托福閱讀強(qiáng)化課講義版本

托福強(qiáng)化閱讀電子講義

托福閱讀強(qiáng)化課程

第一章考試概述

一、考試規(guī)則

機(jī)考界面

Ocomplexvegetation,sothatacycleofprogressivesurfacedetenor?ionisestablished

-“I”#bglnsomeregions,theincreasemdesertareasisoccumnglargelyasthe

ivaiua1o?eresiMofatrendtowarddnerclimaticconditionsContinuedgradualglobalwarming

hasproceedanincreasein8ndrytorsomeareasoverthepastfewthousand

yearsTheprocessmaygacceleratedinsubsequentdecadesifglobalwarming

resuWngfromairpollutionseriouslyincreases

Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresiAs

pnmanlyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.Thesemiandlands

borderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheir

potentialtoa咖sttoincreasedenvironmentalpressuresExpandingpoputations

aresubjectingthelandtoincreasingpressurestoprovidethemwithfoodandfuel

Inwetperiods,thelandmaybeabletorespondtothesestressesDunngthe叩

penodsthatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,though,the

pressureonthelandisottenfarinexcessofitsdiminishedcapacity,and

des&rtificaoonresms

Fourspecificactvineshavebeenidenbfiedascomtrit>ut?xstothe

desertificationprocessesovGrcultivation,overgrazing,firewoodgathering,and

ovenrrigationThecultivator!ofcropshasexpandedprogressivelydrierregionsas

populationdensitieshavegrownTheseregionsareespeciallylikelytohave

periodsofseveredryness,sothatcropfailuresarecommonSincetheraisingof

mostcropsnecessitatesthepnorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailures

leaveextensivetractsoflanddevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindand

watereros<on

TheraisingotlivestockisamQjoreconomicactivityinsemiandlands,

wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetationThe

consequencesotanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethe

reductionofthovegetationcoverandthetrampingandpulvenzationofth?soil

This?susuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion

Firewoodisthechieffuelusedforcookingandheatinginmanycountries

Theincreasedpressuresof^panelingpopulationshavetedtotheremovalof

wood/plantssothatmanycitiesandtownsaresurroundedbylargeareas

complete*/lackingintreesandshrubsTheincreasinguseofdriedanimalwaste

asasubstitutefuelhasalsohurtthesoilbecausethisvaluablesoilconditionerand

sourceofplantnutrientsisnolongerbeingreturnedtotheland

Thefinalmajorhumancauseotdesertificationissoilsalinizationresulting

tr<xnovenmgsoonExcesswaterfromimgsoonsinksdownintothewatertableit

nodrainagesystemexists,thewatenaBerises,bringingdissolvedsaltstothe

surfaceThewat0revaporatesandthesaltsarelenbehind,creatingawtut?crustal

layerthatprevents&randwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoil

Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificabonresultsfromthevastareasof

landandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreat

difficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.Oncethesoilhasbeenremoved

byerosion,onlythepassageofcenturiesormiBenruaveilenablenewsoiltoform

?Don*■Intairwe

一、考試規(guī)則

幾個(gè)數(shù)字：

20分鐘/篇

750-800字/篇

12-14道題/篇

3篇或4篇

一、考試規(guī)則

文章內(nèi)容：

生命科學(xué)類

天文地理類

歐美歷史類

文藝發(fā)明類

社會學(xué)心理學(xué)考古學(xué)

