網(wǎng)上的英語作文在很多高等教育學(xué)費(fèi)是一個(gè)有爭議性話題一方面保證

Itiswidelyacceptedthatpeoplewhohavepost-schoolqualificationsearnahighersalarythanthoselesseducateddo.Universitystudentsshould,therefore,payallthefullcostincurredoverthecourseofobtainingacollegeeducation.Towhatextentdoyouagreeor多國家，目前釆取的策略是收取正常的教育費(fèi)用，然后獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金和，從而鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生?對(duì)高校的投資（tertiaryeducationinvestments)有助于促進(jìn)以知識(shí)為動(dòng)力的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)(knowledge-driveneconomicandsocialdevelopment),獲得基礎(chǔ)研究和科學(xué)發(fā)展的長期回(long-termreturnsfromresearchandtechnologydevelopment),技術(shù)革新使勞動(dòng)力增強(qiáng)(greaterproductivityisachievedthroughtechnologicalinnovation)；jobs),從而比一般人交的稅(payhigher etax),這社會(huì)來說是一種貢獻(xiàn)；接受高等教育的學(xué)生會(huì)減少，特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)的學(xué)生（reducetheparticipationofdisadvantagedgroups);學(xué)生接受教育，可以擺脫貧窮，社會(huì)有貢獻(xiàn)(breakoutofpoverty)。givewayto=succumbto=yieldto:向…shirk=evade=avoid=dodge=shun5-reston=hingeon=dependon:persistencecontinuanceWiththelabourintensiveeconomygraduallygivingwaytoknowledge-focusedeconomy,theaccesstohighereducationhas eanissueofbroadinterest.Theproposaltochargealluniversitystudentswithtuitionfeesandallownoexemptionarisesmainlyfromtheconcernthattertiaryeducationhastocompetewithmanyotherurgentdemandsforpublicfundsandstrugglewithunderfunding.Ibelievethat:this,ifimplemented,willhaveanaccumulativeeffectonthewell-beingofeitherindividualstudentsorthesocietyasawhole.Whenlayingthehopeoffuturedevelopmentoverstudents,theernmentcannotshirkfromtheresponsibilitytofinancethem.Thesustainedgrowthofacountryrestsonyoungtalents.Inthissense,theernmentisinvesting,notspendingmoney.AstandardexampleisAmerica,acountryinvestingmultimilliondollarsinhighereducationonanannualbasisandsponsoringstudents'studybydifferentformsofaid,suchasscholarships,subsidies,allowancesandstudentloans.Itcanbeexpectedthatthesewell-educatedaspiringpeople,afterfinishingtheireducation,willconstituteamaindriveofastate'sgrowth.Moreover,theernmentshouldploughareasonableproportionoftaxrevenue,mostbeingsourcedfromparents,backtotheirchildren.Meanwhile,itisworthmentioningthatsomeschoolstendtoacomplexofchargesoverstudents,withtheaimtoextend,theirprofitmargin.Ignorantoftheirnot-for-profitnature,manyuniversitiesmightdeviatefromtheirmostimportanttasks,suchasimprovingteachingquality.Thepersistenceofthisproblemwillmaketheiracademicservicemuchlesscredibleandqualityofteachingandfacultystaffuneven.Auniversitycancoveritsexpensebyvariousmeans,suchasthereceiptofdonation,ortheernment'sfunding,insteadoflevyingahighfeeoverstudents.Thereasonscitedabovehavejustifiedwhyuniversitystudentsneednotpaymorethanalowerpayment.Whiledependingonyounggenerations,thesocietyshouldbemoreconsiderateoftheirsituation.Theefforttoencouragetertiaryeducationparticipationwillpaybacksooner,ratherthanlater.Peopleshouldkeepallthemoneytheyearnandshouldnotpaytaxestothestate.Doyouagreeordisagree?有利于保證的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)（theoperationofernment),比如國防（militarydefense)、執(zhí)行法律和維持公共秩序（enmentoflawandpublicorder);有利于支持公共投資和建設(shè)（providepublicservicesandinvestment),比如橋梁、公路、能源、水和管理系統(tǒng)(bridges,roads,energy,waterandwastemanagementsystems)以及公共交通(publictransportation)；有利于保證社會(huì)穩(wěn)定：即縮小貧富差距(closethegapbetweenrichandpoor),進(jìn)行收人再分配(eredistribution,redistributionofwealth),減?。