英美文學期末考試

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，轉Word此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡整理，如有侵權，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！名詞解釋1、英國浪漫主義（EnglandRomanticism）Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,andartinwesterncultureduringmostofthe19century,beginningasrevoltagainstthclassicism.Romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassionemotion,andnaturalbeauty.TheEnglishRomanticPeriodisanageofpoetry.2.英雄雙行體（Heroic）Heroiccoupletisarhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter,oftencontainingacompletethough.Thereisafairlyheavyattheendofthefirstlineandastillheavieroneattheendofthesecond.Commonlythereisaparalleloranantithesiswithinaline,orbetweenthetwolines.ItiscalledheroicbecauseinEngland,especiallyintheeighteenthcentury,itwasmuchusedforheroic(epic)poems.3.超驗主義（）InNewEngland,anintellectualmovementknowntranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism.ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetauthorsbasedinConcord,Massachusetts,andwasledRalphWaldoEmerson.LikeRomanticism,transcendentalismrejectedboth18-centuryrationalismandestablishedreligion,whichforthethtranscendentalistsmeantthePuritantraditioninparticular.Instead,thetranscendentalistscelebratedthepowerofthehumanimaginationtocommunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld.Thetranscendentalistsfoundtheirchiefsourceofaspirationinnature.4.迷茫的一代（LostGeneration）TheLostGenerationreferstothedisillusionedintellectualsandartistsoftheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvaluesbutcouldreplacethemonlybydespairorcynicalhedonism.5.啟蒙運動（Enlightenment）TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressivemovement,whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.ItwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefromthe14tothe17century.Itspurposeththwastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.TheeighteenthcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovementinEuropeknownastheEnlightenmentMovement.7.無韻體blankverseThisterm,whichwasfirstbroughtintoEnglandbySurrey,isusedtonametheunrhymediambicpentameterlineinpoetry.8.三一律TheThreeUnitiesTheThreeUnities,formulatedbyRenaissancedramatists,aretheunitiesoftime,placeandaction.Aplayshouldhavenoscenesirrelevanttotheaction,shouldnotcovermorethantwenty-fourhours,andshouldnotcovermorethanonelocale.6.自由體freeverseItistherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.9.現(xiàn)代主義ModernismModernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternational,movementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19century.Itprovidedthegreatestthrenaissanceofthe20century.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacts,suchasthsymbolismsurrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.10.英國文藝復興RenaissanceThetermreferstoagreatbourgeoisculturalmovementinEuropewhichbeganinthe14centuryandcontinuedtothemid-17century.ItfirststartedfromththItalyandthenspreadalloverEurope.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalisticideasinMedievalEurope.英國文學1.Beowulf:anationalepic2.TheRenaissance(原因：(1)rediscoveriesofancientGreekandRomanculture.(2)discoveriesingeographyandastrology.(3)Religiousreformationandeconomicexpansion.3.WilliamShakespeare》《Othello》《Macbeth》《KingLear》TheMerchantofVenice:ItisacomedydramaticironictoChristian.17世紀：4.JohnMilton(約翰彌爾頓《Paradise》blankverse(無韻體詩)5.JohnBunyan(約翰班揚《ThePilgrimsVanity”是其中最富盛名的。18世紀：6.DanielDefoe(丹尼爾笛?！禦obinsonCrusoe》反映社會現(xiàn)實。7.JonathanSwift(喬納森斯威夫特《Gulliver’sTravels》反對，諷刺英國的社會。8.William威廉布萊克：浪漫主義起始《London》from《SongsofExperience《SongsofInnocence浪漫主義時期9.WilliamWordsworth:HeusheredintheEnglishRomanticMovementwiththepopulationof“Lyrical《抒情歌謠集》成就：①advocatetousedeverydaylanguage②useofhumbleandrusticlife③advocateexpressionofspontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings《SheDweltAmongtheUntrodden》《IWanderedLonelyasaCloud》10.GeorgeGordon,Lord喬治戈登拜倫)《DonJuan唐璜)《ChildesPilgrimage哈羅爾德游記）11.PercyBysshe鉑西比希)OdetotheWestWindTheCloud》12.JohnKeats《OdetoaNightingale》夜鶯頌)13.Jane簡奧斯汀《Prideand》傲慢與偏見)主題：Thetitleofthisnovelrevealsthenovelistsconcern:ifmakinggoodrelationshipisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.AccordingtoJaneAusten,ourfirstimpressionsareusuallywrong,asisshownherbythatofElizabeth.