一、考試規(guī)則

注意問題：

你能連續(xù)屏幕閱讀1小時(shí)以上嗎？

你能達(dá)到110字/分鐘閱讀速度嗎？

您能做到平均1分鐘完成1道題目嗎？

速度優(yōu)先還是準(zhǔn)確度優(yōu)先？

二答題順序

第一步：瀏覽標(biāo)題

第二步：閱讀第一段全部題干

第三步：閱讀第一段文章

第四步：完成第一段全部問題

第五步：簡要筆記第一段主旨

第六步：逐段答題，重復(fù)上述步驟

第七步：利用各段主旨筆記完成最后大題

第二章題型精講

練見

VocabularyQuestion3-5

ReferenceQuestion0-2

十大題型考察能力

練見

VocabularyQuestion3-5

ReferenceQuestion0-2

SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1

InsertTextQuestion0-1

十大題型考察能力

VocabularyQuestion3-5

ReferenceQuestion0-2

SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1

InsertTextQuestion0-1

FactualInformationQuestion3-6

NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2

InferenceQuestion0-2

RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2

十大題型考察能力

全文

段落

句子

詞匯

綜覽

VocabularyQuestion3-5

ReferenceQuestion0-2

SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1

InsertTextQuestion0-1

FactualInformationQuestion3-6

NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2

InferenceQuestion0-2

RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2

ProsesummaryQuestion0-1

Fillinatable0-1

十大題型考察能力

全文

段落

句子

詞匯

■綜覽

■VocabularyQuestion3-5

■ReferenceQuestion0-2

■SentenceSimplificationQuestion0-1

■InsertTextQuestion0-1

■FactualInformationQuestion3-6

■NegativeFactualInformationQuestion0-2

■InferenceQuestion0-2

■RhetoricalPurposeQuestion0-2

■ProsesummaryQuestion0-1

■Fillinatable0-1

-1詞匯題

。1.1題目識別

ThewordXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■1詞匯題

1.2答題步驟

第一步：認(rèn)識單詞直接選

第二步：如為生詞讀原文

第三步：根據(jù)上下文含義推測含義

第四步：少量單詞可由詞根驗(yàn)證答案

■1詞匯題

口1.3基本思路

■1.31論點(diǎn)對論據(jù)TS+D

■1Commensalassociationssometimesinvolveonespecies*obtainingfood

thatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.Forinstance,severalkindsofbirds

feedoninsectsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingcattle.

■Thewordinadvertentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■olndefensibly

■oSubstantially

■oUnintentionally

■oPartially

?1.31論點(diǎn)對論據(jù)TS+D

■標(biāo)志詞：Forexample

■Forinstance

■Take....................................................fbrexample

■Evidencescomefrom

■Like..................................................../As........

1.32前后搭配

■2Membersofpoorpeasantfamiliesspunorwoveclothandlinensathome

forscantremunerationinanattempttosupplementmeagerfamilyincome.

■Thewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaning

■Overynecessary

■Overylow

■Otraditional

■Oprimary

■1.32前后搭配

■3Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnorapenchantfbrfantasyby

itselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.

■Theword“penchant"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■OCompromise

■OInclination

■OTradition

■ORespect

■1.32前后搭配

■基本模式：Adj.+N.

■Vt.+O.

■Adv.+Vt./Adj.

-1.33并列邏輯

■4Offshoreplatformsmayalsoloseoil,creatingoilslicksthatdriftashore

andfoulthebeaches,harmingtheenvironment.

■Theword"foul"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■OReach

■OFlood

■OPollute

■OAlter

■1.33并列邏輯

■5Attheuppertimberlinethetreesbegintobecometwistedanddeformed.

Thisisparticularlytruefortreesinthemiddleandupperlatitudes,whichtend

toattaingreaterheightsonridges,whereasinthetropicsthetreesreachtheir

greaterheightsinthevalleys.

■Thewordattaininthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■Orequire

■Oresist

■Oachieve

■Oendure

■1.33并列邏輯

■標(biāo)志詞：and

■or

■aswellas

■notonly...................................................,butalso.......

■some...................................................,other.......

■1.34順承呼應(yīng)

■6Severalothermassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecordhavebeen

tentativelyidentifiedwithlargeimpacts,butnoneissodramaticasthe

Cretaceousevent.Butevenwithoutsuchspecificdocumentation.

■Thephrasetentativelyidentifiedinthepassageisclosestinthemeaningto

■OIdentifiedaftercarefulstudy

■OIdentifiedwithoutcertainty

■OOccasionallyidentified

■OEasilyidentified

■1.34順承呼應(yīng)

■7Transitionfromforesttotreelesstundraonamountainslopeisoftena

dramaticone.Withinaverticaldistanceofjustafewtensofmeters,trees

disappearasalife-formandarereplacedbylowshrubs,herbs,andgrasses.

