2022年湖南省張家界市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)模擬考試(含答案)

2022年湖南省張家界市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)模擬考試(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Whichofthefollowingisthetypicalbehavior.ofthegrind?

A.Theyhaveallcolorofsocksinthesockdrawer.

B.Theyneverfailtodoacertainamountofstudyeveryevening.

C.Theywritedowneverythingtheteachersaysintheclass.

D.Theydon'teventakeabreakontheweekends.

2.Ifmanypeoplehavedemandforthenetworkatthesametime,thedatacommunicationwillbedifficultevenwith4Gtechnology.

3.

Whatareretireesbelowtheageof65suggestedtodowhentheirCOBRArunsout?

A.ToapplyforMedicalbenefits.

B.Tobuyanotherinsurancepolicy.

C.TorenewtheirCOBRA

D.Toaskforhelpfromthegovernment.

4.

TheexcitingpartofbothFlightSimulatorandrealflyingis______.

5.DoesGeneticResearchThreatenOurCivilLiberties?

TheCurrentGeneticResearch

Thescienceofgeneticsisaflourishingnewindustry,nourishedinlargepartbythefederallyfundedHumanGenomeProject.Thegoalofthisambitiousresearchendeavoristoidentifyeverygenefoundinthehumanbody,perhaps100,000inall.Severalmonthsago,theU.S.governmentandaprivatecorporationannouncedthattheyhad"completed"the"map"ofthegenome,althoughactuallytherearestillmanygaps.Muchrelatedresearchfocusesongeneticdiagnostics--testsdesignedtoidentifygenesthoughttobeassociatedwithvariousmedicalconditions.Morethan50newgenetictestshavebeenidentifiedinthepastfiveyearsalone.

Theincreasingspeed,sophistication,affordability,andinterconnectivityofcomputersystemsallowtherapidmonitoringandmatchingofmanymillionsofrecords.A1994benchmarkstudybytheACLUfoundthat"concernsaboutpersonalprivacyrundeepamongtheAmericanpeople".

Thepromotionofanideologyofgeneticizationfostersthebeliefthatgenesaredeterminativeofanindividual'sbehavior,character,andfuture.Capitalisteconomicrelationshavecreatedascramble(爭(zhēng)奪)forventurecapital,thealteringofpatentlaws,andcallsformassgenetictestingbyresearcherswhotradeontheoldimageofthealtruisticscientisttomasktheirconflictsofinterestintestinglabs,patents,consultingcontracts,etc.

TheTechnologicalSociety

Technologiesarenotvalue-neutral;theyusuallyembodytheperspectives,purposes,andpoliticalobjectivesofpowerfulsocialgroups.ThedominantideologyinWesternsocietyproclaimsthatscienceandtechnologyarevalue-neutral,andtheonlyproblemscausedbytechnologiesareeither"externalities"(unintendedsideeffects)orabuses.However,becausetechnologiesaretheresultofhumaninterventionsintotheotherwisenaturalprogressionofactivities(andnotactsofGodorofnature),theyarethemselvesactuallyimbuedwithhumanintentionsandpurposes.Currenttechnologiesdonotequallybenefitallsegmentsofsociety(andindeedarenotintendedtodoso),althoughtomaximizepublicsupportforthesedevelopmentsandtominimizepotentialopposition,theirproponentsrarelyacknowledgethesedistributionalramifications(分歧).

TheUnitedStatesisasocietyinwhichthedifferentialaccesstowealthandpowerhasbeenexacerbatedduringrecentyears.Thus,thosepeoplewithmorepowercandeterminethekindsoftechnologicaldevelopmentsthatareresearchedandimplemented.Becauseoftheirsize,scale,andrequirementsforcapitalinvestmentsandforknowledge,modemtechnologiesarepowerfulinterventionsintothenaturalorder.Theytendtobethemechanismsbywhichalreadypowerfulgroupsextend,manifest,andfurtherconsolidatetheirpowers.Thus,technologiesthemselvesarenotneutral;theyaresocialandpoliticalphenomena.Genetictechnologiesandcomputerizationexhibitthesecharacteristics,andreflectpowerdifferentialsinthesociety.