維多利亞時期14.CharlesDickens(查爾斯狄更斯)《TaleofTwoCities》雙城記)《OliverTwist》霧都孤兒)史詩的散文15.WilliamMakepeace威廉梅克匹斯薩克雷《VanityFair》16.CharlotteBronte&Emily夏洛蒂勃朗特&艾蜜莉勃朗特)Charlotte——《JaneEmily——《Wuthering》17.Robert羅伯特布朗寧——丈夫dramaticmonologues戲劇獨白ElizabethBarrett——妻子《FromSonnetsfromthe:寫給她丈夫20世紀18.ThomasHardy(托馬斯哈代)Nostalgia懷鄉(xiāng)情調，他以自己家鄉(xiāng)Wessex為背景《Tessofthe’Urbervilles》19.OscarWilde(奧斯卡伍爾德：被認為同性戀而入獄《ThePictureofDorian》唯一的一部小說20.GeorgeBernardShaw(蕭伯納)GreatestdramatistsinceShakespeare,主要關注社會問題，discussionplays21.D.H.勞倫斯第一部《白孔雀》《TheWhite》《SonsandLovers》第一部自由體，利用心理分析美國文學1.EdgarAllanPoe埃德加﹒愛倫﹒坡《toTheRaven》烏鴉2.RalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫﹒沃爾多﹒愛默生transcendentalist）3.NathanielHawthorne納撒尼爾﹒霍?！都t字》TheScarletLetter4.WaltWhitman沃爾特﹒惠特曼《SongofMyself》5.EmilyDickinson艾米麗﹒迪金森《IheardaFlybuzz-whenIdied-》19c女詩人Herthemesincludelove,nature,《ABirdcamedowntheWalk-》6.MarkTwainTheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventuresofHuckleberry》哈克貝利﹒芬歷險記7.JackLondon杰克﹒倫敦《Martin》自傳體小說《TheSeaWolf》8.TheodoreDreiser西奧多﹒德萊賽《Sister》嘉莉妹妹9.EzraPound埃茲拉﹒龐德ThefatherofImagistPoetry意象派詩歌之父10.RobertFrost羅伯特﹒弗羅斯特《TheRoadNotTakenStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening》11.ThomasStearnsEliot艾略特《TheWasteLand》荒原12.F.ScottFitzgeraldTheGreat》了不起的蓋茨比13.JohnSteinbeck約翰﹒斯提貝克《TheGrapesof》憤怒的葡萄14.WilliamFaulkner威廉﹒福克納streamofconsciousness意識流《ARoseforEmily》獻給艾米麗小姐的玫瑰IheardaFlybuzzwhenI》EmilyDickinson主題：thethemeofthepoemistheexplorationofdeath.Thepoetthoughtthatdeathwasinevitable,painlessandnaturalandassertedthatdeathmeanteternitybecausepeoplewoundgetanotherlivingaftertheyhavepassedit.TheroadnotTaken》RobertFrost主題：Thepoetisexpressesacomplicatedfeelingaboutminglingwiththebeauty.(1)Itisameditativepoem,inthepoemthespeakertellushowthecourseofhislifewasdeterminedwhenhecameupontworoadsthatdivergedinawood.Forcedtochoose,he“tooktheonelesstraveledby,andthathasmadeallthe”(2)Herethepoemmeansthathischoiceofthecourseoflifeisdifferentfromthatofothers.(3)InthissimplebutprofoundpoemFrosttriestoshowtheimportanceofchoosingacorrectwayoflife.StoppingbywoodsonaSnowy》RobertFrost主題：Thepoetexpressesacomplicatedfeelingaboutminglingwiththebeautyandquietnaturalandtheresponsibilitywhichtheopeakerbearsintherealworld.SongofMyself》WaltWhitman主題：Insongofmyself,WhitmansownearlyexperiencemaywellbeidentifiedwiththechildhoodofayounggrowingAmerica,andhesetsforththeprincipalbeliefsofboththetheoryofuniversalityandsingularityandequalityofanbeinginvalue.Sonnet》WilliamShakespeare主題：notonlyappreciatethebelovedwoman;butalsoeulogizethepowerofartisticcreation幾行：十四行詩fourteenlines押韻形式：ababcdcdefefgg幾個音部：fivefoots賞析：Sonnet18Thepoemisasonnetwhichusetheformof”ababcdcdefefgg”asrhyme.Oneandthreelinesendwith/ei/;twoandfourlinesendwith/eit/;fiveandsevenlinesandwith/aiz/;sixandeightlinesendwith/imd/;nineandelevenlinesendwith/eid/;tenandtwelvelinesendwith/ust/;thirteenandfourteenlinesendwith/i/.Eachlinehavefivefoot.Forexample:thefirstline:ShallI’’theeto’a’mersday”.”ShallI””””theeto””a””mersday”arethefivefoot.Ineachfoottheformersyllableneedlightenandthelatterneedstress.Thepoemcontainstwothemes:firsttoappreciatehasfriendbeauty;secondtoeulogizethepowerofartisticcreation.OdetotheWestWind）Inthepoem,theautumnwind,becomesanimageofShelleyhimselfashewantstobe,initsfreedom,itsdestructiveconstructivepotential,itsuniversality.Thewholepoemhasalogicoffeeling,thatleadstothetriumphant,hopefulandconvincingconclusion.”Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?”Whichbroughtusahopeful,optimisticattitudetothecomingfuture.