Theword“dramatic“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■OGradual

■OComplex

■OVisible

■OStriking

■

■1.34順承呼應(yīng)

■模式：

■1）前后重復(fù)：thatis/whichmeans

■2）條件和結(jié)果：if.......,then......../

if......,would........

■3）鋪墊和引出：A,andB;A,thenB

■1.35因果邏輯

■8Hydroponicshasapplicationsbeyondbasicresearch,sinceitfacilitatesthe

growingofgreenhousevegetablesduringwinter.

■Thewordfacilitatesinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■slowsdown

■affects

■makeseasier

■focuseson

■1.35因果邏輯

■9In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmap“AMapoftheStrata

ofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland"，mapsometiculously

researchedthatitcanstillbeusedtoday.

■Thewordmeticulouslyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■Ocarefully

■Oquickly

■Ofrequently

■Oobviously

■1.35因果邏輯

■標(biāo)志詞:

■Dueto/Givenby/Since/derivefrom/stemfrom

■Therefore/So/Hence/.......follows

■Enough.......to......./too........to......../So........that........

■1.36反向邏輯

■10TheJovianplanetshaveverythickatmospheresconsistingofvarying

amountsofhydrogen,helium,methane,andammonia.Bycomparison,the

terrestrialplanetshavemeageratmospheresatbest.

■Thewordmeage】inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■□rich

■□thin

■□unique

■□complex

■1.36反向邏輯

■11Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajor

technologicalchanges.Materialsandmethodsofconstructionareintegral

partsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.

Theword“integral"isclosetinmeaningto

■OEssential

■OVariable

■OPractical

■OIndependent

■1.36反向邏輯

■標(biāo)志詞：

■1)讓步：Even/Although/Despite

■2)轉(zhuǎn)折：But/Yet/However

■3)對比：Whereas/While/Incontrast/Ontheotherhand

■1.37詞根詞綴

■12Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpresenceinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,

whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupport

Heyerdahl9s"AmericanIndiansinthePacific^^theories.

■Thewordundisputedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■□mysterious

■□unexpected

■□acknowledged

■□significant

?1.37詞根詞綴

■13Theword“incredible"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■OConfusing

■OComforting

■OUnbelievable

■OInteresting

■1.37詞根詞綴

■14Theword“overlie"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■OCover

■OChange

■OSeparate

■OSurround

-1.37詞根詞綴

■15.Thewordinterlockedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

■□intermediate

■□linked

■□frozen

■□fullydeveloped

■1.37詞根詞綴

詞根》前綴》后綴

1.4綜合練習(xí)

16Watercoloristhemostlight-filledofallwaysofpainting,butits

luminositydependsonthewhiteofthepapershiningthroughthinwashesof

pigment.

Abeauty

Bvisibility

Ccolor

Dbrightness

1.4綜合練習(xí)

16Watercoloristhemostlieht-filledofallwaysofpainting,butits

luminositydependsonthewhiteofthepapershiningthroughthinwashesof

pigment.

■Abeauty

■Bvisibility

■Ccolor

■Dbrightness

■1.4綜合練習(xí)

■17MostTVsetscomewithremotecontrols.Theyuseinfraredtechnology.

Infraredisimperceptible,whereasthelightfromtheTVscreenisvisible.

■Atouchable

■Btreatable

■Cbelievable

■Dinvisible

■1.4綜合練習(xí)

■17MostTVsetscomewithremotecontrols.Theyuseinfraredtechnology.

Infraredisimperceptible,whereasthelightfromtheTVscreenisvisible.

■Atouchable

■Btreatable

■Cbelievable

■Dinvisible

?1.4綜合練習(xí)

■18Themantleoftheearthis2900kilometersthickandencompasses

about84percentofthetotalvolumeoftheEarth.

■Acontains

■Bsearches

■Cencircles

■Ddirects

■1.4綜合練習(xí)

■18Themantleoftheearthis2900kilometersthickandencompasses

about84percentofthetotalvolumeoftheEarth.

■Acontains

■Bsearches

■Cencircles

■Ddirects

■1.4綜合練習(xí)

■19Manyoftheseimplicationsmakeherconservativecolleaguescringe

becausetheyraiseseriousquestionsaboutthefocusofpreviousstudies.

