口譯當(dāng)中的跨文化交際

存檔編號(hào)贛南師范學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文Cross-culturalCommunicationInInterpretation口譯當(dāng)中的跨文化交際教學(xué)學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院屆別2011屆專業(yè)學(xué)號(hào)070402270姓名指導(dǎo)老師完成日期2010年12月日ContentTOC\o"1-5"\h\zAbstract2Keywords2\o"CurrentDocument"Briefintroductionofinterpretation.3Whatinterpretationmeans3Standardsofinterpretation31.3Culturecontentsininterpretation3Thecommonculturalcontentsofetiquette3Basiccontentofuniqueculture4\o"CurrentDocument"Briefintroductiontocross-culturalcommunication.5\o"CurrentDocument"Whatiscross-culturalcommunication5Differentcognitivebehaviorandcross-culturalmisunderstanding5\o"CurrentDocument"m.EffectsofculturaldifferencesbetweenwesternworldandChina6Geographicaldifferences6Differenceofhistoryinculture6Differencesofcustomsinculture6Differencesofreligion6Differenceofconceptofvalue6Differencesinwaysofthinking7Indirectwayanddirectwayofexpressionandthinking7Westernerspaymoreattentiontoanalyze,whileChinesepaymoreattentiontooverall7GenerallyconclusionofdifferencebetweenwesternworldandChina7IV.Howtotraincross-culturalcommunication.ReadBible8WhafsBible8WhyweneedtolearnBible9HowtouseBibleforcross-culturalcommunicationininterpretation9ReadsomeChineseClassics9Otherdifficultincross-culturalcommunicationininterpretation9Interpretationofproverb10Interpretationofidiom10V.StrategyofurgentsituationininterpretationThreemeasurestowardsthesituationofotunderstandingthesourcelanguage11DomesticationandForeignizingininterpretation11Domesticationininterpretation11Foreignizingininterpretation12AbstractAsweallknow,differentnationalitieshavedifferentcultures,therearesomesimilaritiesamongthem,butalsosomedifferences.Thereareconnectionsamongdifferentcultures,butalsohaveuniqueculturalelements.Itissuchakindofcommonlinkprovidesthefoundationandpossibilityforinterpretation.Whiledifferentcultureswithuniquecharacteristicsconstitutetheobstacleforculturalexchange.Fromthisperspective,thedifficultyofinterpretationmeansthedifficultyofexpressionofculturalbackgroundknowledgeandunderstanding.Interpretationisclearlynotjustaspokenlanguageconversionprocess,butalsoaculturalcommunication,conversationandtheprocessofintegration.Thereisasignificantrelationshipbetweeninterpretationandculturalfactors,backgroundknowledgeaswellastheinherentvalues.Andmeanwhileinterpretationaffectedtheirinfluenceandlimitedbythem.Therefore,inordertoabideandpursuitofthreestandardsofinterpretation,namelyaccurateandfluent,wemustmaketheappropriatecross-culturalcommunicationtraining.Thepaperfocusesonhowtotraincross-culturalcommunicationskillsinthetrainingofinterpretationtomeetthecompleteneedsofhigh-qualityinterpretation.Keywords:interpretation,cross-culturalcommunication,thecommongroundanddifferencebetweenChinesecultureandwesternculture.I.Briefintroductiontointerpretation.WhatinterpretationmeansInterpretation,essentially,meansanextemporeoralproduction,inonelanguage,ofwhatissaidinanotherlanguage.Tothismaybeaddedthefollowingtwopointsofclarification.Asprovedbypractice,interpretationcannotbeviewedasamerelylinguisticunderstanding,butshouldberegardedasanaspectofalargerdomainnamely,thatofcommunication.Inthecaseofcomplexdiscoursesorspeeches,interpretationinvolvesnotonlylinguisticproficiency,butalsoencyclopedicknowledge.Afewwordsontheuseofterms.IntheUnitedNations,theterm“interpretation”，whentheimmediateresultisaspeechreproducedorallyinalanguageotherthanthatspokenbytheoriginalspeaker.Standardsofinterpretation.Therearetwocriteriatomeasurethemeritsofinterpretation:first,accurate,andthesecondisfluent.First,theinterpretationmustbeaccurate.Accurateisthesoulofinterpretation.Accuracyrequiresinterpretertransformstheinformationofthesourcelanguageintacttothetargetlanguage.Accuratetargetlanguageshouldbewhilemaintainingtheoriginalmeaningoflanguageanditsstyle.Accurateinterpretationisnotonlyaguaranteeofsuccessfulbilingualcommunication,butalsothedemonstrationofinterpreter5sethicsandprofessionalstandardsFluencyistheothermajorstandardwhichinterpretermustfollow,ifaccurateisthebasicrequirementalsooftranslation,andthenthefluentwillfullyreflectthecharacteristicsofinterpretation.Thefluencyofinterpretationincludingthespeedofperceptionandtranslatorparsingspeed,andwiththeencodingandexpressionofthetargetlanguage1.3CulturecontentsininterpretationLanguageisapartofcultureandthereforeinterpretingfromonelanguageintoanothercannotbedonesatisfactorilywithoutadequateknowledgeofthetwoculturesinvolved.Theculturefactorsininterpretingaremoresignificantthanthepurelylinguisticdifferences.Themostseriousmistakesininterpretingareusuallymadenotbecauseofverbalinadequacy,butofwrongculturalassumptions.Thereforeindeterminethemeaningofwordsoridioms,theinterpretermustnotonlylookatthesystematiccontentsbutalsotheculturalcontexts,for“theculturalcontextsofwordsarethekeystounderstandingthemeaningoftexts."("AstudyonNiDa'stranslationtheory,2004)ThecommonculturalcontentsofetiquetteThecommoncultureininternationalcommunicationismainlyshowedbyetiquette.Thetrendofdevelopmentofinternationalsociety,ononehandisdiversification;ontheotherhand,ontheotherhand,withthestrengtheningofexchangesbetweencountriesintheworld,theworldhasshownanunprecedentedunificationofvariouslocaleconomicunionandthestrategicpartnershiprelations,suchastheEuropeanCommunity,theShanghaisummit,APECandotherinternationalandregionalInternationalorganizationsalsosupportthistrend.Ofcourse,inavarietyofinternationalexchanges,ithassomecertaincodesofaction,inwhichthemostdirectexpressionoftheseistheperformanceofcommonritualculturefacedwithinternationalorganizationsandconferencesinthepublic.Understandingofthiscultureisthebasiclanguagequalityofinterpreters.Specifically,thecontentsofthecommonculturalritualsincludethefollowing.First,behavior.Inthediplomaticcontext,behaviorhasalotofrequirements.Intheinternationalexchangeactivities,interpretersshouldmaintainreasonablemannertowardsbehaviorandattitudes,sinceasuccessfulinterpretationcannotonlyincludehighlevellanguagewithoutreasonableactions.Highestlevelofinterpretationshouldbenotedthattheaudienceshavenoattentiontotheexistenceoftheinterpreter.Inaddition,theinterpretershouldalsobefullyawareofthedetailsoftheirstandingposition.Inthemoderninternationalconferencesandmeetings,meetingetiquetteiscommonlyusedinhandsorhugging,interpreters,intheirownwayofunderstandingtheusesonthebasisofwhichinformtheirclientsoftheritual.Second,Dress.Intheinternationalexchangeaffairs,ithasdifferentrequirementsofdressingonthecaseofdifferentoccasions.Forexample,inpoliticaltalksorformalbusinessmeeting,interpretershouldwearsuits;inthetourismtalks,itcanberelativelyfree;inthemulti-nationalgatheringofculturalexchange,youcanwearyourownnationalcostumes.Third,standingStations.Intheinterpretationprocess