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PAGEPAGE11、翻譯下面的句子Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.參考譯文更難證實(shí)的是,這場(chǎng)商界人士自以為由他們主導(dǎo)的生產(chǎn)力革命是否真的存在。詞匯指南establish:vt.證實(shí);建立。這里是“證實(shí)”的意思。hardertoestablish:[形容詞短語(yǔ)]更難證實(shí)的。harder是形容詞hard的比較級(jí),toestablish補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明harder在哪方面是更困難的。whether:conj.[連詞]是否。在這里引導(dǎo)名詞性從句whether…real,整個(gè)從句作表語(yǔ),稱作[表語(yǔ)從句]。此外,whether還可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,表達(dá)“無(wú)論…(是否…)”;引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),還常與or搭配,whether…or…,表達(dá)“無(wú)論是…還是…”。theproductivityrevolution:生產(chǎn)力革命。businessman:n.商人。復(fù)數(shù)是businessmen。assume:vt.自以為,想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為;假設(shè)。presideover:v.主導(dǎo);指揮。forreal:[固定搭配]真實(shí)存在的(地);認(rèn)真的(地)。句子成分分析主句主干:主語(yǔ)(從句)Whatishardertoestablish/系動(dòng)詞is/表語(yǔ)(從句)whether…real。主語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)What/系動(dòng)詞is/表語(yǔ)hardertoestablish。表語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)theproductivityrevolution(帶有定語(yǔ)從句that…over)/系動(dòng)詞is/表語(yǔ)forreal。定語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)businessmen/謂語(yǔ)assume/賓語(yǔ)(從句)they…over。其中,賓語(yǔ)從句省略了引導(dǎo)詞that。賓語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)they/謂語(yǔ)arepresidingover/賓語(yǔ)that(由于that又是整個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that…over的引導(dǎo)詞,所以放在定語(yǔ)從句的開(kāi)頭)。翻譯難點(diǎn)這句話的難點(diǎn)在于從句較多,且多層嵌套(表語(yǔ)從句中包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句中又包含一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,且定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that在其中的賓語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ))。在翻譯的時(shí)候需要逐層劃分從句,結(jié)合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則和邏輯意思找準(zhǔn)每個(gè)從句的終點(diǎn)。2、翻譯下面的句子His
argument
is
that
the
unusual
history
of
these
people
has
subjected
them
to
unique
evolutionary
pressures
that
have
resulted
in
this
paradoxical
state
of
affairs.參考譯文他的觀點(diǎn)是:這群人不同尋常的經(jīng)歷使他們承受了獨(dú)特的進(jìn)化壓力,從而導(dǎo)致了這種矛盾的狀態(tài)。詞匯指南argument:n.觀點(diǎn),論點(diǎn)。
unusual:adj.不尋常的。
history:n.履歷,經(jīng)歷;歷史。
subject+人+to+事物:v.使某人承受/遭受某事。
unique:adj.獨(dú)特的。
evolutionary:adj.進(jìn)化的,進(jìn)化相關(guān)的。區(qū)別于revolutionary:adj.革命的。
pressure:n.壓力。
result
in:v.導(dǎo)致。
paradoxical:adj.互相矛盾的;悖論的。
state
of
affairs:n.[固定搭配]事態(tài),狀態(tài)。
句子成分分析主句主干:主語(yǔ)His
argument
/
系動(dòng)詞is
/
表語(yǔ)(從句)that…affairs。
表語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)the
unusual
history(of
these
people修飾history)
/
謂語(yǔ)has
subjected
/
賓語(yǔ)them。其中,to
unique
evolutionary
pressures(后面的定語(yǔ)從句that…affairs修飾pressures)是與動(dòng)詞subject搭配的介詞短語(yǔ)。
定語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)that
/
謂語(yǔ)have
resulted
in
/
賓語(yǔ)this
paradoxical
state
of
affairs。3、翻譯下面的句子We
believe
that
if
animals
ran
the
labs,
they
would
test
us
to
determine
the
limits