挥写逃谔岣呱鐣?huì)福利（fundwelfareandpublic有利于進(jìn)行宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)控（influencemacroeconomicperformance):國家通過來調(diào)控經(jīng)濟(jì)，對(duì)消費(fèi)和雇傭有直接影響（haveadirecteffectonconsumptionandemployment)；社會(huì)方面：有時(shí)候通過征稅可以影響人的行為，比如對(duì)酒和煙草的（collectataxonalcoholandtobacco)以及對(duì)髙速公路的（highwaytolls)的弊端：稅率過高會(huì)打擊商業(yè)的投資熱情(dampenenthusiasmfor需要一個(gè)很大的機(jī)構(gòu)去處理（requirethecreationofalargebureaucracytoadministerenthesystem),耗資(expensesincurred)很大 safeguard=protection=precaution:5.lateryears=lastfewyearsofone's6.havesandhave-nots=richandpoor:7.recession=downturn=depression=slump:蕭Theroleoftaxationisprovidingfundsnecessaryforcarryingoutavarietyoffunctionsinacountry.However,tomanytaxpayers,especiallyemployers,payingtaxremainsthebiggestheadache.Inmyopinion,taxrevenueisessentialtoacountry.Belowaresomeofitsmainfunctions.Althoughmanytaxpayerssee etaxasanappropriationoftheirearnings,taxisinfactarelieftotaxpayersandtheirfamilies,forexample,byprovidingasafeguardagainstunemploymentandasolutiontootherproblemsthattheymayconfrontinlife.Forexample,thosewholosetheirearningcapabilitiesbecauseofinjuries,diseasesanddisabilitiesareentitledtotheernment'sfinancialsupport,derivedmainlyfromtaxrevenue.Thereisnopointindenyingthailaxistheprincipalsourceoffinancethatsustainsmanyofthebenefitsofferedbythewelfaresystemofacountry.Althoughmostworkersarenotthebeneficiariescurrently,theywillcountonthesebenefitsintheirlateryears(aspensioners).Sowilltheirdependents(childrenandparents).Taxationismeanwhileaneffectivetoolbywhichasocietycanachievetheredistributionof eandclosethegapbetweenhavesandhave-nots.Inmostcountries,asageneralrule,thehighertheal e,thehigherthe etax.Byimposingdifferenttaxrates,theernmentisabletodistributethetaxburdenacrosssocialclasses,reducing edisparitybetweentherichandthepoor.Corporatetaxisdeemedbybusinessasaregularcost,whichmustbekepttoaminimum,butitisnotnecessarilyabane.Bylevyingdifferenttypesoftax,theernmentcanexertaninfluenceonmacroeconomicperformance,whichinturninfluencesthe ofthebusinessworld.Whentheeconomyisonthevergeofarecession,theernmentcanreducethetaxandpresenttaxincentives,whichprovestobeaneffective revivingtheeconomy.Bycontrast,duringtheperiodsofgrowth,theernmentcanraisethetaxratesoastopreventanoverheatedeconomyandcombatinflation.Itisfairtosaythattaxisoneofthemaintoolsinestablishingahealthyenvironmentconducivetobusiness'ssustainedgrowth.Whathavebeendiscussedabovearethebenefitsbroughtbytaxation,allbeingessentialtoacountry,itsbusinessesandindividualtaxpayers.Althoughmanytaxpayersfeelpressuredbytaxes,theywilleventuallybenefitfromthetaxestheyhavepaidandshouldthereforebeartaxliabilities.一：全球化的缺點(diǎn)（兩篇范文一：全球化的缺點(diǎn)（兩篇范文--Topic1.Increasingtravelsbetweencountriesenablepeopletolearndifferentculturesortoincreasetensionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcountries?游客或者都具備經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和價(jià)值（commercialinterestandeconomicvalue)；而外同人的停留時(shí)間是和東道國的合作密切相關(guān)的（Thelengthofstaydependsonthecooperationofthehostsociety.);很多當(dāng)?shù)厝艘虼吮憩F(xiàn)得非常好客和友好，這有助于文化的交流（Manylocalpeopleareveryfriendlyandhospitable,whichpromotetheculturalcommunications.)