Theresultsoftechnologicaladvancementappeartoofferagoodfuturecapabilitiesofenhancedsurveillance(監(jiān)視)andcontroloverpeopleandevents,aswellaspromisesofperfectionism(thusleadingtobothalossofprivacyandincreasedopportunitiesfordiscriminationbypowerfulentities).Predictabilitywillreplaceatolerancefornaturalvariationanddiversity.

LossofPrivacy

Geneticprivacy,likemedicalprivacyingeneral,involvesnotionsofthedignityandintegrityoftheindividual.Isdataaccurate?Canindividualsaccesstheirownfiles?Canthedonorcorrectinaccuratedata?Arethecustodiansfaithfulandaretechnicalsecuritysystemsprotectingthedatawherepossible?Doestheindividualhavecontroloverwhichthirdpartiesareallowe

A.YB.NC.NG

6.

Whatwastheconsequenceofanover-relianceoncreditratings?

A.IncreasingtripleAcompanies.

B.Decliningtrustworthinessonratingagencies.

C.Deficiencyincreditjudgments.

D.Collapseoffinancialinstitutions.

7.

Themostimportantpartofbothfallaciesisblindnessto______ofamarketeconomy.

8.

Accordingto"cost-per-wear"rule,thereasonablepriceofclothingshouldbeunder______ifyouwearit10timesinayear.

9.

OnemajordifferencebetweentheStockExchangeandothermarketsisthattheStockExchangedealswithgoodswith______.

10.

LisaPerezfoundanewinterestinhomemakingduringtheperiodofunemployment.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.

______countrieshaveworkedtogethertobuildtheInternationalSpaceStation.

12.

GrowingpainsareespeciallydestructiveinAustralia,wherepeoplehave______.

13.

FreudlearnedfromCharcoteverythingheneededtoknowabouthowtocurementallyiiipatients.

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

InsomeAsiancountriesknownforstrictdisciplinesuchasJapanandSingapore,youngpeoplesufferseriouspsychologicalproblems.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

Glossy,"glam"photosarenotrecommendedtobepostedontheonlinedatingsitebecausetheyarenotexactly______.

16.

Thelifeform.between3.8and2.billionyearsagowas______.

17.

Therearetwodifferenthybridmodes:oneiscalled______andtheotherseries.

18.

Increasingone'soutputturnsouttobethemostimportantstrategyinfulfillingtheself-improvement.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

Conflictisregardedasamarkerof______bycollectivistswhileacceptedasunavoidablebyindividualists.

20.

Freudbelievedthatinchildhoodsomepeopleexperiencedeepfeelingstheyarcashamedofandthesefeelingsoftenfadeawayintotheunconsciousmind,butmayreturnindreamsinlaterlife.

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B2】

22.(23)

A.Friends.

B.Brotherandsister.

C.Colleagues.

D.Husbandandwife.

23.(21)

A.7andhalfhours.B.10hour.C.8andhalfhours.D.8hours.

24.

【B4】

25.(47)

26.(18)

A.Sheprefersthestadium.

B.Sheagreeswiththeman.

C.Thelightisn'tbrightenough.

D.Thedininghallisn'tlargeenough.

27.(36)

A.Inhalfayear.

B.Infourorfiveyears.

C.Inthreeyears.

D.Inayear.

28.(45)

29.(29)

A.Time.B.Memory.C.Habit.D.Textbook.

30.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：M:DoyouthinkJanetwillspendtheweekinthecountrywithus?

W:Onlyifshecouldtearherselfawayfromherbooks.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(12)

A.Janetislookingatatravelguide.

B.Janetmaybetoobusytogoawayforaweek.

C.Janetcantakethewoman%booktothecountry.

D.Janettoresomepagesoutofherbook.

31.(44)

32.

【B3】

33.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：M:IwenttoNewYorkyesterday,butIforgottocallBarry.