of
our
patience,
our
faithfulness,
our
memory
for
locations.參考譯文我們認(rèn)為,如果動(dòng)物們管理實(shí)驗(yàn)室,它們將通過(guò)測(cè)試來(lái)確定我們的耐心、忠誠(chéng)和對(duì)方位記憶能力的極限。詞匯指南believe:vt.認(rèn)為。believe表示“認(rèn)為”時(shí),一般用于較正式的語(yǔ)境。
run:vt.[過(guò)去式是ran,過(guò)去分詞是run]管理;經(jīng)營(yíng)。ran是run的過(guò)去式,但此處不表示過(guò)去,而表示[虛擬語(yǔ)氣],即從句if
animals
ran
the
labs所描述的情況是一種假設(shè),而不是事實(shí)。
lab:n.[=laboratory]實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
would:[助動(dòng)詞]將會(huì)。would本來(lái)是will的過(guò)去形式,但此處不表示過(guò)去,而表示[虛擬語(yǔ)氣],因?yàn)橹骶鋞hey
would
test
us…locations所描述的情況是基于if從句的假設(shè)而推演出的一種虛擬情況,而不是事實(shí)。
test:vt.測(cè)試(通過(guò)試驗(yàn)了解人或事物的屬性)。
determine:vt.確定,判斷。
limit:n.限度;極限。
patience:n.耐心。
faithfulness:n.忠誠(chéng)。
memory:n.記憶;記憶力。
location:n.位置。句子成分分析主句主干:主語(yǔ)We
/
謂語(yǔ)believe
/
賓語(yǔ)(從句)that…locations。
賓語(yǔ)從句各成分:條件狀語(yǔ)從句if…labs
/
主語(yǔ)they
/
謂語(yǔ)would
test
/
賓語(yǔ)us
/
目的狀語(yǔ)to
determine…locations。其中,our
patience,
our
faithfulness,
our
memory
for
locations三個(gè)短語(yǔ)并列作介詞of的介詞賓語(yǔ),意思是“我們的耐心、忠誠(chéng)和對(duì)方位記憶能力的”,修飾limits“極限”。
條件狀語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)animals
/
謂語(yǔ)ran
/
賓語(yǔ)the
labs。知識(shí)小結(jié)【虛擬語(yǔ)氣】虛擬條件句的主/從句謂語(yǔ)形式的常見(jiàn)組合:
1.
[現(xiàn)在時(shí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣]
當(dāng)If從句與現(xiàn)在的(或永恒一般的)事實(shí)相反,且主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反時(shí),則主從句的謂語(yǔ)形式分別是:
(If從句謂語(yǔ))did,(主句謂語(yǔ))should/would/could/might
+
do
2.
[過(guò)去時(shí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣]
當(dāng)If從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,且主句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反時(shí):
(If從句謂語(yǔ))had
done,(主句謂語(yǔ))should/would/could/might
+
have
done
3.
[混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣]
當(dāng)If從句與現(xiàn)在(或永恒一般的)事實(shí)相反,主句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反時(shí):
(If從句謂語(yǔ))did,(主句謂語(yǔ))should/would/could/might
+
have
done
4.
[混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣]
當(dāng)If從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,主句與現(xiàn)在(或永恒一般的)事實(shí)相反時(shí):
(If從句謂語(yǔ))had
done,(主句謂語(yǔ))should/would/could/might
+
do
其中,should/would/could/might都含有各自的意思,通常分別是“應(yīng)該/將會(huì)/能夠/可能”。
注意:虛擬條件句中表示假定的“條件狀語(yǔ)”,不一定是if從句,也可能是副詞otherwise(如若不然),介詞短語(yǔ)without…(如果沒(méi)有…;如果不是…)、
but
for…(要不是…)等結(jié)構(gòu),或者句中不含有表示假定的條件狀語(yǔ),而是把假設(shè)條件隱含在上下文中。4、翻譯下面的句子But
in
keeping
with
our
examination
of
southern
intellectual
life,
we
may
consider
the
original
Puritans
as
carriers
of
European
culture,
adjusting
to
New
World
circumstances.參考譯文但是,為了與我們對(duì)南部地區(qū)精神文化生活的考察保持一致,我們可以認(rèn)為最初的清教徒是適應(yīng)新大陸環(huán)境的歐洲文化承載者。詞匯指南in:prep.在…過(guò)程中;在…里。這里引申為“為了”。
keep
with…:v.與…保持一致。
examination:n.檢查;考察。
southern:adj.南部的。這里結(jié)合上下文可知是指“美國(guó)南部地區(qū)的”。
intellectual:adj.智力的;腦力的。這里指“精神文化方面的”。
consider…as…:vt.認(rèn)為…是…。
original:adj.最初的;原始的。
Puritan:n.清教徒。
carrier:n.承載者。
adjust
to:vi.適應(yīng)。
New
