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StructuralSystemstoresistlateralloadsCommonlyUsedstructuralSystemsWithloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeed,thebetterhigh-risebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression.Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts.Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhigh-risebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintoday’stechnology.Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhigh-risebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollows:Moment-resistingframes.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls.Tube-in-tubestructures.Tube-in-tubestructures.Core-interactivestructures.Cellularorbundled-tubesystems.Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthigh-risebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems.Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthree-dimensionalarrays.Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhigh-risebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect.Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahigh-risebuilding.Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere.Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion.Moment-ResistingFramesPerhapsthemostcommonlyusedsysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings,themoment-resistingframe,ischaracterizedbylinearhorizontalandverticalmembersconnectedessentiallyrigidlyattheirjoints.Suchframesareusedasastand-alonesystemorincombinationwithothersystemssoastoprovidetheneededresistancetohorizontalloads.Inthetallerofhigh-risebuildings,thesystemislikelytobefoundinappropriateforastand-alonesystem,thisbecauseofthedifficultyinmobilizingsufficientstiffnessunderlateralforces.AnalysiscanbeaccomplishedbySTRESS,STRUDL,orahostofotherappropriatecomputerprograms;analysisbytheso-calledportalmethodofthecantilevermethodhasnoplaceintoday’stechnology.制Bec兩aus尺eo眠ft打he吼int躬rin薦sic色fl幼exi孫bil俯ity糟of呈th訪ec扯olu寄mn/音gir抹der忘in很ter勒sec霧tio霜n,厲and豎be年cau倚se均pre眠lim形ina佩ry雜des何ign洪ss亂hou撐ld穿aim痰to敗hi熱ghl含igh躺tw蟲eak挪nes羅ses辯of哀sy勝ste賭ms,那it娃is脊no滅tu易nus煤ual牲to大us尖ec墨ent筍er-如to-悠cen邪ter身di閱men繳sio慰ns隱for虛th也ef播ram軋ei題nt明he楚pre哥lim詠ina燥ry抄ana參lys堤is.堡Of漆co望urs嘗e,豐in喬the嚴la快tte踩rp德has矩es潮of坦des辣ign協(xié),a眉re逃ali封sti挨ca瀉ppr汪ais攔al斷in-遮joi木nt悟def桿orm根ati興on某is潛ess皺ent魄ial端.較Bra歐ced低Fr灘ame處s禍The趕br公ace呆df蛇ram怕e,顫int非rin懷sic料all況ys鄉(xiāng)tif催fer辜th睜an米the膜mo丟men飽t款–蘆res湊ist燭ing億fr癥ame協(xié),f仁ind袍sa宜lso抗gr壯eat便er技app怕lic撥ati櫻on奸to好hig狠her僑-ri宗se泊bui篩ldi霜ngs釀.T顛he不sys熱t(yī)em呀is柏ch唉ara請cte崇riz救ed袖by由lin帝ear郵ho指riz抗ont殖al,沸ve蛋rti汁cal留,a陣nd蹦dia慕gon易al蔬mem部ber測s,焦con漢nec磚ted意si筋mpl朵yo秀rr田igi虎dly善at業(yè)th多eir抱jo智int萍s.纖It抬is掠use滾dc遍omm痕onl苦yi雖nc蛾onj陸unc脂tio乓nw爭ith憶ot爬her泄sy抵ste皺ms貌for眨ta沫lle溜rb顫uil堤din刷gs仗and交as陡a鄰sta沉nd-勸alo毫ne暫sys使tem公in證lo琴w-t條om系edi研um-完ris勉eb嶺uil腰din橋gs.鞭Whi里le地the尖us襖eo被fs莊tru療ctu籃ral籃st旦eel稿in飽br隸ace途df展ram正es饅is炮com扮mon許,c類onc誤ret足ef尸ram免es易are激mo濤re劉lik電ely析to碧be枝of數(shù)th渾el蓮arg化er-乳sca鐘le壩var賤iet別y.托Of睛spe領(lǐng)cia萌li鋪nte佳res戲ti寧na私rea增so蜜fh顯igh撇縫sei器sm荒i蝶cit嚷y證is彩th形eu抵se瓦of融the肯ec組cen奔tri肌cb麥rac縱ed物fra掏me.隊Aga樓in,姻an越aly旨sis沸ca栽nb尚eb鍛yS倦TRE似SS,參ST綿RUD子L,額or福any晨on留eo燃fa艙se肺rie橫so析ft信wo豐–音or單thr籠ee晉dim葉ens象ion率al因an廈aly軍sis謹co媽mpu傷ter足pr家ogr途ams醒.A額nd閃aga方in,詢ce淋nte度r-t茄o-c赤ent會er瓜dim累ens次ion鞠sa嗚re堤use逮dc魄omm該onl可yi迅nt招he韻pre斜lim孝ina編ry逃ana派lys陸is.敗Sh慰ear比wa收lls錘The獻sh推ear凡wa秘ll應(yīng)is己yet上an穿oth據(jù)er熊ste確pf何orw蓮ard咸al串ong吼a黎pro掘gre咬ssi條on框of支eve富r-s奮tif祥fer淚st盲ruc樸tur證al賄sys曲tem愚s.擴The豎sy油ste膏mi每sc底har奉act旬eri愁zed膜by體re綱lat結(jié)ive湊ly盞thi塔n,殿gen攜era積lly車(b室ut溪not虜岔alw筍ays妥)c及onc烈ret興e腥el盼eme趣nts財th轉(zhuǎn)at翼pro吊vid芬eb竹oth讓st捐ruc袋tur扎al多str竭eng社th棟and秩se繼par干ati索on叉bet搭wee除nb刻uil坊din圣gf值unc衰tio生ns.忙In惜hig臟h-r棉ise摧bu囑ild榨ing擁s,虹she帳ar退wal膚ls財yst謀ems型te攏nd備to我hav甲ea存re稅lat慚ive秩ly振hig巾ha尖spe從ct善rat妄io,腰th息at盯is,創(chuàng)th華eir雨he忙igh湯tt和end疼st亦ob資el唉arg挪ec寸omp軋are蠶dt集ot鐘hei由rw渠idt店h.貫Lac筆kin票gt唐ens剃ion熄in焦th舌ef費oun列dat壘ion僚sy籮ste禿m,艦any飄st術(shù)ruc呈tur親al雙ele廚men黃ti梳sl港imi荒ted應(yīng)in費it股sa份bil營ity問to朋re訊sis牌to罪ver碑tur執(zhí)nin極gm橋ome蛇nt員by乓the其wi歇dth顯of心th象es姥yst厘em夠and狡by誼th省eg填rav擾ity青l(xiāng)o嘩ad艇sup暖por發(fā)ted拳by功th紡ee罪lem夕ent互.L戴imi浮ted剩to失a域nar框row截ov鞭ert慕urn露ing與,O亦ne涂obv拌io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