W:Barrywouldn'thavebeenthereanyway.HeisaneconomistinCalifornianow.

Q:Whatinformationdoesthemanfindout?

(12)

A.BarrynolongerlivesinNewYork.

B.Barrydoesn'tknowhowtoeconomize.

C.ThewomancalledBarryinCalifornia.

D.Thewomandidn'tevermeetBarry.

34.(34)

A.SouthAmerica

B.ThecountrysidethroughoutAmerica.

C.UrbanareasinthesouthernU.S.A.

D.ThecountrysideintheSouthernU.S.A.

35.聽力原文：Iftheearthgetshotterinthenewcentury,whatwillhappentoanimalsandtheplantswhichanimalsdependonforsurvival?Thequestionoffersanotherwayoflookingatthe"GreenhouseEffect".Peoplehavetalkedaboutthegeneralproblemof"GlobalWarming"forsometime,buttheywereusuallyworriedaboutthingslikewhethertobuyahouseonthecoast.BiologistsandotherscientiststurnedtheirattentiontoplantsandanimalsatanimportantmeetingthattookplacelastOctober.TheyreviewedevidencethatplantsandanimalsaresensitivetoclimateSincetheIceAgeended10,000yearsagoandwarmertemperaturesreturnedtothenorthernlatitudes,manyspecieshavemigratednorth.Ifthepredictionsaboutthegreenhousearecorrect,temperatureswillrisebythesameamountinthenext100years,astheydidinthepast10,000years.Willanimalsandplantsbeabletoadaptthatquicklytochangeintheenvironment?Manywon't.Certainspecieswillprobablybecomeveryrare.Expertssayplantsunderclimatestresswillbeveryopentodiseaseandfire.Forestfiresmaybecomemorecommon.That,inturn,mayharmanimalsthatdependonthetreesforfoodorshelter.Anypreserveswesetuptoprotectendangeredspeciesmaybecomeuselessasthespeciesareforcedtomigratealongwiththeirnaturalhomes."Changeispartoflife,butrapidchange,"saysscientistGeorgeWoodWall,"istheenemyoflife."

(33)

A.Whetherglobalwarmingwillspeedupinthefuture.

B.Whetheritwillleadtowidespreadfoodshortage.

C.Whetheritcanbedetectedandchecked.

D.Whetheritwillaffecttheirownlives.

36.(31)

A.England'sfootballeroftheyear.

B.asoccercoachinWestGermany.

C.amedallistforhissportsmanship.

D.amemberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire.

37.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

IntheUnitedStates,itisrequiredthatallchildrenattendschool,publicorprivate,fortwelveyears.Thereare【B1】______tothisrule,ofcourse,asinthecaseofcertainreligiousor【B2】______groupswhereeducationisonlyrequireduntiltheeighthgrade.Andtherearesomegroupsofpeoplethatseenopurposetoaneducation【B3】______andignorethisrequirementaltogether.Butformost,andreasonablyso,atwelve-yeareducationistheminimum.Inviewofthe【B4】______ofoursocietyandthechangestakingplace,onewouldthinkthatapersonwouldneedatleasttwelveyearseducationinordertocope.However,inrecentyears,agreatmanypeoplehavebeguntoquestionthepurposeofhaving【B5】______educationfortwelveyears.

Onebigreasonthequestionisbeingraisedisthefactthatanalarmingnumberofyoungpeoplewhograduatefromtheschoolsystemsareunabletohandlesimple,everydaytasks,suchasreadinganewspaper,fillingoutajobapplicationor【B6】______acheckbook.Thesepeopleareconsidered"【B7】______illiterate"byexpertsonthesubject,whoestimatethatoneoutoffiveadultsintheUnitedStatesfallsinthis【B8】______.Withoutamasteryofeverydayskills,itisextremelydifficultforthesepeople【B9】______.Andasourlanguagebecomesmoretechnicalandthelawmorecomplex,【B10】______.

Ofcourse,effortsarebeingmadetocorrecttheproblemasvariousagenciesandcollegestrytoreachthesepeople.Buttheyaredifficulttoreach.【B11】______.