World:n.(美洲)新大陸。
circumstance:n.環(huán)境。
句子成分分析主句主干:主語(yǔ)we
/
謂語(yǔ)may
consider
/
賓語(yǔ)the
original
Puritans
/
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)as
carriers
of
European
culture(后面的adjusting…circumstances修飾carriers)。句首的介詞短語(yǔ)in…life作狀語(yǔ)。5、翻譯下面的句子At
the
end
of
adolescence,
however,
the
brain
shuts
down
half
of
that
capacity,
preserving
only
those
modes
of
thought
that
have
seemed
most
valuable
during
the
first
decade
or
so
of
life.參考譯文然而,我們的大腦在青春期末期便會(huì)關(guān)閉其中一半的能力,只保留生命的大約前十年間看起來(lái)最有價(jià)值的思維方式。詞匯指南at
the
end
of…:prep.在…的最后。
adolescence:n.青春期。
however:adv.然而。這里作插入語(yǔ),前后用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。注意:however表達(dá)“然而”時(shí),只有副詞詞性,不能像but一樣連接兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列句;however表達(dá)“無(wú)論怎么…;無(wú)論如何…”時(shí),可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)(從句)。
shut
down:v.關(guān)閉。
half:n.一半;adj.一半的;adv.一半地。這里是名詞,half
of…直譯是“…的一半”,可以翻譯成“一半的…”。
capacity:n.能力。
preserve:vt.保留;保護(hù)。
mode
of
thought:思維方式。
seem:[系動(dòng)詞]似乎是;看起來(lái)是。
during:prep.在…期間。during…life在that從句中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),修飾從句謂語(yǔ)seemed。
decade:n.十年。the
first
decade:前十年。
or
so:大約,左右。用于數(shù)詞之后,表示約數(shù),如,ten
years
or
so:十年左右。
life:n.生命;人生。
the
first
decade
or
so
of
life:生命的大約前十年。of
life修飾the
first
decade
or
so。句子成分分析主句主干:主語(yǔ)the
brain
/
謂語(yǔ)shuts
down
/
賓語(yǔ)half
of
that
capacity。此外,介詞短語(yǔ)At
the
end
of
adolescence作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)preserving…life作伴隨狀語(yǔ),表達(dá)在主句事件發(fā)生的同時(shí),
preserving…life也在發(fā)生。現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu):動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞preserving
/
賓語(yǔ)those
modes
of
thought(thought帶有定語(yǔ)從句that…life)。定語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)that
/
系動(dòng)詞have
seemed
/
表語(yǔ)most
valuable。此外,介詞短語(yǔ)during…life在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),因此修飾從句的謂語(yǔ),即“在生命的大約前十年間看起來(lái)最有價(jià)值”。6、翻譯下面的句子Studies
of
both
animals
and
humans
have
shown
that
sex
hormones
somehow
affect
the
stress
response,
causing
females
under
stress
to
produce
more
of
the
trigger
chemicals
than
do
males
under
the
same
conditions.參考譯文對(duì)人與動(dòng)物的研究都已經(jīng)表明,性激素以某種方式影響著生物體對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng),它使雌性在承受壓力時(shí)比處于同等狀態(tài)下的雄性分泌(/產(chǎn)生)更多引發(fā)(抑郁和焦慮)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。詞匯指南study:n.研究。
of:prep.對(duì)…的。
both…and…:[連詞短語(yǔ)]…和…都。
sex
hormones:n.性激素。
somehow:adv.以某種(尚不明確的)方式;不知怎地,莫名其妙地。
affect:vt.影響。
the
stress
response:(生物體)對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng)。
cause+賓語(yǔ)+to
do…:引起“賓語(yǔ)”做某事。
female:n./adj.雌性(的);女性(的)。注意:這句話是涉及both
animals
and
humans,所以統(tǒng)一譯為“雌性”而不是“女性”更合適;male“雄性”的譯法同理。
under
stress:在壓力之下。在這里作females的后置定語(yǔ)。
more
of
(the)…:[慣用短語(yǔ)]更多的(既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞,被修飾詞前通常要加the)。[more
of+名詞]
可以替換成[more+名詞]。類似的,[many+名詞]=[many
of