；對(duì)其他的文化和人民更為了解（abetterunderstandingofotherculturesandotherpeoples),改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)其他民族和文化的態(tài)度（alterone'sattitudestowardsanotherpeopleorculture);人們因motivationtocoexistpeacefully),并促進(jìn)對(duì)多元文化的理解(promotemulti-cultural促進(jìn)文化的融合（promoteintegration),消除文化（removeculturalbarriers),外來人口的當(dāng)?shù)氐牧?xí)俗會(huì)激怒當(dāng)?shù)厝耍╞reachoflocalcustomscanirritatethe不同文化的人看待同一事物總有不同的角度（harbourdifferentperceptions),并給予不同的當(dāng)?shù)厝艘庀氩坏降姆磻?yīng)(provokeunanticipatedresponses外國游客增多會(huì)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境造成壓引起當(dāng)?shù)厝说模╟auseresentmentinlocalcommunities).Globalizationisacatch-alltermthatreferstoanyactivitythatinvolvesmorethanonecountry,forexample,travelfromonecountrytoanother.Thedramaticincreaseintransnationaltravelinrecentyearshassparkedcontroversyoverthepotentialimpactsofthistrendonindividualcountriesfespeciallythosenewmemberstatesofglobalization.Somepeopleareconcernedthattheupsurgeinnewarrivalswillpromptlocalhostilityagainstvisitorsinsteadofpromotingtheirunderstandingonmutualculturalbackground.Thisnotionshouldberejectedasonecanseemanyfactsinfavorofthisdevelopmentbetweencountries.Thefirstreasonwhyinternationaltravelswouldneverbringisrootedinthefactthatbothvisitorsandlocalsareeconomicallymotivated.Internationaltravelopensupopportunitiesforbusinessdevelopmentthroughouttheworld.Entrepreneursareinterestednotonlyinthedomesticmarketbutalsointheoverseamarket.Foreignersshouldlearnthecultureofacountrybeforewinningoverthelocalpeople.Inturn,localsshouldshowtheirhospitalitytovisitorsinexchangefortheirtrust.Theyshareaviewthatacceptanceofeachother'sculturalbackgroundisanecessaryconditionforcooperation.Understandingaculturehasotherimplications.Differencesinsocialbackground,culturalvaluesandreligiousbeliefmightmakethediscrepancyofforeignersandlocalinhabitantsonsomeissuesindelible;however,thehigherinction,thehigherlevelofcommunicationandunderstanding.Arabians,forexample,usedtoconsiderwesternersastheirfoes.Nowtheyhaveconcreterelationswiththeirwesternalliesinmanyfields.Intheinitialstage,theirdivergenceseemedinherentbutovertime,withbettermutualunderstanding,theytakethesamepositiononmanyissues.Undeniably,itislikelythatinsomeresorts,foreignvisitorsrepelthelocalcommunitywiththeirscantregardforthelocalenvironmentandconventionswhentheyfirstarrive.However,itshouldbenotedthatmostoffenseisaccidental,ratherthanintentional.Instead,visitorsdisobeyrulesandconventionssimplybecausetheyhavenoknowledgeofthem.Thissituationisexpectedtobeimprovedwiththepassingoftimewhenvisitorsfromdifferentcountriesincreasetheirknowledgeofalocalculture.Accordingtotheaboveysis,wecanobservethattheincreaseintheinternationaltravelshouldnotbetakenasthecauseofanythatarisesbetweentwocountries.Alternatively,oneshouldrecognizeitsroleinimprovingmutualunderstandingbetweentwocountries.catch-allall-embracing:rootedin=derivedfrom=basedon:overtime=induecourse=soonerorlater:scenicspot:景觀；ceofinterest:旅游景點(diǎn)Topic2.Thereisadisagreementontheimpactofincreasedbusinessandculturecontactbetweencountriesonacountry'sidentity.Whatisyouropinion?