【B1】

38.聽力原文：W:Whyareyougivingmeaspeedingticket?Iwasgoingat40milesperhour.

M:Can'tyouseethenoticenearby?Itreads"10mphlimits".

Q:Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?

(18)

A.Husbandandwife.

B.Teacherandstudent.

C.Policemananddriver.

D.Motherandson.

39.聽力原文：M:Hello!I'maseniorstudent.Canyoutellmewhetherthisreferenceroomisonlyforfacultymembers?

W:No,it'salsoopentothepostgraduates,andundergraduatescancometooifthey'vegotprofessors'writtenpermission.

Q:Whatdoesthewomantellthemanaboutthereferenceroom?

(16)

A.It'sopenonlytoteachersandpostgraduates.

B.Hecanstudythereifheiswritingaresearchpaper.

C.Seniorstudentscanenjoymorerightsthanotherundergraduates.

D.Heneedstheapprovalofhisprofessorfortheuseofit.

40.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.Themanshouldtrytobemoreunderstanding.

B.Theman'swifeshouldbemoreunderstanding.

C.Theman'snegativeattitudemaybederivedfromhischildhood.

D.Thepessimismofman'swifemaybetheresultofherpastexperiences.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Whatdoesthelastsentenceimply?

42.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmeasuresistheleasthelpfulinprotectingtheenvironment?

A.Cuttingoffsubsidiesonallfossilfuels.

B.Encouragingtheuseofcleanenergysources.

C.Promotingtheresurgenceofnuclearpower.

D.Adoptingpricereform.toreduceemission.

43.Itcanbeinferredthatwhenachildseehisfatherfeelfearatasnake,heprobably______.

A.regardshisfather'sreactionasfunny

B.feelsscaredbyhisfather'sunusualbehavior

C.learnthefearfromhisfather'sresponse

D.turnstohismotherforparentalprotection

44.

WhatdoessuccessmeanforAmericans?

45.

【C6】

46.WhatcanweinferabouttheeducationalsystemintheNewYorkCityfromthepassage?

A.Charterschoolswillreplacetraditionalschoolsultimately.

B.OnethirdofthecurrentcharterschooloperatorsarefromHarlem.

C.Theschoolsystemwillbereformedinalargescale.

D.Charterschoolsarebecomingmoreandmorepopular.

47.

FromHellman'sremark,whatistheopinionaboutthewisdomofolderpeopleinAmericansociety?

48.

Indiesecondparagraph,theword"real"in"realgoods"couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

A.highqualityB.concreteC.utterD.authentic

49.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thatparticularlyhumorlessbossordourneighbormaynothaveapersonalitydefectbutadifferentbrainstructure,researchpublishedWednesdaysuggests.ScientistsinCanadasaytheyhavefoundhowbraindamagecanaffectaperson'ssenseofhumor,addingtoevidencethathumormaybehard-wiredintothebrain.

AteamattheUniversityofTorontoandtheBaycrestCenterforGeriatricCareinTorontofoundthatpeoplewithdamagetotherightfrontallobeoftheirbrainsdonotreally"get"ironicjokesthewaytheyshould.Instead,theypreferslapstickhumor."Wealwaysthoughtofhumorasanintangiblepartofourpersonality,"PrathibaShammioftheUniversityofToronto,apsychologistwhoworkedonthestudy,saidinastatement."Nowweknowhumorcanbetestedandscientificallyscrutinized.”

Shammicomparedtheresponsesof42volunteersaged18to70towrittenandverbaljokesandcartoons.Halfthegrouphadabraininjurycausedbystroke,tumororsurgicalremoval.Peoplewithdamagetotherightanteriorfrontallobeweretheleastabletoappreciatejokesandcartoons,ShammireportedinthejournalBrain.Instead,theyshowedapreferenceforsillyslapstickhumor.Shammigaveanexampleofoneofherjokesandtheresponses.