the+名詞],修飾可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)“許多的”;[much+名詞]=[much
of
the+名詞]
,修飾不可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)“許多的”;[most+名詞]=
[most
of
the+名詞],表達(dá)“大多數(shù)的”,
既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
trigger:n.(槍的)扳機(jī);引發(fā)…的原因。the
trigger
chemicals指“引發(fā)(抑郁和焦慮)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)”?!?/p>
抑郁和焦慮”
是根據(jù)原文的上文中推測(cè)出的。
than:conj.[連詞]
比(用于形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)之后,引出比較的對(duì)象)。than后面的比較對(duì)象可以是詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。
do:[助動(dòng)詞]
這里do無(wú)具體詞義,用來(lái)代指前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的動(dòng)賓短語(yǔ)produce
trigger
chemicals,這是為了避免重復(fù)用詞,以求語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練。注意:than之后發(fā)生了主謂倒裝,詳見(jiàn)[三、句子成分分析]。
the
same:adj./pron.同一個(gè)(的);同樣的。
under…condition(s)/under
the
condition
of…:在…的情況下。在這里作males的后置定語(yǔ)。句子成分分析主句主干:主語(yǔ)Studies(帶有后置定語(yǔ)of
both
animals
and
humans)
/
謂語(yǔ)have
shown
/
賓語(yǔ)(從句)that…conditions。
賓語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)sex
hormones
/
謂語(yǔ)affect
/
賓語(yǔ)the
stress
response。此外,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)causing…conditions作狀語(yǔ),表達(dá)cause…是由主句事件引發(fā)的動(dòng)作。
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)主干:動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞causing
/
賓語(yǔ)females(帶有后置定語(yǔ)under
stress)
/
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)to
produce
more
of
the
trigger
chemicals。此外,than引出了比較的對(duì)象do
males…conditions;注意:than之后發(fā)生了主謂倒裝,倒裝原因是主語(yǔ)males
under
the
same
conditions太長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)do太短,英語(yǔ)中常常會(huì)為了避免句子“頭重腳輕”而作倒裝(如果不倒裝也并不算語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤)。
【of的翻譯】介詞of連接兩個(gè)名詞類的結(jié)構(gòu)(構(gòu)成[A
of
B])時(shí),A與B之前的邏輯關(guān)系有很多種可能(如:“A是B的一個(gè)部分”,或“A是表達(dá)動(dòng)作含義的名詞,B是這個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者/承受者”,或“A是數(shù)詞或量詞,B是被A修飾的名詞”,或“與B相關(guān)的A”等等),可以查查權(quán)威的雙解詞典,大概了解of的各種用法,在閱讀中遇到時(shí),還需要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境推測(cè)[A
of
B]的準(zhǔn)確含義。7、翻譯下面的句子Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.參考譯文只有當(dāng)人類開(kāi)始更有效率地獲取食物時(shí),才有時(shí)間去考慮其它事情。詞匯指南only:adv./adj.只有;僅有(的)。這里作副詞修飾狀語(yǔ)從句when…way,并放在句首引起了主句的“部分倒裝”。humanity:n.人類;人性;人道;仁慈;人文學(xué)科。這里指“人類”。begintodo…/begindoing…:v.開(kāi)始做某事。in(a/an)…way(s):[介詞短語(yǔ)]以…的方式。productive:adj.多產(chǎn)的;有效率的,有成效的。moreproductive是其比較級(jí)形式,意思是“更有效率的”。for:prep.用來(lái)…的;供…用的。這里forotherthings修飾time。句子成分分析主句主干:謂語(yǔ)(therebe句型,倒裝句)wasthere/主語(yǔ)timeforotherthings。此外,副詞only修飾時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when…way,并放在句首,從而引起主句“部分倒裝”,即把謂語(yǔ)部分的was提到there之前。該句的正常語(yǔ)序是:Therewastimeforotherthingsonlywhen…way.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)humanity/謂語(yǔ)began/賓語(yǔ)togetitsfoodinamoreproductiveway。