,inadditiontosittingduringthenegotiation,interpretersneedtostandtowork.Sometimestheyalsoneedtoparticipateinthegiftsexchangeordinner.Whenweparticipateintheseactivities,interpretersshouldpayattentiontothestandingposition.Thisisveryimportantininterpretation;everydetailisrelatedtothesuccessofinterpretation.BasiccontentofuniquecultureDifferencesofcultureamongdifferentcountriesorethnicnationsmainlyincludethereligiousculture,foodculture,physicalculture,digitalcultureandsoon.Religiousculture.Differentstateandnationbelievedindifferentreligions.Foreignlanguagelearnersandinterpretersshouldbemoreunderstandingofthetargetcountrysreligiousbeliefandcustoms,inparticular,habitsofcertaintaboos.Forexample,inIslamiccountriesandregionspeopledonotoftenremindpigandpork.InThailandchildrensheadcannotbetouched.Ifyoudonotunderstandthese,younotonlycannotcommunicatewell,evenintheexchangeprocesswillyoumakeconflictsFoodculture.Duetoreligiousdifferencesineatinghabits,foodcultureintheprocessofinternationalexchangeisalsoveryimportant,forexample:inIslamiccountriesandregions,peopledonoteatporkandfishwithoutscales,theJapanesedonoteatmutton,manycountriesineastEuropedonteatanimalorgans,guestscannotdrinkinArabcountries.Foreignlanguagelearnerslearnthelanguageneedtounderstandtheeatinghabitsofthetargetcountry.Physicalculture.Whentalkwithotherpeople,wegenerallyusethelanguage,voiceandbodylanguagethreedifferentways.Researchhasshownthat55%ofcommunicationisthroughbodylanguage,and38%completewithsound,andonly7%donewithwords,whichcanshowthatbodylanguageisveryimportantincommunication.Duringinterpretationprocess,theinterpretersneedtopaytoattentiontappropriatedeyescontract;hishandsshouldnotputintothepockets,neithercanwecrossyourarmsacrosschests.Wecannotshowourlazinessandlockofspirit.Besidesweneedtoaccordingtotheserviceobjecttoreadingthebodylanguageofexchanges.Thisoneisparticularlyworthnotingthatindifferentcountry,shrug,smilehavedifferentmeaning.Onlybyfullyunderstandingthebodylanguageofthetargetcountrycaninterpretergetthemeaningofbothsides.Briefintroductiontocross-culturalcommunicationWhatiscross-culturalcommunication?Cross-culturalcommunication(alsofrequentlyreferredtoasinterculturalcommunication,whichisalsousedinadifferentsense,though)isafieldofstudythatlooksathowpeoplefromdifferingculturalbackgroundscommunicate,insimilaranddifferentwaysamongthemselves,andhowtheyendeavortocommunicateacrosscultures.IthasfollowingcharactersCommunicationmustcomefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Differencebetweenculturalbackgroundsisabroadconcept;itnotonlyreferstothedifferencebetweenthedifferentculturalcircles,butitalsoreferstothesameculturalcirclewithinthesub-culturedifferences.Butgenerallyspeakingculturaldifferencesmainlyrefertothedifferencebetweenthedifferentculturalcircles,especiallyinChinaandthewesterncultural.Bothpartsofcommunicationmustusethesamelanguage.Itisobviously.Ifoneusesalanguage,whiletheotherusesinadifferentlanguage,communicationcannotbecarriedout.Bothsidesofthecommunicationarereal-timeoralcommunication.Thewaysofcross-culturalcommunicationarevarious.Itcanbelanguagesymbolscommunication,ornon-languagesymbolcommunication,suchascommercials,pictorial,video,performanceandsoon.Differentcognitivebehaviorandcross-culturalmisunderstandingThedifferenceofhumancognitivebehaviorofallethnicgroupsduetothedifferenceofcultural,linguisticandculturalenvironments.Thisisoneofthedeepestreasonswhichcausedcross-culturalmisunderstanding.Cognitivebehaviorisawayofviewingofthings.Aperson'scognitivebehaviorisbasedonitsculturalandsocialimpactoftheformationofcognitiveschema.Andunderthiscircumstanceweobserveandjudgethedevelopmentofsomeobjectandhumanbehavior.Person'sbehaviorordevelopmentsofthingsdonotcoincidewiththecognitiveschema,theevaluationofthingswouldbedifferent,andthenmisunderstandingsappear.Intheprocessofinterpretationtrainingandintheinterpretationworking,weshouldtrytoavoidsuchcross-culturalmisunderstandings.Thatiswhywemuststrengthenedcross-culturalcommunicationskillstrainingintheinterpretationtraining.EffectsofculturaldifferencesbetweenwesternworldandChina.GeographicaldifferencesGeographicallocationisdifferentbetweenWesterncountriesandChina,whichresultinginnationalgeographyandclimate.Thesedifferencesaresignificantlyexistinlanguage,anditneedallinterpretersattention.Forexample,Chinaisalandlockedcountry,lyingnorthwesttowardstosoutheast.Sowealwayssay“TheRiverflowseast”.WhilemanyEuropeancountriesareisland,suchasBritain.Sotheyalwaysuse“fromseatosea”toexpressthemeaningofwholecountry.Ifwejustinterprettheseuniqueculturalconnotationoftheidiominsimpleway.Itwillletotherpeoplecannotunderstandcorrectmeaning.SotobeaninterpreteryoushouldknowwellabouttheGeographicaldifferencesamongthedifferentcountries.Differenceofhistoryinculture.Chinaisafeudalruleafterthewar'slonghistoryofcivilization,Sothereare"descendants;fourgreatinventions;flamesreachingthesky;;Everythingisinplace,tyrannyisfiercerthanatiger;characterbureaucraticsideopen,rationalmoneydocomein"andotherphrases.BritainhasalonghistoryofrulebythePopeandtheKingandoppression,sothereis"Thekingandpope,thelionandthewolf;KingsGod,andthepeoplesufferfromit"andotherphrasesDifferencesofcustomsinculture.Inaspecificculturalbackgroundofdifferentethnicgroups,itwillformsdifferentsocialcustomsandlivinghabits.Suchasinthegreetingarea,whenChinesemeetothers,theyusedtoask:Haveyoueaten?Wheretogo?Andsoon,thatisaveryeasy-going,friendlygreeting,whichcannotinterpretedas“Haveyouhadyourmeal?"Justsimplytranslated“Howareyo?,Hello,ortalkabouttheweather."Ifsomeonedied,weoftenwillcomfortpeopleandsay:I'msorry.DifferencesofreligionReligiouscultureistheimportantpartofnationalculture;EastandWestworldhaveDifferentreligionsandbeliefs.MostofwesternersareChristian,thereforetheremanyrelatedidiomssuchas“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves",aswellas“gotohell".Whenwesternersfellverysurprisedtheywillalwayssay"Jesus".Whilewhentheyencountereddifficultiesordangertheywilljustsay"Godsaveme".ButmanyChinesepeopledeeplyinfluencedbyBuddhism,usedtosay,"Buddhablessme"andsoon.TheBiblehasfar-reachingimpactintheWest,thereidiomscomefromtheBible,suchas"theappleoftheeye,castpearlsbeforeswine,theforbiddenfruit,Jude'skiss,aspoorasachurchmousepenniless,"etc.SundayschoolcannotbeinterpretedasStarOnthedayofschool,butshouldbetranslatedas"Sundayschool"becauseSundayistheChristianworshipDay.Soininterpretationpractice,weshouldfullytakethedifferencebetweendifferentethnicreligiousintoaccount;wecannotinterpretwithitsliterallymeaning.Differenceofconceptofvalue.Eachcountryhasitsownlanguageexpressionofloveandhate,buttheexpressionisnotthesame,sothesamerecognitionasreflectedinobjectivethingsknowledgeandvalueswillbedifferent.Foeexample"dragon"canreflectthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures.“Dragon"inChinesesymbolmeansgoodfortune,honor,dignityandpower.Chineseidiomsarethecomplimentonthedragon,suchas"hopeful,rawlonglivetiger,flamboyant",andsoon.However,intheAnglo-AmericanandotherWesterncountries,dragonisakindofdangerousanimalswhichcanshootoutfire,itoftenrepresentstheevil,anditisterrifying.AmanisconsideredasadragoninEnglish,itmeansthispersonisdomineering,nastyderogatory.Sheislikeadragonmeansthiswomanissheisabitch.Similarly,theattitudetowardscolorisalsodifferent.InChina,redisasymbolofjustice,suchas"fire,theRedArmy,red-faced"andsoon.Whilewhiteisnegative,suggestingsuchas:"Idiot,whitematter,badcop"andsoon.ButinEnglish,itiscontrast,suchas:Whenevershethoughtofthematter,shesawred".Thissentencemeanswhenshethinksaboutthiseverytimesheisveryangry."Theyhavetriedeverymeantogetoutofthered"meanstheytrytofindmanywaystopaythedebt."Thegreatmanoftenthinksofthewhitedaysinhislife",itMeansThegreatmanalwaysthinkofhappinessinhislife.DifferencesinwaysofthinkingIndirectwayanddirectwayofexpressionandthinkingWesternerlikestraiteningtothepointindirectlyway;whileChineselikethinkingandexpressinginindirectlyway.Thiskindofthinkingandexpressionhasalonghistory.Thewayof"either-or"theoristsofreasoningisthebasicthinkingmodeofwesternerswhichleadtotheconsequentof"linearreasoning"concept,asiftakenforgranted.Thesearchfortheunityoftheworld,isthetruenatureofphilosophicalthinkingofChinese,suchas"Heaven,""Healsovital"tobecomeahabitofthinkingofancientChinesethinkers.IftheWesternwayofthinkingcanbeconsideredastraightlineto,thenChinesewayof"dialectical"thinkingcanbeconsideredasawave-likecurve.Chinesepeople's"ulteriormotives"causedbythetraditionalstyleofdoingthingsorthinkingwaywasneverfundamentallychangedeverbefore.Westernerspaymoreattentiontoanalyze,whileChinesepaymoreattentiontooverallLivingindifferentcircumstance,peoplehavedifferentunderstandingofthepatternsontheoutsideworld.EasternandWesternwaysofthinkingonthewholehasdifferentcharacteristics,suchastheAsiansemphasisonhumanities,focusingonethical,moral,whileWesternersemphasisonnature,scienceandtechnology;.Fromthisaspect,Chinesepeople'sthinkingpatternsbelongtothewholeofModesofThinking,intuition,thinkingandanalysisofconcrete,logicalabstractthinking.GenerallyconclusionofdifferencebetweenwesternworldandChinaTheculturesoftheEastandtheWestreallydistinguisheachotheralot.Thisisbecausetheculturesystemsaretwoseparatesystemsonthewhole.Theoriginoftheeasternculturesismainlyfromtwocountries:ChinaandIndia.Bothofthetwoculturesaregestatedbyrivers.InChina,themotherriveristheYellowRiverwhiletheIndianoneistheHinduRiver.Thesetwoculturesweredevelopedforseveralthousandyearsandformedtheirownstyles.TheninDangDynastyofChina,theChineseculturegraduallywentoverseastoJapan,mixedintotheJapanesesocietyandshapedtheJapaneseculturenowadays.ThoughabitdifferentfromtheChineseone,itbelongstothesamesystem.WhenthetwoMotherRiversgavebirthtotheeasternculture,anotherfamousculturewasbroughtupontheMesopotamianPlain——theMesopotamianCivilization.ThiscivilizationlaterondevelopedintotheculturesoftheAncientGreeceandAncientRome.Andthesetwoarewell-knownasthebaseoftheEuropeanculture.LiketheChineseculture,theEuropeanonealsocrossedwaters.WhenthecolonistsofEnglandsettleddowninAmerica,theirculturewentwiththemovertheAtlanticOcean.SotheAmericanculturedoesn'tdistinguishfromtheEuropeanonealot.Atthesametime,thedifferenceofthelanguagesystemsaddstotheculturaldifferences.IntheEast,mostlanguagesbelongtothepictographiclanguage(seethepicturebelow)whiletheWesternlanguagesaremostlybasedontheLatinsystem,forexample,theoneI'musingtowritethispaper.Otherfactorslikehumanracedifferencecountsaswell.Butwhat'smore,duetothefardistanceandthesteepareasbetweentheEastandWest,thetwoculturesseldomcommunicateuntilrecentcenturies.Sotheygrewuptotallyintheirownwayswithalmostnointerferencefromtheother.Howtotraincross-culturalcommunication.ReadBibleWhat'sBibleTheBibleisacollectionof66bookswrittenbyabout40authors,inthreedifferentlanguages,onthreedifferentcontinents,overapproximately1600years.TheBibleclaimstobeinspiredandinerrant.ThismeansthattheBibleclaimstobefromGodandthatitiswithouterrorineverythingitaddresses.TheBiblecontainsmanydifferentstylesofwritingsuchaspoetry,narration,fiction,history,law,andprophecyandmustbeinterpretedincontextofthosestyles.ItisthesourceoftheChristianreligioninthattheBiblecontainsthewordsofGodandhowtheChristianistoapplythewordsofGodtohislife.Basically,theBibledescribestheoriginofmanintheGardenofEdenalongwithhisfallintosinandoutoffellowshipwithGod.ItthendescribeshowGodcalledoutaspecialpeopletoHimself,theIsraelites.HepromisedtheIsraelitesafutureMessiahwhowouldrestoremankind'srelationshipwithGod.TheBibleistheaccountoftheworkofGodinhistorybringingtofruitionHispropheticdeclarationsconcerningJesus.JesuswasbornoftheVirgin,diedonthecross,andpaidforsins,justastheBibleprophesiedintheOldTestamentandfulfilledintheNew.Inshort,theBiblepointstoJesus,"YousearchtheScriptures,becauseyouthinkthatinthemyouhaveeternallife;anditisthesethatbearwitnessofme,"Furthermore,theBibleteachesusthatforgivenessofsinsisfoundinJesusalone,"Andthereissalvationinnooneelse;forthereisnoothernameunderheaventhathasbeengivenamongmen,bywhichwemustbesaved,"SomesaythattheBibleisnothingmorethanfairytales.Butthiscannotbeforitcontainsgreatwisdomandtruthandithasbeenverifiedthroughouthistoryasbeingaccurate.Itshistoricalaccountsareflawlesslyaccurate.Infact,archaeologyroutinelydemonstratestheaccuracyofthebiblicalrecordsconcerninglocationsandeventsrecordedintheBible.WhyweneedtolearnBible.ItisnoexaggerationtosaythattheEnglishBibleisthegreatestworkinEnglishlanguage,andthatitwillhavemuchmoreinfluencethanevenShakespeareuponthewrittenandspokenlanguageoftheEnglishrace.Forthisreason,tointerpretEnglishtoChinese,weneedtolearnBiblewell.InterpretationwithoutsomegeneralknowledgeoftherelationoftheBiblecannotbeverycompleted.Itisnotnecessarytoconsidertheworkfromareligiouspointofviewatall;indeed,tosoconsideritwouldberatherahindrancetotheunderstandingofinterpretationexcellence.SomepersonshaveventuredtosaythatitisonlysinceEnglishmenceasedtobelieveintheBiblethattheybegantodiscoverhowbeautifulitwas.Thisisnotaltogethertrue;butitispartlytrue.ForitisonethingtoconsidereverywordofabookasthewordofGodorgods,andanotherthingtoconsideritsimplyastheworkofmenlikeourselves.Naturallyweshouldthinkitourdutytosupposetheworkofadivinebeingperfectinitself,andtoimaginebeautyandtruthwhereneitherreallyexists.WecanseealotofspeecheswhichrelatedtotheBible.TakepresidentofUSspeechforexample,attheendingofeachspeech,thepresidentwillalwayssays“MayGodblessyou,andmayGodblessUSofAmerica."Andin1949,whenSongMeilingvisitedUS,SecretaryofStateMarshalljustsaid“Godhelpthosehelpthemselves”.In2001,whenBushelectedtobethepresidentofUS,inhisInauguration,hejustsaid:“ButthatwaitupontheLORDshallrenewtheirstrength.Theywillsoaronwingslikeeagles;theywillrunandnotgrowweary,walkandnotfaint.”