewordsandhenceconceptstodoso.Service’scategoriesprovideagoodframeworktohelporganizeourthoughts.Passage2：文章內(nèi)容關(guān)于氣溫上升對新西蘭環(huán)境的影響，如海洋生物和動(dòng)物的種類數(shù)量下降等。題型分布與答案參考標(biāo)題配對題6，填空題3，選擇題3參考答案待補(bǔ)充相關(guān)拓展NewZealandSeaweedCallusnotweeds;weareflowersofthesea.SectionASeaweedisaparticularlynutritiousfood,whichabsorbsandconcentratestracesofawidevarietyofmineralsnecessarytothebody‘shealth.Manyelementsmayoccurinseaweed-aluminium,barium,calcium,chlorine,copper,iodineandiron,tonamebutafew-tracesnormallyproducedbyerosionandcarriedtotheseaweedbedsbyriverandseacurrents.Seaweedsarealsorichinvitamins:indeed,EskimosobtainahighproportionoftheirbodilyrequirementsofvitaminCfromtheseaweedstheyeat.雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)Thenutritivevalueofseaweedhaslongbeenrecognized.Forinstance,thereisaremarkablylowincidenceofgoiteramongsttheJapanese,andforthatmatter,amongstourownMaoripeople,whohavealwayseatenseaweeds,andthismaywellbeattributedtothehighiodinecontentofthisfood.ResearchintooldMaorieatingcustomsshowsthatjelliesweremadeusingseaweeds,freshfruitandnuts,fuchsiaandtutuberries,capegooseberries,andmanyotherfruitswhicheithergrewherenaturallyorweresownfromseedsbroughtbysettlersandexplorers.SectionBNewZealandlaysclaimtoapproximately700speciesofseaweed,someofwhichhavenorepresentationoutsidethiscountry.Ofseveralspeciesgrownworldwide,NewZealandalsohasaparticularlylargeshare.Forexample,itisestimatedthatNewZealandhassome30speciesofGigartina,acloserelativeofcarrageenorIrishmoss.TheseareoftenreferredtoastheNewZealandcarrageens.Thegel-formingsubstancecalledagarwhichcanbeextractedfromthisspeciesgivesthemgreatcommercialapplicationinseameal,fromwhichseamealcustardismade,andincoughmixtures,confectionery,cosmetics,thecanning,paintandleatherindustries,themanufactureofduplicatingpads,andintoothpastes.Infact,duringWorldWarII,NewZealandGigartinaweresenttoAustraliatobeusedintoothpaste.SectionCYetalthoughNewZealandhassomuchofthecommerciallyprofitableredseaweeds,severalofwhichareasourceofagar(Pterocladia,Gelidium,Chondrus,Gigartina),before1940relativelylittleusewasmadeofthem.NewZealandusedtoimporttheNorthernHemisphereIrishmoss(Chonduscrispus)fromEnglandandready-madeagarfromJapan.AlthoughdistributionoftheGigartinaisconfinedtocertainareasaccordingtospecies,itisonlyontheeastcoastoftheNorthIslandthatitsoccurrenceisrare.Andeventhen,theeastcoast,andtheareaaroundHokiangna,haveaconsiderablesupplyofthetwospeciesofPterocladiafromwhichagarisalsoavailable.Happily,NewZealand-madeagaris雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)nowobtainableinhealthfoodshops.SectionDSeaweedsaredividedintothreeclassesdeterminedbycolor-red,brownandgreen-andeachtendstoliveinaspecificlocation.However,exceptfortheunmistakablesealettuce(Ulva),fewaretotallyonecolor;andespeciallywhendry,somespeciescanchangecolorquitesignificantly-abrownonemayturnquiteblack,oraredoneappearblack,brown,pinkorpurple.Identificationisneverthelessfacilitatedbythefactthatthefactorswhichdeterminewhereaseaweedwillgrowarequiteprecise,andtheytendthereforetooccurinverywell-definedzones.Althoughthereareexceptions,thegreenseaweedsaremainlyshallow-wateralgae;thebrownsbelongtomediumdepths,andtheredsareplantsofthedeeperwater.Flatrocksurfacesnearmid-leveltidesarethemostusualhabitatofsea-bombs,Venus’necklaceandmostbrownseaweeds.ThisisalsothelocationofthepurplelaveronMaorikarengo,whichlooksratherlikeareddish-purplelettuce.Deep-waterrocksonopencoasts,exposedonlyatverylowtide,areusuallythesiteofbullkelp,strapweedsandsimilartoughspecimens.Thosespeciesabletoresistlongperiodsofexposuretosunandairareusuallyfoundontheuppershore,whilethoselessabletostandsuchexposureoccurnearertoorbelowthelow-watermark.Radiationfromthesun,thetemperaturelevel,andthelengthoftimeimmersedallplayapartinthezoningofseaweeds.SectionEPropagationofseaweedsoccursbyspores,orbyfertilizationofeggcells.Nonehaverootsintheusualsense;fewhaveleaves,andnonehaveflowers,fruitsorseeds.Theplantsabsorbtheirnourishmentthroughtheirfrondswhentheyaresurroundedbywater:thebaseor“holdfast”ofseaweedsispurelyanattachingorgan,notanabsorbingone.SectionF

雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)Someofthelargeseaweedsmaintainbuoyancywithair-filledfloats;others,suchasbullkep,havelargecellsfilledwithair.Some,whichspendagoodpartoftheirtimeexposedtotheair,oftenreducedehydrationeitherbyhavingswollenstemsthatcontainwater,ortheymay(likeVenus’necklace)haveswollennodules,ortheymayhavedistinctiveshapelikeasea-bomb.Others,liketheseacactus,arefilledwithslimyfluidorhavecoatingofmucilageonthesurface.Insomeofthelargerkelps,thiscoatingisnotonlytokeeptheplantmoistbutalsotoprotectitfromtheviolentactionofwaves.Passage3：文章內(nèi)容分析夢產(chǎn)生的原因以及對人們生活的影響題型分布與判斷題4，單選題5，配對題5答案參考參考答案待補(bǔ)充相關(guān)拓展TheOriginsofLaughterWhilejokingandwitareuniquelyhumaninventions,laughtercertainlyisnot.Othercreatures,includingchimpanzees,gorillasandevenrats,laugh.Thefactthattheylaughsuggeststhatlaughterhasbeenaroundforalotlongerthanwehave.Thereisnodoubtthatlaughingtypicallyinvolvesgroupsofpeople.“Laughterevolvedasasignaltoothers—italmostdisappearswhenwearealone,”saysRobertProvine,aneuroscientistattheUniversityofMaryland.Provinefoundthatmostlaughtercomesasapolitereactiontoeverydayremarkssuchas“seeyoulater”,ratherthananythingparticularlyfunny.Andthewaywelaughdependsonthecompanywe’rekeeping.Mentendtolaughlongerandharderwhentheyarewithotherman,perhapsasawayofbonding.Womentendtolaughmoreandatahigherpitchwhenmenarepresent,possiblyindicatingflirtationorevensubmission.Tofindtheoriginsoflaughter,Provinebelievesweneedtolookatplay.雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)Hepointsoutthatthemastersoflaughingarechildren,andnowhereistheirtalentmoreobviousthanintheboisterousantics,andtheoriginalcontextisplay.Well-knownprimatewatchers,includingDianFosseyandJaneGoodall,havelongarguedthatchimpslaughwhileatplay.Thesoundtheyproduceisknownasapantlaugh.Itseemsobviouswhenyouwatchtheirbehavior—theyevenhavethesameticklishspotsaswedo.Butafterremovingthecontext,theparallelbetweenhumanlaughterandachimp’scharacteristicpantlaughisnotsoclear.WhenPorvineplayedatapeofthepantlaughsto119ofhisstudents,forexample,onlytwoguessedcorrectlywhatiswas.Thesefindingsunderlinehowchimpandhumanlaughtervary.Whenwelaughthesoundisusuallyproducedbychoppingupasingleexhalationintoaseriesofshorterwithonesoundproducedoneachinwardandoutwardbreath.Thequestionis:doesthispantlaughterhavethesamesourceasourownlaughter?Newresearchlandsweighttotheideathatitdoes.ThefindingscomefromElkeZimmerman,headoftheInstituteforZoologyinGermany,whocomparedthesoundsmadebybabiesandchimpanzeesinresponsetoticklingduringthefirstyearoftheirlife.Usingsoundspectrographstorevealthepitchandintensityofvocalizations,shediscoveredthatchimpandhumanbabylaughterfollowbroadlythesamepattern.Zimmermanbelievestheclosenessofbabylaughtertochimplaughtersupportstheideathatlaughterwasaroundlongbeforehumansarrivedonthescene.Whatstartedsimplyasamodificationofbreathingassociatedwithenjoyableandplayfulinteractionshasacquiredasymbolicmeaningasanindicatorofpleasure.Pinpointingwhenlaughterdevelopedisanothermatter.Humansandchimpsshareacommonancestorthatlivedperhaps8millionyearsago,butanimalsmighthavebeenlaughinglongbeforethat.Moredistantlyrelatedprimates,includinggorillas,laugh,andanecdotalevidencesuggeststhatothersocialmammalscandotoo.Scientistsarecurrentlytestingsuchstorieswithacomparativeanalysisofjusthowcommonlaughterisamonganimals.Sofar,though,themostcompellingevidence雅思考試機(jī)經(jīng)forlaughterbeyondprimatescomesfromresearchdonebyJaakPankseppfromBowlingGreenStateUniversity,Ohio,intotheultrasonicchirpsproducedbyratsduringplayandinresponsetotickling.Allthisstilldoesn’tanswerthequestionofwhywelau