其中,賓語(yǔ)部分toget…way是一個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ),其中,介詞短語(yǔ)inamoreproductiveway修飾getitsfood這個(gè)動(dòng)作?!総herebe句型】“therebe句型”表達(dá)“(某處)存在某人或某物”,構(gòu)成方法是“therebe+主語(yǔ)(+副詞/介詞短語(yǔ))”,且be的形式,根據(jù)后面的主語(yǔ)而變。例:Thereisatableintheroom.房間里有一張桌子。(這句話中atable是主語(yǔ),thereis可以看作是謂語(yǔ)部分,intheroom是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))Therearetwotablesintheroom.房間里有兩張桌子。(這句話與上一句話相比,主語(yǔ)變成了復(fù)數(shù)twotables,于是謂語(yǔ)部分也隨之變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式thereare)注意:“therebe句型”由倒裝的“主系表”句式演變而來(lái),但由于太常用,且它的很多句式變換方式(如疑問(wèn)句、倒裝句)都與一般的“主系表”句子有區(qū)別,所以可以把“therebe句型”看作是獨(dú)立于“主謂賓”和“主系表”之外的第三種句子結(jié)構(gòu),把therebe看作謂語(yǔ)。8、翻譯下面的句子Not
long
ago,
with
the
country
entering
a
recession
and
Japan
at
its
pre-bubble
peak,
the
U.S.
workforce
was
derided
as
poorly
educated
and
one
of
the
primary
causes
of
the
poor
U.S.
economic
performance.參考譯文不久前,美國(guó)進(jìn)入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期,而日本正處在經(jīng)濟(jì)泡沫破裂前的繁榮期,人們嘲諷美國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力受教育程度低,并認(rèn)為這是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)低迷的主要原因之一。詞匯指南ago:adv.[僅用于被修飾詞之后]…之前,…以前。常用于修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞,整個(gè)短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如:two
days
ago
兩天前;
long
ago
很久以前;
not
long
ago
不久前。
with:prep.伴隨著…。整個(gè)短語(yǔ)with…peak是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ),表達(dá)在主句事件(即the
U.S.
workforce…performance)發(fā)生的同時(shí),the
country
正在enter
a
recession,而Japan正處于at
its
pre-bubble
peak的狀態(tài)。
the
country:根據(jù)原文上文可知,這里the
country指的是“美國(guó)”。
recession:n.衰退期;經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條。
at:prep.在(某時(shí)間或地點(diǎn))。
pre-bubble
peak:adj.經(jīng)濟(jì)泡沫破裂前的高峰期。
workforce:n.勞動(dòng)力。
deride:vt.嘲笑。deride…as…:嘲笑…是…(樣子的)。
poorly:adv.
拙劣地;不充分地。修飾educated。
educated:adj.受過(guò)教育的。poorly
educated意思是“受教育程度低”。
one
of…:pron.
[后面只接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)]…之一。
primary:adj.主要的。
poor
economic
performance:直譯是“糟糕的經(jīng)濟(jì)表現(xiàn)”,也就是“經(jīng)濟(jì)低迷”。句子成分分析主句主干:主語(yǔ)the
U.S.
workforce
//
謂語(yǔ)was
derided
//
主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)as…performance。其中,as是介詞“作為;是(什么什么樣子的)”,poorly
educated(前面省略了being)與one
of
the
primary
causes...performance
并列作as的介詞賓語(yǔ)。此外,Not
long
ago作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),with…peak作伴隨狀語(yǔ)?!惊?dú)立主格】獨(dú)立主格的構(gòu)成是[名詞/代詞
+
現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)/副詞/形容詞/名詞];獨(dú)立主格的功能類似于狀語(yǔ)從句(原因/條件/方式/伴隨狀語(yǔ)等),具體作哪種狀語(yǔ)需要根據(jù)句意判斷,當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí),前面可以加
with也可以不加。如:*[名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞]
Sweat
running
down
his
cheeks,
he
continued
climbing
towards
the
peak.汗水從他的臉頰流下,他繼續(xù)向頂峰爬去。(其中,Sweat
running
down
his
cheeks是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),名詞Sweat是run的邏輯主語(yǔ)。)*[名詞+過(guò)去分詞]
With
his
eyes
closed,
the
manager
sat
quietly
in
the
office.
