四川大學(xué)綠色化學(xué)課件第三章

Chapter3

DesigningSaferChemicalsGeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicalsMethodsforDesigningSaferChemicalsChapter3DesigningSaferChemicals3.1GeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicals

3.1.1GeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicalsTwomainwaystoavoidHazardandToxicity:

1：makeitnotpossibletoenterthebody,2：makeitnotpossibletoaffectthebio-chemicalandphysiologicalprocesses(生物化學(xué)和生理過(guò)程)hazardously.tohumanbeings,toenvironment

Directhazard&IndirecthazardGeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicalsExternalconsiderations：

Reductionofexposureoraccessibility減少化學(xué)品與生物機(jī)體接觸的可能性Internalconsiderations：

Preventionoftoxiceffects預(yù)防化學(xué)品的毒性Theyrefertothereductionofexposurebydesigningchemicalstoimprovetheimportantphysicalandchemicalpropertiesrelatedtoenvironmentaldistributionandtheup-takeofthechemicalsbymanandotherlivingorganisms.Externalconsiderations：GeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicalsExternalconsiderations:

ReductionofexposureoraccessibilityA.Propertiesrelatedtoenvironmentaldistribution/dispersion

1.Volatility/density/meltingpoint2.Watersolubility3.Persistence/biodegradation(生物降解性)a.oxidation,b.hydrolysis,c.microbialdegradation（微生物降解性）4.Conversiontobiologicallyactivesubstances5.ConversiontobiologicallyinactivesubstancesB.Propertiesrelatedtouptakebyorganisms

1.Volatility（揮發(fā)性）2.Lipophilicity（親油性）3.Molecularsize4.Degradation（降解性）a.hydrolysis（水解）,b.EffectofpH,c.susceptibilitytodigestiveenzymes（敏感性）（消化酶）Externalconsiderations:

ReductionofexposureoraccessibilityStructuraldesignsorredesigns:

increasedegradationrates,reducevolatility（揮發(fā)性）,reducepersistencetimeintheenvironmentandpossibilityofconversiontobiologicallyactivesubstancesintheenvironment.ExternalconsiderationsMoleculardesigns:

reduceorimpede（妨礙）absorptionbyman,animalsandaquaticlife（水生生物）.C.Considerationofroutesofabsorptionbyman,animalsoraquaticlife

1.Skin/eyes2.Lungs3.Gastrointestinaltract（消化系統(tǒng)）4.Gills(鰓)orotherspecificroutesExternalconsiderations:

ReductionofexposureoraccessibilityBio-accumulation（生物聚集）or

Bio-magnification（生物放大）:Itreferstotheincreaseoftissueconcentrationofachemicalasitprogressesupthefoodchain.生物放大：指食物鏈向上一級(jí)進(jìn)展，化學(xué)物質(zhì)在組織中的濃度增大的現(xiàn)象。Externalconsiderations:

ReductionofexposureoraccessibilityCertainchemicals,forexamplechlorinatedpesticidesandotherchlorinatedhydrocarbons,willbestoredinthetissues(組織)ofawiderangeoflivingorganismsandmayaccumulatetotoxiclevel(致毒水平).Thisphenomenonisexacerbated(惡化)bythefactthatthelowerformsoflifeortheorganismatlowertrophic(營(yíng)養(yǎng)的)stagesaresubsequentlyconsumedasfoodbyfish,mammalsandbirds.Thesespeciesinturnmaybeconsumedbyhuman.Externalconsiderations:

Bio-magnificationFoodchainHence,thesubstancesofconcernsmaybothbio-accumulateinlowerlifeformsandbio-magnifyorincreasetheirconcentrationinhigherlifeformsbyordersofmagnitudeastheyaccumulateandmigrateupthefoodchain.毒物可在低級(jí)生命形式中聚集，并會(huì)隨著食物鏈在更高一級(jí)的生命形式中被生物放大到更大的數(shù)量級(jí)，如此由低級(jí)生命形式傳遞到更高級(jí)的生命形式。Externalconsiderations:Reductionofexposure

oraccessibility

D.Reduction/eliminationofimpurities

1.Generationofimpuritiesofdifferentchemicalclasses（不同化學(xué)類別的不純物）2.Presenceoftoxichomologs（同系物）3.Presenceofgeometric,conformationalorstereoisomers(幾何、構(gòu)象及光學(xué)異構(gòu)體)Externalconsiderations:

ReductionofexposureoraccessibilityTheygenerallyincludeapproachesusingmolecularmanipulationsto:

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