Point of View 文學(xué)原理教程課件

PointofView

2021/5/91PointofView觀點

----Theangle/perspectivefromwhichthestoryistold.Narrator敘述者/Storyteller----Thecharacter/voicethattellsthestory.2021/5/92Pointofviewdependsontwofactors:--–Physicalsituationofthenarratorasanobserver;--–Speaker’sintellectualandemotionalposition.2021/5/93觀點

----有些東西能為我所見，有些東西則不能。在事件中，沒有一個人能說出全貌，卻都提供了別人所缺少的部分。作者的任務(wù)是找出最適合于他要述說之故事的觀點。2021/5/94KindsofPointofView

1.Third-PersonPointofView(narratorasnon-participant)

--–Narratoroutsidetheactiondescribestheevents.2021/5/95①Third-PersonPointofViewOmniscient(all-knowing)----Withthispointofview,an“all-knowing”narratorfirmlyimposeshispresencebetweenthereaderandthestory,andretainscompletecontroloverthenarrative.2021/5/96----Thenarratorisnotacharacterinthestorybutcantellyouthethoughtsandactionsofallcharactersatalltimes.(Pronouns:he,she,him,her,they,them,etc.)2021/5/97Advantage----Theflexibilitygivenbythe“all-knowing”narratorcandirectthereader’sattentionandcontrolthesourcesofinformation.2021/5/98

②Third-PersonPointofViewLimited

(limitedtoonecharacter’sthought)----Withthispointofview,thenarratorlimitshisabilitytopenetratethemindsofcharactersbyselectingasinglecharactertoactasthecenterofrevelation.

2021/5/99

③DramaticPointofView(strictlyreporting)----Inthispointofview,thenarratordisappearscompletelyandthestoryisallowedtopresentitselfdramaticallythroughactionanddialogue.2021/5/910Advantage----Withthedisappearanceofthenarrator,tellingisreplacedbyshowing,andtheillusioniscreatedthatthereaderisadirectandimmediatelywitnesstoanunfoldingdrama.2021/5/911

2.First-PersonPointofView(NarratorasParticipant)

----Inthispointofview,thenarratorappearsinthenovelas“I”or“me”andsharesthelimitationsofthirdpersonlimited.①NarratorasMajorCharacter;②NarratorasMinorCharacter.2021/5/912Advantage----Byassumingtheidentityas“I”,thenarratorendearshimselftothereaderwhilehehastosacrificetheprivilegeofomniscience.----Thenarratorstandsinsidethestoryandrelatesfirsthandexperience,whichcancreateafeelingofintimacy.2021/5/913AnalyzingNarratorIshe/shereliableorunreliable?Ifthenarratoriscrazy,jealous,self-serving,mistaken,confused,etc.,thenthereadermayquestionsthereliabilityofthestoryhe/sheistelling.2021/5/9142.Isthenarratoraparticipatingcharacter,oristhenarratortellingthestoryfromanomniscientpointofview?3.Isthenarratorna?ve?Thereadercanseethatthenarrator’sbackgroundlimitshis/herabilitytounderstandasituation.2021/5/915全知全能的敘事觀點

----敘事者對每一件事都能了然，他能隨意進入任何人物的內(nèi)心深處，并直接告訴讀者，某一小說人物正在想些什么。通常是以第三人稱法敘事，其優(yōu)點是具有高度彈性，缺點是在訓(xùn)練不足的作家手中，可能會使作品傾向于松散而凌亂。2021/5/916有限制的敘事觀點：

----其敘述者所知有限，他可能是小說中的人物，以第一人稱（我）的方式去敘事，也可能置身于小說之外，以第三人稱敘事。2021/5/917戲劇式觀點

----前兩者或以小說外的導(dǎo)演口吻來布局，或以劇中人的『我』來道出親身經(jīng)歷，都是有一個操縱者或攝影者，但戲劇式觀點是根本沒有明顯的觀看者，完全借著對話、行動，讓小說中的人物自己演出，是極為客觀的一種敘述法。

2021/5/918HaircutInHaircutRingLardnertellsastoryaboutanawfulman,butthroughtheeyesofWhitey,thetownbarber.2021/5/919WhiteyhasanunusualpointofviewaboutJim.WhiteyseesJimKendell,themaincharacter,as“comical”(101)and“kindofrough,butagoodfellaatheart”(101).2021/5/920WheninrealityWhiteydidnotseeJimforwhathereallywas,aheartless,cheating,vindictiveman.WhiteybelieveshetellingastoryabouthisfriendJim,whowithhisbuddyHodMeyers,“usedtokeepthistowninanuproar”(101).2021/5/921InfactWhiteywastellingastoryaboutsomeofthehorribleandmischievouspran