經(jīng)理閉著眼睛,靜靜地坐在辦公室里。(其中,With
his
eyes
closed是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),his
eyes是be
closed的邏輯主語(yǔ)。)*[名詞+不定式]
A
number
of
officials
followed
the
emperor,
some
to
hold
his
robe,
others
to
adjust
his
girdle,
and
so
on.許多官員跟在帝王身后,有的人提著他的長(zhǎng)袍,另一些人給他整理腰帶,等等。(其中,some
to
hold
his
robe,
others
to
adjust
his
girdle是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),代詞some和others分別是hold
his
robe和adjust
his
girdle的邏輯主語(yǔ)。注意:[名詞+不定式]這種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不太常用。)*[名詞+(being+)介詞短語(yǔ)/副詞/形容詞/名詞]
The
door
open,
he
left
the
house.他離開(kāi)了房子,門沒(méi)有關(guān)。(其中,The
door
open是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),The
door是be
open的邏輯主語(yǔ)。)[獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)]
與
[非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)]
類似,但有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別,即:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,該動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是主句的主語(yǔ);而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,[(be+)現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/副詞/形容詞/名詞]
的邏輯主語(yǔ)并不是主句主語(yǔ),而是帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。9、翻譯下面的句子Online
culture
thinks
highly
of
the
notion
that
the
information
flowing
onto
the
screen
comes
there
by
specific
request.參考譯文網(wǎng)上文化推崇這樣一種理念,即屏幕上不斷顯示的信息是按照(用戶的)具體要求呈現(xiàn)的。詞匯指南*
online:adj.在線的,網(wǎng)上的。
*
think
highly
of:v.[慣用搭配]推崇;高度評(píng)價(jià),贊揚(yáng)。
*
notion:n.觀點(diǎn),理念。
*
flow:vi.涌現(xiàn);涌入。這里指“(信息)源源不斷地顯示(在屏幕上)”。
*
onto:prep.到…上面。注意區(qū)別于on“在…上面”。
*
screen:n.屏幕。
*
come:vi.出現(xiàn);到來(lái)。
*
by:prep.依據(jù);按照。
*
specific:adj.具體的,詳細(xì)的;特定的;明確的。
*
request:n.要求。句子成分分析主句主干:主語(yǔ)Online
culture
//
謂語(yǔ)thinks
highly
of
//
賓語(yǔ)the
notion(從句that…request是notion的同位語(yǔ))。
同位語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)the
information(現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)flowing
onto
the
screen作information的后置定語(yǔ))
//
謂語(yǔ)comes。此外,副詞there和介詞短語(yǔ)by
specific
request作狀語(yǔ),在從句中修飾謂語(yǔ)comes。翻譯難點(diǎn)【同位語(yǔ)從句置后翻譯】這句話中同位語(yǔ)從句修飾notion,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了notion“理念”的具體內(nèi)容。翻譯時(shí)如果按照修飾關(guān)系,把這個(gè)從句部分放在“理念”之前,即,“網(wǎng)上文化
//
推崇
//
屏幕上不斷顯示的信息是按照(用戶的)具體要求呈現(xiàn)的
//
的理念。”,則會(huì)導(dǎo)致定語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng),漢語(yǔ)讀起來(lái)太繞口。因此可以把這個(gè)從句放在主句后面,作為補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,即參考譯文的譯法。10、翻譯下面的句子This
development
is
boosting
wholesale
demand
from
the
food
service
segment
by
4%
to
5%
a
year
across
Europe,
compared
with
growth
in
retail
demand
of
1
to
2
percent.生詞部分
boost:
提高;促進(jìn);增加
wholesale
demand:
批發(fā)需求
food
service
segment:餐飲服務(wù)業(yè)
compared
with:與……相比較
retail
demand:零售需求參考譯文
在歐洲,這種發(fā)展將食品服務(wù)業(yè)的批發(fā)需求每年提高4%至5%,相比而言,零售需求的增長(zhǎng)是1%至2%。結(jié)構(gòu)解析
這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,句子的主干為This
development
主語(yǔ)/is
boosting謂語(yǔ)/
wholesale
demand賓語(yǔ)/。
from
the
food
service
segment作wholesale
demand的后置定語(yǔ)。
by
4%
to5%作狀語(yǔ),表程度。
介詞結(jié)構(gòu)compared