《傲慢與偏見》(prideandprejudice)ThetitleofthenovelPrideandPrejudicerevealsthenovelistsconcern:ifmakinggoodrelationshipisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.Ourfirstimpressions,accordingtoJaneAusten,areusuallywrong,asisshownherebythatofElizabeth.Intheprocessofjudgingothers,Elizabethfindsoutabsurdaboutherself:herblindness,partiality,prejudiceandabsurdity.Atthesametime,Darcytoolearnsaboutotherpeopleandhimself.Intheend,false,prejudiceishumbledandprejudicedissolved.《兒子與情人》(sonsandlovers)It'ssSemi-autographicalnovel—themostpopularoneofhisworks.ttellsthestoryofacoalminersfamilywiththethirdsonPaulasthecentralcharacter.hethreadofstoryevolvedaroundPaulsloveforthetwogirlsMiriamandClaraaswellashisloveforhismother.Lawrencefocusedonthepsychologicaldevelopmentofitscharacter.Mainlydescribedsexandlust.論述題1.Roughlyspeaking,sliterarycareercanbedividedintothreeperiods.Whatarethethreeperiods?Andwhatarehismajorworksineachperiod?莎士比亞創(chuàng)作分為哪幾個時期，各時期代表作Shakespeare’sliteraryworkscanbedividedintothreeperiods:thefirstonefrom1590to1600,thesecondfrom1601to1608,andthethirdfrom1609to1612.Inthefirstperiod,optimismprevailsinmostoftheworks,whichincludehistories,comedies,andpoems.Inthem,heportrayedyoungpeoplejustfreedfromfeudalfetters.Hesangoftheiryouth,loveandidealsofhappiness.HishistoriesincludeRichardIII,HenryHenryect.ComediesincludeTheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoaboutNothing,TwelfthNight,ect.Andallhispoems,154sonnetsandtwolongpoems,TheRapeofLureceandVenusandAdonis,arewritteninthisperiod,too.Inthesecondperiod,soptimismwanesandastrongtouchofpessimismmarksmostoftheworks,whichrevealthesocietytobeanevilone.Thefamousfourtragediesofhisageareallcompleteinthisperiod,whichincludeHamlet,Othello,Macbeth,andKingLear.Theworksinthethirdperiodaremainlytragicomediesandromances:Cymbeline,TheWinter’stale,TheTempest,ect.2.WhatistheShakespearesliteraryachievement莎士比亞的文學成就主要表現(xiàn)在哪幾個方面(1)Shakespeareisoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.Hemaintainsthatthepurposeofdramaticperformanceis“tohold,asitwere,themirroruptonature”.Inhiswork,hepaintsthedeclineoftheoldfeudalnobilityandtheviceofthenewTudormonarch.Besides,hisplayshavegoodplotsandlife-likecharacterstoo.Hisdramaisanexpression,amonumentoftheEnglishRenaissancesincehewroteabouthisownpeopleforhisowntime.(2)Shakespeareisaprolificwriter.Within22years,heproduced37plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.Heisamaster-handforeveryformofdrama-comedy,tragedy,andhistoricalplays.(3)Shakespearewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse.AndheisagreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage.HeusedavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwriters.ManyofhisnewcoinageandturnsofexpressionshavebecomeeverydayusageinEnglishlife.ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreattreasuresoftheEnglishlanguage.(4)ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwriterstheworldover.3.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofBernardsplays蕭伯納的戲劇特點(1)Structurallyandthematically,Shawfollowedthegreattraditionsofrealism.Hetookthemodernsocialissuesashissubjectswiththeaimofdirectingsocialreforms.(2)OnefeatureofShaw'scharacterizationisthathemakesthetrickofshowinguponecharactervividlyattheexpenseofanother.AnotherfeatureisthatShaw'scharactersaretherepresentativesofideas，pointsofview，thatshiftandalterduringtheplay，forMr.Shawisprimarilyinterestedindoctrines.(3)MuchofShaviandramaisconstructedaroundtheinversionofaconventionaltheatricalsituation.Theinversion,adevicefoundinShawfrombeginningtoend,isanintegralpartofaninterpretationoflife.(4)Shaw'splayshaveplots，buttheydonotworkbyplots.Theplotisusuallythedisregardedbackbonetoonelong,unbrokenconversation.Itisthevitalityofthetalkthattakesprimacyovermerestory.Actionisreducedtoaminimum,whilethedialogueandtheinterplayofthecharactersmaintaintheinterestoftheaudience.Theforwardmotionconsistsnotintheunrollingofplotbutintheoperationofthespiritofdiscourse.4.Whatarethestylisticfeaturesofsnovels海明威小說的文體特點Hemi