project quality management工程質量管理

ProjectQualityManagementincludestheprocessesrequiredtoensurethattheprojectwillsatisfytheneedsforwhichitwasundertaken.Itincludes“allactivitiesoftheoverallmanagementfunctionthatdeterminethequalitypolicy,objectives,andresponsibilitiesandimplementsthembymeanssuchasqualityplanning,qualitycontrol,qualityassurance,andqualityimprovement,withinthequalitysystem”.Figure8-lprovidesanoverviewofthefollowingmajorprojectqualitymanagementprocesses:項目質量管理包括項目滿足其需求所需的過程。它包括“確定質量方針、目標和職責并在質量體系中通過8-1為項目質量管理過程提供了一個概述：8.lQualityPlanning—identifyingwhichqualitystandardsarerelevanttotheprojectanddetermininghowtosatisfythem.質量計劃－確定項目相關的質量標準并決定如何滿足它們。8.2QualityAssurance—evaluatingoverallprojectperformanceonaregularbasistoprovideconfidencethattheprojectwillsatisfytherelevantqualitystandards.質量保證－定期評價整個項目的執(zhí)行情況，提供項目滿足相關質量標準的信心。8.3QualityControl—monitoringspecificprojectresultstodetermineiftheycomplywithrelevantqualitystandardsandidentifyingwaystoeliminatecausesofunsatisfactoryperformance.質量控制－監(jiān)控具體的項目結果，確定其是否滿足相關的質量標準，確定消除導致不滿意執(zhí)行情況原因的方法。Theseprocessesinteractwitheachotherandwiththeprocessesintheotherknowledgeareasaswell.Eachprocessmayinvolveeffortfromoneormoreindividualsorgroupsofindividualsbasedontheneedsoftheproject.Eachprocessgenerallyoccursatleastonceineveryprojectphase.這些過程相互之間以及同其它知識領域的過程交互作用。每個過程包含了基于項目需求的個人或集體的努力。每個過程在每個項目階段一般至少發(fā)生一次。Althoughtheprocessesarepresentedhereasdiscreteelementswithwell-definedinterfaces,inpracticetheymayoverlapandinteractinwaysnotdetailedhere.Processinteractionsarediscussed1ndetailinChapter3,ProjectManagementProcesses.盡管這里描述的過程有定義很好的接口，并且是獨立、離散的要素，實際上它們以這里未描述的方式重疊和交互作用。第3章中詳細討論過程的交互作用。ThebasicapproachtoqualitymanagementdescribedinthissectionisintendedtobecompatiblewiththatoftheinternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)asdetailedintheISO9000and10000seriesofstandardsandguidelines.Thisgeneralizedapproachshouldalsobecompatiblewith(a)proprietaryapproachestoqualitymanagementsuchasthoserecommendedbyDeming,Juran,Crosby,andothers,and(b)non-proprietaryapproachessuchasTotalQualityManagement(TQM),ContinuousImprovement,andothers.本部分描述的質量管理的基本方法同國際標準化組織（ISO）的兼容，后者以ISO9000和10000系列標準和指南形式祥述。這個普遍的方法同樣也兼容于(a)質量管理的專利方法，例如Deming,Juran,Crosby以及其它人推薦的一些方法，(b)非專利方法，例如全面質量管理（Projectqualitymanagementmustaddressboththemanagementoftheprojectandtheproductoftheproject.FailuretomeetqualityrequirementsineitherdimensioncanhaveseriousnegativeconsequencesforanyoralloftheprojectStakeholders.Forexample:項目質量管理必須涉及項目管理和項目產品這兩個部分。如任何一個沒有滿足項目利害關系者的要求均會造成嚴重的消極后果。例如：·Meetingcustomerrequirementsbyoverworkingtheprojectteammayproducenegativeconsequencesintheformofincreasedemployeeturnover.通過讓項目隊伍加班來達到顧客要求可能以增加雇員更新的形式產生消極后果?！eetingprojectscheduleobjectivesbyrushingplannedqualityinspectionsmayproducenegativeconsequenceswhenerrorsgoundetected.通過使用計劃的突擊質量檢查方式來達到項目進度目標可能在錯誤沒有被發(fā)現(xiàn)的情況下產生消極后果。Qualityis“thetotalityofcharacteristicsofanentitythatbearonitsabilitytosatisfystatedorimpliedneeds”.Acriticalaspectofqualitymanagementintheprojectcontextisthenecessitytoturnimpliedneedsintostatedneedsthroughprojectscopemanagement,whichisdescribedinChapter5.面是通過項目范圍管理（第5章）把隱含的需要轉變?yōu)槊鞔_的需要。Theprojectmanagementteammustbecarefulnottoconfusequa1itywithgrade.Gradeis“acategoryorrankgiventocntitieshavingthesamefunctionalusebutdifferentrequirementsforquality”.Lowqualityisalwaysaproblem;lowgrademaynotbe.Forexample,asoftwareproductmaybeofhighquality(noobviousbugs,readablemanual)andlowgrade(alimitednumberoffeatures),oroflowquality(manybugs,poorlyorganizeduserdocumentation)andhighgrade(numerousfeatures).Determininganddeliveringtherequiredlevelsofbothqualityandgradearetheresponsibilitiesoftheprojectmanagerandtheprojectmanagementteam.項目管理隊伍必須注意不能將質量同等級混淆。等級是“對功能用途相同但質量要求不同的實體所作的分相關圖片如下此主題相關圖片如下：Figure8-1ProjectQualityManagementOverviewTheprojectmanagementteamshouldalsobeawarethatmodernqualitymanagementcomplementsmodernprojectmanagement.Forexample,bothdisciplinesrecognizetheimportanceof:項目管理隊伍同樣必須清晰現(xiàn)代質量管理是對現(xiàn)代項目管理的補充，兩者均承認下面內容的重要性：·Customersatisfaction—understanding,managing,andinfluencingneedssothatcustomerexpectationsaremetorexceeded.Thisrequiresacombinationofconformancetospecifications(theprojectmustproducewhatitsaiditwou1dproduce)andfitnessforuse(theproductorserviceproducedmustsatisfyrealneeds).顧客滿意－理解、管理和影響需求從而達到或超過顧客的期望。這需要符合規(guī)范（項目必須生產出其承諾的產品）和適合使用（產品或服務必須滿足實際需要）的組合?！reventionoverinspection—thecostofavoidingmistakesisalwaysmuchlessthanthecostofcorrectingthem.防止跳過檢查－避免錯誤的費用總是大大小于糾正錯誤的費用?！anagementresponsibility—successrequirestheparticipationofallmembersoftheteam,butitremainstheresponsibilityofmanagementtoprovidetheresourcesneededtosucceed.管理職責－成功需要隊伍所有成員的參與，但提供成功所需資源是管理的職責。·Processeswithinphases—therepeatedplan-do-check-actcycledescribedbyDemingandothersishighlysimilartothecombinationofphasesandprocessesdiscussedinChapter3,ProjectManagementProcesses.階段內過程－Deming-執(zhí)行-檢查-PDCA）循環(huán)以及類似于第3章（項目管理過程）描述的階段和過程的組合。Inaddition,qualityimprovementinitiativesundertakenbytheperformingo