Ateen-agerisbeinginterviewedforasummerjob."You'llget$50aweektostartoff,"sayshisboss."Thenafteramonthyou'llgetaraiseto$75aweek."Volunteerswereofferedthreepossiblepunchlines:

a."I'dliketotakethejob.WhencanIstart?"

b."That'sgreat!I'llcomebackinamonth."

c."Heyboss,yournoseistoobigforyourface!"

Accordingtothepassageahumorlessperson______.

A.hasapersonalitydefect

B.mayhaveadifferentbrainstructure

C.hasbeeninjuredinthebrain

D.doesnotunderstandanyjoke

50.Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriageandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants(被告).Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayupexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.

Handsomemaleexecutivewereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.

Attractivefemaleexecutivewereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutivewerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe"masculine"qualitiesrequired.

Thisistrueeveninpolitics."Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,"saysAnneBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.

Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.

Theword"liability"(Line4,Para.i)mostprobablymeans"

A.misfortuneB.disadvantageC.instabilityD.burden

51.(51)

52.

Whycanastronomersagegalaxiesbycomputinghowmuchthewavelengthoftheirlighthasstretched?

53.

WelearnedfromthethirdparagraphthatBrazilians______.

A.alldisagreethatrail-thinmodelistheparagonoffemalebeauty

B.believethatrail-thinshapeistheparagonoffemalebeauty

C.believethatanorexiaisagoodwaytoloseweightforbeingbeauty

D.disputethatrail-thinshapeistheparagonoffemalebeautyespeciallythroughaversiontofood

54.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Negotiating—acomplexprocessevenbetweenpartiesfromthesamenation—isevenmorecomplicatedininternationaltransactionsbecauseoftheaddedchanceofmisunderstandingsstemmingfromculturaldifferences.Itisessentialtounderstandtheimportanceofrankintheothercountry;toknowwhothedecisionmakersare;tobefamiliarwiththebusinessstyle.oftheforeigncompany;andtounderstandthenatureofagreementsinthecountry,thesignificanceofgestures,andnegotiatingetiquette.Theseculturaldifferencesleadtoverydifferentstyle.ofcontractnegotiation.

ThereareenormousculturaldifferencesbetweenAsiaandtheUnitedStates.TheclassicdifferenceisthatinAsia,thegoodfaithhumanrelationshipbetweenthepartiesiscentral.IntheUnitedStates,onthewhole,thereisagreaterefforttohavepreciselegaldescriptionsofeverythingthatmighthappen,resolvingeveryparticulartypeofdisputethatcanbepredictedinadvance.Thus,duringnegotiations,theUnitedStatespartyfrequentlylikestohavealawyerpresentandtendstobelessreadytouseasituationofsimplenegotiationbetweentheprincipals.

ThisdocsnotmeanthatconceptsofgoodfaithandgoodfaithrelationshipbetweenthepartiestoacontractarenottakenseriouslyintheWest,butitdoesmeanthatinthelegaltraditionwearelookedforwardtospellingoutalltheprecisedetailsandyoushouldnotbesurprisedifyourWesternpartnerasksyoutodothat.ThereisagoodfaithobligationaspartofnormalcontractlawundertheUnitedStatesandEuropeanlaw.

Acontractisalegallybindingagreementwhichthecourtswillenforce.Thisdefinition,likesalldefinitions,,isnotperfect,butitdoesemphasizethemostimportantelementinallcontracts—agreement,Allcontractsareagreements,althoughnotallagreementsarecontracts.

Sowithoutagreementtherecanbenocontract.ButhowdoyouprovetheexistenceofagreementwhichisreallynomorethanastateofmindofEnglishjudges,whoaremoreinterestedinpracticalsolutionsthaninabstracttheories?Theyhavefound,fromexperience,thatifonepersonmakesaclearanddefiniteofferandanotherpersonunconditionallyacceptstheoffer,thenitisreasonabletosaythatthetwoofthemareinagreement.Thereisnoattempttolookinsidetheirmindstofindoutwhattheyarereallythinking:itiswhattheysayanddothatcounts.

Whyisnegotiationmorecomplicatedininternationaltransaction?