with...作比較狀語(yǔ)。11、翻譯下面的句子FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.(選自1998年真題)參考譯文很少有人會(huì)質(zhì)疑(“反科學(xué)”)這個(gè)詞適用于郵包炸彈恐怖主義者,他在1995年發(fā)表的宣言中表達(dá)了對(duì)科學(xué)的蔑視和對(duì)回歸前技術(shù)時(shí)代的烏托邦社會(huì)的向往。詞匯指南*few:adj./pron.[代詞]幾乎沒(méi)有;很少人或事物(少到可以忽略不計(jì))。注意few只修飾或代指可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),單獨(dú)使用時(shí)表達(dá)否定含義,區(qū)別于afew(表達(dá)肯定含義“幾個(gè),一些”)。*would:[情態(tài)動(dòng)詞]會(huì)(表示相信或期待)。*dispute:vt.對(duì)…提出質(zhì)疑。*theterm:這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。這里代指上文提到的anti-science一詞。*applyto:v.適用于。*whose:pron.他/她/它的;他/她/它們的。在這里代指“theUnabomber’s(郵包炸彈恐怖主義者的)”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作manifesto(從句主語(yǔ))的定語(yǔ)。*manifest:n.宣言,聲明。*publish:vt.發(fā)表;出版。這里published是其過(guò)去分詞形式,與in1995構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作manifesto的后置定語(yǔ)。這個(gè)短語(yǔ)前后的逗號(hào)表示說(shuō)話節(jié)奏的停頓,便于讀者分清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。*scorn:vt.蔑視,鄙視。*longfor:v.[固定短語(yǔ)]渴望。*return:n.返回。注意這里的return是名詞,作介詞for的賓語(yǔ);介詞短語(yǔ)toapre-technologicalutopia作return的后置定語(yǔ),介詞to表示方向“往,向,到”。*theUnabomber是universityandairlinebomber的縮略形式,指的是美國(guó)郵包炸彈殺手TheodoreKaczynski(西奧多?凱辛斯基)。*pre-technological:adj.前技術(shù)時(shí)代的。*utopia:n.理想社會(huì);烏托邦。句子成分分析*主句主干:主語(yǔ)Few//謂語(yǔ)woulddispute//賓語(yǔ)從句that…utopia。*賓語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)theterm//謂語(yǔ)appliesto//賓語(yǔ)theUnabomber(whose…utopia是定語(yǔ)從句修飾Unabomber)。*定語(yǔ)從句主干:主語(yǔ)whosemanifesto(whose修飾manifesto;后面的publishedin1995作whosemanifesto的后置定語(yǔ))//謂語(yǔ)(1)scorns+賓語(yǔ)(1)science//連詞and//謂語(yǔ)(2)longsfor+賓語(yǔ)(2)return(介詞短語(yǔ)toapre-technologicalutopia作return的后置定語(yǔ))英語(yǔ)二新題型練習(xí)(一)
Directions:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyreadinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MakeyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)“Universityhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedintheworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictorianThomasCarlyleWell,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavoritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromourforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDebinsIllustribus-onFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,hechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthoroftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist’spersonexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamuelSmilewroteself-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplorers.“Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ofpatientpurposeresoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformationoftrulynobleandmanlycharacter,exhibit.”wroteSmile,“whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself.”HisbiographiesofJamesWatt,RichardArkwrightandJosianWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.Noteveryonewasconvincedbysuchbombast.“Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles,”wroteMarxandEngelinTheCommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:“Itisman,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle,Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding-fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies-wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.[A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes41.Petrarchhighlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists.42.NiccolòMachiavelli[C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate.43.SamuelSmiles[D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.44.ThomasCarlyle[E]heldthathistoryshould45.MarxandEngels[F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders.