■Adefects

■Badvantages

■Csuggestions

■Dcontroversies

■1.4綜合練習(xí)

■19Manyoftheseimplicationsmakeherconservativecolleaguescringe

becausetheyraiseseriousquestionsaboutthefocusofpreviousstudies.

Adefects

Badvantages

Csuwgestions

Dcontroversies

2指代題

口2.1題目識別

°ThewordXinthepassagerefersto

口X=[pron.]or[名詞概念]

2指代題

口2.2答題步驟

口第一步：閱讀代詞所在句及前一句

口第二步：關(guān)注其中名詞概念

口第三步：套用指代模式確定被指代對象

口第四步：代入上下文驗(yàn)證答案

2指代題

口2.3基本思路

2.31同位指代

1Asthesnowisdeeperandlastslongerinthevalleys,treestendtoattain

greaterheightsontheridges,eventhoughtheyaremoreexposedto

high-velocitywindsandpoor,thinsoilsthere.

Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto

Ovalleys

Otrees

Oheights

Oridges

2.31同位指代

2Suchanexternalcuenotonlycoordinatesananimal'sdailyrhythmswith

particularfeaturesofthelocalsolardaybutalso-becauseitnormallydoesso

dayafterday-seemstokeeptheinternalclock'speriodclosetothatofEarth's

rotation.

Theworditinthepassagerefersto

Oanexternalcuesuchassunrise

Othedailyrhythmofananimal

Othelocalsolarday

Oacyclewhoseperiodisprecisely24hours

2.31同位指代

3Somespecies,fbrexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimary

feathersoneachside(toretainbalanceintheair)andwaituntilthe

replacementfeathersareaboutone-thirdgrownbeforesheddingthenext

outermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysstartwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathers

andworkoutward.

Theword“Others“intheparagraphreferto()

ducks

sides

species

flightfeathers

2.31同位指代

變形模式：someX,otherX

oneX,anotherX

many/most/muchX,otherX

2.32最相鄰指代

■4Forexample,asthegreaticesheetsthatcoveredNorthAmericaduringthe

lasticeagesteadilymeltedaway,hugevolumesofwaterflowedfromthem.

Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacial

outwash,thatwasdepositedastheflowsloweddown.

■Thephrase“glacialoutwash“inthepassagerefersto

■OFastrivers

■OGlaciers

■OThehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting

■OTheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers.

?2.32最相鄰指代

■5Themythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthe

group'soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditions

divorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,thefirststephasbeentaken

towardtheaterasanautonomousactivity.

■Theword"this"inthepassagerefersto

■OTheactingoutofrites

■OThedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsociety

■OTheseparationofmythsfromrites

■OThecelebrationofsupernaturalforces

■2.32最相鄰指代

■何種情形代詞常指代最相鄰概念？

■1相鄰感強(qiáng)的代詞：this/these/its/theirs

■2指代前方整體的代詞：this/that/which

■3為前方概念的同位解釋或別稱：

Y,(refersto/means/thatis)X

?2.33連環(huán)指代

■6AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayal

ofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostrivefor

socialandculturalindependence,theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,

and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheir

attitudestowardthem.

■Theword"them”inthisparagraphrefersto()

■A.AmericanofEuropeandescent

■B.paintings

■C.AfricanAmericanartists

■D.attitudes

■2.33連環(huán)指代

■6AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayal

ofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostrivefor

socialandculturalindependence,theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,

and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheir

attitudestowardthem.

■Theword“them”inthisparagraphrefersto()

■A.AmericanofEuropeandescent

■B.paintings

■C.AfricanAmericanartists

■D.attitudes

■2.34抽象指代具體

■7Paragraph3:WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthe

south,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohave

difficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthe

wetsouththaninthedrynorth.Thelikelyexplanationisthatanareaof

undergroundfreshwaterunderliestheYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevation

increasesfromnorthtosouth,sothatasonemovessouththelandsurfacelies

increasinglyhigherabovethewatertable.