(IsaiahChapter40Section31).InClinton'sinauguralceremony,heusestwoBibleswhichhisgrandmothergavehim.In1993,ClintonopenedtheBibleinhisinaugurationceremonytotheGalatiansChapter6,Section8,theninthe1997re-electionceremonyhealsoopenedBibletoIsaiahChapter58,section12."Foryoupeoplewhomakelong-abandonedplacerequired;youwanttobuildthefoundationsofdemolishedLidia.Youshallbecalledtherepairerofthebreach,therestorerofpathstodwell.”HowtouseBibleforcross-culturalcommunicationininterpretationSinceBibleissoimportantinwesterners5lifeaswellasintheinterpretation.Weneedtolearnsomethingofit.Atleast,weneedtoknowthespiritofChristianityandfamoussentencesinBible.ButformostChinese,wearenotChristian,sohowtoreaditefficientlyinshorttime?Herearefoursuggestions.Firstly,getabibleyouunderstand.Youdon'thavetoreadtheKingJamesVersion.TryouttheNewLivingTranslationortheEnglishStandardVersion.YoumayalsoenjoytheNewInternationalVersionortheNewKingJamesVersion.AllofthesetranslationsarereliabletotheoriginalmanuscriptsandaremucheasiertounderstandthantheKingJamesVersion.Secondly,getaconcordance.Aconcordanceisjustanalphabeticallistoftheprimarywordsusedinabook.TheStrong'sConcordancelistsnearlyeverywordusedinthebibleandevencrossreferencesyoutotheGreekorHebrewwordusedintheoriginaltext.Aconcordanceishelpfulintwoways.Ithelpsyoufindpassagesyourecollectpartiallysoyoucanlookatthemagainandberemindedwhattheysay.Also,bylookinguptheoriginalmeaningoftheword,youcanlearnevenmoreabouttheverse.Sometimes,translatorsfoulupawordandyoucandiscoverwhatGodreallymeant;or,thetranslatorsmayhavegottherightword,butthedefinitioncanhelpyouunderstanditbetter.Thirdly,getadictionary.Bigbiblewordsarenotofteninoureverydayvocabulary.Agoodexampleistheword"propitiation".Gesundheit.No,no,Ididn'tsneeze.Propitiationmaynotbeawordyouknowrightoffhand,butifyoulookitupintheMerriam-Webster'sdictionaryyoulearnitmeans,"Togainorregainthefavororgoodwillof;toappease."Webster's1828dictionaryshedsevenmorelightontheword,definingitas,"Theactofappeasingwrathandconciliatingthefavorofanoffendedperson;theactofmakingpropitious."ThismakesSecondJohnchaptertwo,versetwoalotmoremeaningful."Jesusisthepropitiationforoursins,andnotforoursonlybutalsoforthesinsofthewholeworld."JesusappeasedthewrathofGodandbroughtusbackintofavorwithGod.Finally,useacomputertospeedthingsup.Ifyouareacomputersavvyperson,thereislotsofgreatsoftwareavailabletohelpyoustudythebiblemoreefficiently.4.2ReadsomeChineseClassicsNow,withfrequentlyculturalexchangebetweenChinaandOtherpartsoftheworld。MoreandmorepeoplestarttorealizethatChinesecultureisverygreat.Andasinterpreters,weneedtospreadourculturetotheentireworld.SowemustknowwellaboutChinesetraditionalculture.Actually,theremanyleadersquotealotofclassicsentenceseachtime.Anditbecomesaverydifficulttaskforinterpretation.Forexamples,inOctober,1999whenChairmanofRPCJiangZeminvisitedUS,heusedtosaid:“Manisthemostvaluableamongallthethingsthatheavenfosters".OnJune28th2004,premierministerWenJiabaosaidthat“Alllivingcreaturesgrowtogetherwithoutharmingoneanother;waysrunparallelwithoutinterferingwithoneanother"InApril1984,premierpresidentRonaldReagansaidinGreatHallofpeoplethat“AndasasayingfromthebookofChangesgoes,iftwopeopleareofthesamemind,theirsharpnesscancutthroughmetal".InJune1998,whenthepremierpresidentofUSClintonvisitedChina,hesaid“Insomanydifferentways,weareupholdingtheteachingofMencius,whosaidagoodcitizenoftheworldwillbefriendtheothercitizensoftheworld."Therealsomanyotherclassicsentences.Suchas“safetyanddangeralternatewitheachother,misfortuneandfortunegenerateeachother.Slownessandpromptnessfolloweachother.Gatheringandscatteringcomplementeachother."And“Onecanneverbeawareoftheheightoftheskyordepthoftheearth,ifhedosenotclimbupahighmountainorlookdownintoadeepabyss."Otherdifficultincross-culturalcommunicationininterpretation.4.3.1Interpretationofproverb.Proverbsasakindofsimplelanguagetoexpresstheprofoundtruthofthestatement,oftenquotedbypeople.Forthousandsofyears,culturalcommunicationbetweendifferentcountrieswillmakeanation'slanguageacrossbordersandwidespreadinothernations.Manyproverbshavebeenknownforusfoealongtime.Therefore,theinterpretationofproverbisnotaninsurmountableobstacle.Interpretingofproverbcanbedividedintothreedifferenttypes.Firstoneis“shapeandmeaningisthesame",secondoneis“samemeaningandsimilartype".Thelastoneis“samemeaningbutdifferentshape"。Examplesof“shapeandmeaningisthesame":.Offenseisthebestdefense..Lookers-onseemorethanplayers.Toteachistolearn.Friendsmustpart.Businessisbusiness.Examplesof“samemeaningandsimilartype"Putthecartbeforethehorse.Muchwillbemore.Twodogsstriveforabone,andathirdrunsawaywithit.Whereisasmoke,thereisfire.Examplesof“samemeaningbutdifferentshape"Toraincatsanddogs.Loveme,lovemydog.Castpearlsbeforeswine.Aspoorasachurchmouse.ThesaltoftheearthInterpretationofidiomIdiomisveryimportantincommunication,sinceitcanexpressmeaningwellinshortwords.Solearninghowtointerpretidiomisveryimportantasaninterpreter,especiallywhenweneedtointerpretsomeculture-relatedidioms.Sohowtointerpretidiomverywell?Themostimportantthingisunderstandthesourcelanguagewell.Andthenwehavesomeotherimportantrulestofollow.ApplicationIftheChineseidiomsandEnglishidiomsaresamemeaning,orthemeaningissimilar,wecanjustapplythefromandmeaningoftargetlanguage.Forexample:“callaspadeandspade”meansyouneedtotalktruth.Anotherexampleis“kickdowntheladder”.LiteralinterpretationContainedintheidiomandlanguagecontentofthemetaphorofaculturefullyacceptedbyanothercase。Indirectlywayofinterpretationofidioms.Hereyouneedtounderstandtheidiomsmeaningandtheninterpretitintotargetlanguage.StrategyofurgentsituationininterpretationWeareoftenfacingwithsomeurgentsituationsintheprocessofinterpretation,forexample:wemaynotunderstandwhatthespeakerstakingabout;sometimeswecannotremembernumbers.,tonameasafew.Butthemostimportantisthatsometimeswemaynotunderstandimmediatelytheculturecontentinthesourcelanguage,orwecannotinterpretcorrectculturecontenttothetargetlanguage.Sowhenwemeetthiskindofproblems,whatshouldwedotoremedy?Thischapterismainlytakingaboutthisaspect.Threemeasurestowardsthesituationofnotunderstandingthesourcelanguage.Firstofall,youcanjustaskspeakeroryoucanalsoaskotherinterpreters,orotherpeoplepresentedinthemeeting.Butremembertothinkaboutwhoissuitableforasking.Itisdependingonthecontext.Iftheinterpreterispuzzledaboutoneirrelevanttopic,I'mafraidyouneedtoaskthespeakerdirectly.Ifitisatechnicalterm,expertsaremoreappropriate.Butrememberyouneedtopayattentiontowhetheryouaresuitabletoask.Donotaskallthetime.Second,supplement.Ifyoucannotaskthespeakers,youcanmakeupthewordsaccordingtothecontentandyourownunderstandingaboutthesourcelanguage.Youcanjustsay“itisveryimport