[G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers.練習(xí)(二)Directions:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.BesillyB.HavefunC.AskforhelpD.Expressyouremotions.E.Don’toverthinkitF.BeeasilypleasedG.NoticethingsActYourShoeSize,NotYourAge.(1)Asadults,itseemsthatwe’reconstantlypursuinghappiness,oftenwithmixedresults.Yetchildrenappeartohaveitdowntoanart-andforthemostparttheydon’tneedself-helpbooksortherapy.Instead,theylookaftertheirwellbeinginstinctivelyandusuallymoreeffectivelythanwedoasgrownups.Perhapsit’stimetolearnafewlessonsfromthem.41___________.(2)Whatdoesachilddowhenhe’ssad?Hecries.Whenhe’sangry?Heshouts.Scared?Probablyabitofboth.Aswegrowup,welearntocontrolouremotionssotheyaremanageableanddon’tdictateourbehaviours,whichisinmanywaysagoodthing.Buttoooftenwetakethisprocesstoofarandendupsuppressingemotions,especiallynegativeones.That’saboutaseffectiveasbrushingdirtunderacarpetandcanevenmakeusill.Whatwefeelappropriatelyandthen-again,likechildren-moveon.42__________.AcoupleofChristmasesago,myyoungeststepdaughter,whowas9yearsoldatthetime,gotaSupermanT-shirtforChristmas.Itcostlessthanafiverbutshewasoverjoyed,andcouldn’tbiggerhouseorbettercarwillbethemagicsilverbulletthatwillallowustofinallybecontent,buttherealityisthesethingshavelittlelastingimpactonourhappinesslevels.Instead,beinggratefulforsmallthingseverydayisamuchbetterwaytoimprovewellbeing.43__________.Haveyouevernoticedhowmuchchildrenlaugh?Ifweadultscouldindulgeinabitofsillinessandgiggling,wewouldreducethestresshormonesinourbodies,increasegoodhormoneslikeendorphins,improvebloodflowtoourheartsandeverhaveagreaterchanceoffightingoffinfection.Allofwhichwould,ofcourse,haveapositiveeffectonourhappinesslevels.44__________.Theproblemwithbeingagrownupisthatthere’sanawfullotofseriousstufftodealwith-work,mortgagepayments,figuringoutwhattocookfordinner.Butasadultswealsohavetheluxuryofbeingabletocontrolourowndiariesandit’simportantthatwescheduleintimetoenjoythethingwelove.Thosethingsmightbesocial,sporting,creativeorcompletelyrandom(dancingaroundthelivingroom,anyone?)-itdoesn’tmatter,solongasthey’reenjoyable,andnotlikelytohavenegativesideeffects,suchasdrinkingtoomuchalcoholorgoingonawildspendingspreeifyou’reonatightbudget.45__________.Havingsaidalloftheabove,it’simportanttoaddthatweshouldn’ttrytoohardtobehappy.Scientiststellusthiscanbackfireandactuallyhaveanegativeimpactonourwellbeing.AstheChinesephilosopherChuangTzuisreportedtohavesaid:“Happinessistheabsenceofstrivingforhappiness.”Andinthat,oncemore,weneedtolooktotheexampleofourchildren,towhomhappinessisnotagoalbutanaturalbyproductofthewaytheylive.練習(xí)(三)Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Livelikeapeasant[B]Balanceyourdiet[C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends[D]Remembertotreatyourself[E]Sticktowhatyouneed[F]Planningisevervthing[G]Wastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas£60aweektospend,£40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbetftrestaurants'"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here'shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It'salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,being-human,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that'snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto"gooff'willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,Theyilletyouhaveforfree.
45__________________Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-£1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou£21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It's£16.95there-or£12.99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat.練習(xí)(四)Directions:Readthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFitthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuelBOTHBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,andaseminalpaperbyaGermanresearchercalledCarlWieselsberger,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation—aV-shape,echelonorotherwise—expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabirdswingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodelledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionallyswapplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(withaconcomitantreductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,kinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellinginconvoy?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheunnervinglycosygroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviation.Organisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflights.Asithappens,America’sarmedforcesareonthecasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.Therearereportsthatsomemili
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