■Thephrase“Thelikelyexplanation”inthepassagereferstotheexplanation

forwhy

■OthesouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthanthenorthernareas

■Omodernarchaeologistshavedifficultyunderstandingancientdroughts

■Owaterproblemsweremostsevereinthewetsouth

■Olandsurfoceinthesouthissohighabovethewatertable

■2.34抽象指代具體

"8Paragraph3:WhilethatmadethingshardforancientMayalivinginthe

south,ithasalsomadethingshardformodemarchaeologistswhohave

difficultyunderstandingwhyancientdroughtscausedbiggerproblemsinthe

wetsouththaninthedrynorth.Thelikelyexplanationisthat.

■Likelyexplanation=Whyithasmadethingshardformodernarchaeologists

tounderstand

■Or=Whyancientdroughtcausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththanin

thedrynorth

■2.34抽象指代具體

■8Thelikelyexplanationisthatanareaofundergroundfreshwaterunderlies

theYucatanPeninsula,butsurfaceelevationincreasesfromnorthtosouth,so

thatasonemovessouththelandsurfaceliesincreasinglyhigherabovethe

watertable.

■Likelyexplanation=Whyithasmadethingshardformodernarchaeologists

tounderstand

"Or=Whyancientdroughtcausedbiggerproblemsinthewetsouththanin

thedrynorth

■2.34抽象指代具體

■8Thephrase"Thelikelyexplanation”inthepassagereferstothe

explanationforwhy

■OthesouthernMayaareasreceivedmorerainfallthanthenorthernareas

■Omodernarchaeologistshavedifficultyunderstandingancientdroughts

■Owaterproblemsweremostsevereinthewetsouth

■Olandsurfaceinthesouthissohighabovethewatertable

■2.35語法指代

■9Whengrowingonrocksurfaces,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvethe

minerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowly

turnedtosoil.

■Theword“which"inthepassagerefersto

■A.theprocessofweathering

■B.growingonrocksurfaces

■C.dissolvingtheminerals

■D.beingturnedtosoil

■2.35語法指代

■Nthat/which/who/whose+定語從句

■that/which/who/whose=N.

■2.35語法指代

■10Whengrowingonrocksurfaces,lichenssecreteacidsthatdissolvethe

minerals,contributingtotheprocessofweatheringbywhichrocksareslowly

turnedtosoil.

■Theword“which"inthepassagerefersto

■A.theprocessofweathering

■B.growingonrocksurfaces

■C.dissolvingtheminerals

■D.beingturnedtosoil

■2指代題

口2.4綜合練習(xí)

■2.4綜合練習(xí)

■11Theblubberinsulationissoeffectivethatmarinemammalsmaintain

bodycoretemperaturesofabout36-38℃withmetabolicratesaboutthesame

asthoseoflandmammalsofsimilarsize.

■Amarineanimal

■Bcoretemperatures

■Clandmammals

■Dmetabolicrates

■2.4綜合練習(xí)

■11Theblubberinsulationissoeffectivethatmarinemammalsmaintain

bodycoretemperaturesofabout36-38℃withmetabolicratesaboutthe

sameasthoseoflandmammalsofsimilarsize.

■Amarineanimal

■Bcoretemperatures

■Clandmammals

■Dmetabolicrates

?2?4綜合練習(xí)

■12Virginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthe

populationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimated

atasmuchasan80percentdecreaseofthenativepopulationinthecenturies

followingthearrivalofEuropeansintheAmericas.

■Aavirginsoilepidemic

■Banunbelievabledeclineofnativeinhabitants

■Cthepopulationofnativeinhabitants

■DthearrivalofEuropeans.

■2.4綜合練習(xí)

■12Virginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthe

populationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimated

atasmuchasan80percentdecreaseofthenativepopulationinthe

centuriesfollowingthearrivalofEuropeansintheAmericas.

■Aavirginsoilepidemic

■Banunbelievabledeclineofnativeinhabitants

■Cthepopulationofnativeinhabitants

■DthearrivalofEuropeans.

■3句子簡化題

很重要一間接控制很多分?jǐn)?shù)

03.1題目識別：題干

Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportant

waysorleaveoutessentialbiformation.

■3句子簡化題

。3.1題目識別

Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportant

waysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

■3句子簡化題

。3.2答題步驟：對原句的分析

。第一步：讀給出句，找出句中邏輯：虛詞控制實(shí)詞：雖然。。但是；

盡管，但是。。。邏輯詞很重要

。第二