55.

Whydoestheauthorsaythatstringandtinfoilaretreasures?

A.Thewarhasmadethemscarce.

B.Theyareusefultosixteen-year-olds.

C.Helikedthemwhenhewassixteen.

D.Peopleareverywasteful,

56.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcountriesinthenewworld?

A.Mostofthebanksarestillmakingagain.

B.Thegrowthofeconomyisslowingdown.

C.Thegovernmentsarefreefromforeigndebt.

D.Consumersloseconfidenceintheeconomy.

57.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorimply?

A.Inscience.itisnotdifficulttodistinguishfactfromfiction.

B.Practical-mindedpeoplecanunderstandthemeaningandobjectivesofpurescience.

C.Scientistsengagedinthetheoreticalresearchshouldnotbeblamedforignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries.

D.Todayfewpeoplehaveanynotionofthemeaningofscience.

58.Accordingtothepassage,whydomanypeopleresistchange?

A.Itishardforthemtoadapttocontinuousinnovation.

B.Theybegintolosejobsasdynamiceconomyexpands.

C.Thereisanacceleratedchangeintherankingofcompanies.

D.Theydoubtwhethertheturnoverwillimprovetheirlives.

59.

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsRussia?

A.Suggestive.B.Prejudicial.C.Sympathetic.D.Objective.

60.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

ThedevelopingcountriesofCentralandSouthAmerica,Africa,andAsiaoncemerelyexportedrawmaterialsandcashcropsinreturnformanufacturedgoods.Peopleinthesecountriesprovidedformostoftheirownneedsthroughsubsistenceagricultureandsmall-scalecrafts.Intime,though,peopleinthesecountriesgrewincreasinglydependentontheglobaleconomy,becauselocalcraftscouldnotcompetewiththecheap,factory-madeexportsofthedevelopedcountries,suchasEuropeannations,theUnitedStates,andJapan.Todecreasetheirdependence,manydevelopingcountriessoughttostrengthentheireconomiesbybuildingfactories,moderndams,androadsduringthe1960sand1970s:Governmentsfrequentlymadepoorfinancialchoices.However,infrastructureprojectssuchasdamsandhighwayswereoftentoomassiveforlocalneeds.Choicesaboutindustryweresometimesnotbasedonthebestinterestsofthecountry,andprotectionfromcompetitionfrequentlyresultedininferiorgoods.Asaresult,productscouldnotcompeteontheglobalmarketwiththehigher-qualitygoodsfromtheindustrializedcountries.Manydevelopingcountriesthenhadlittleincometopayoffdebtsincurred(招致)duringtheirexpansion.

Afewdevelopingeconomiessucceededinbuildingprosperitythroughindustrializationduringthe20thcentury.ThemostnotableofthesewereSouthKorea,Singapore,andHongKongS.A.R.LikeJapanduringthe19thcentury,theyestablishedtariffsandotherbarrierstoprotectlocalproductsfromforeigncompetitionandinvestedlocalwealthinindustrialdevelopment.AlsolikeJapan,theyfocusedonsellingtheproductstheymanufacturedtoforeignconsumersinordertobringwealthintothecountry.Bytheendofthe20thcenturysomeexpertsconsideredtheseeconomiestobedeveloped,ratherthandeveloping,althoughmanyofSouthKorea'seconomicsuccesseswerereversedinthefinancialcrisisof1997.Followingasimilarpath,Chinaadvancedeconomicallythrougharapidexpansionofmanufacturedexportsduringthelate20thcentury.

Meanwhile,multinationalsbasedintheeconomicallydevelopedworldsetuplow-wagemanufacturingfacilitiesinsomedevelopingcountries,particularlyinSoutheastAsiaandinCentralandSouthAmerica.Thesefactoriestypicallygeneratedfewlong-termbenefitsforthelocaleconomy.Theprofitsflowedoutsidethecountrytotheshareholdersoftheforeignmultinationals.Also,thedevelopingcountrieswereforcedtoparticipateina"racetothebottom"toattractmultinational