影響文化：文化不是靜態(tài)的，而是動(dòng)態(tài)的（notstatic,butdynamic)；—種文化的改變主要是學(xué)習(xí)界文化的結(jié)果(People'seatinghabitshavebeenchangedastheresultoflearnedbehaviour.)；快餐文化源自，有些人將此作為的象征(symbolsofwealth),從而喜歡快餐；另外，本地的飲食文化會(huì)改變，以適應(yīng)外國人的口味（suitthetastesofvisitors);影響生活方式：進(jìn)口商品的增多，對(duì)外國產(chǎn)品的喜好（preferenceforimports);人們更加熟（senseofidentity)，社會(huì)的團(tuán)結(jié)也有所損害（anerosion行的服裝(thesuitisthemostpopularoutfitformen)；欠發(fā)達(dá)國家在技術(shù)革新中起到的作用甚微(yasmallroleinthetechnologicalrevolution),所以需要""自己國家的主權(quán)或者利益來獲得國際的幫助（concedesovereigntyandintereststoothercountriesforaid)；貧富差距加大(wideninggapbetweentherichestandpoorestpartsoftheworld)；接受西方文化的人們成為一個(gè)國家新的（newrulingclass);人們摒棄傳統(tǒng)的觀念(renouncetraditionally-heldbeliefs覺得傳統(tǒng)觀念是過時(shí)的和低人一等的（outdatedandinferior);主流文化會(huì)取代老式的和各種各樣的文化（Adominantculturetakesoverdiversecultures.),人們不再尊重傳統(tǒng)文化（loserespectoldercultures),而傳統(tǒng)觀念最終成為歷史{consignedtohistory)外來文化讓人們自己文化的特點(diǎn)，從而更加注意維持這種文化；?一種特殊文化Oneofthemostconspicuoustrendsinthe21stcenturyisacloserconnectionbetweencountries,inbotheconomicandculturalaspects.ThereisawidespreadworrythatthiswillleadtothegradualWhenacountrytendstodevelopacloserrelationshipwiththerestoftheworld,itdoesnotnecessarilygiveupitsculture.Cultureisnotadisgracetobutanassetofacountry.Anindigenousculturecandistinguishonecountryfromothers,attractingforeignvisitorsandyieldinghigh Asmosttouriststravelabroadforlearningdifferentculturesandsamplingdifferentwaysoflife,suchasBeijingoperain,JapaneseteacultureandThaitemples,manycountrieshaverespondedwithprotectingandpreservingtheirculturalidentities,inanefforttokeepthemselvesinthelistofthemostpopulardestinations.Increasedtourisminstillsfreshlifeintothesecountries,aidingtheconservationoftheirfeatures.Whiletourismprovidesadrivingforculturalconversation,somecomponentsofaculture,suchastraditions^customsortaboosmightdieoutovertime.Itseemsthatinsomecountries,thelocalshave emoreaccustomedtoexoticcultures.Itreflectsthecombinedeffectsoftheinvasionofforeigncultures,eitherthroughmediaorthroughdirectbusinessinction.Forexample,twodecadesago,wasataboosubjectinandmostpeoplefeltembarrassedtotalkopenlyaboutit.OvertimetheWesternculturehaspermeatedintothelifestyle,andthepeoplehavebrokenmanyoftheirtime-honouredtraditions.Itoccursintherestoftheworldaswell.Asoutlinedabove,increasedinctionbetweencountriesinthesofbusinessandculturecaneitherstrengthenorunderminetheidentitiesofcountriesinvolved,Todatethereisnodefiniteanswertothisquestion.， life=soul=essence：生命exotic=bizarre=outlandish=fromafar=mysteriouslyunusual: Peopletendtoworklongerhoursnowadays.Workinglonghourshasanegativeeffectonthemselves,theirfamiliesandthesociety,soworkinghoursshouldberestricted.Doyouagreeordisagree?容易產(chǎn)生壓力和疲倦（easilyinducefatigueandstress)，對(duì)健康是一種（athreatto減少了休閑的時(shí)間（adropinleisuretime),導(dǎo)致工作和家庭之間的（leadtowork-familys);長時(shí)間的工作未必都有效率和效益(longhoursarenotnecessarilyproductivehours)；加班的(extrapay)不能補(bǔ)償時(shí)間所產(chǎn)生的壓力(highpaycan'tcompensateforunrelentingtime長時(shí)間工作導(dǎo)致士氣低（lowmorale),曠工和辭職率髙（highabsenteeismandturnover)。爭取工作和晉升的機(jī)會(huì)（increasejobsecurityandpromotionInrecentyears,workinghourshave eacontroversialissue,atatimewhenemployees'benefitshavebeengivenseriousthought.Althoughtheextensionofworkinghoursisbelievedtohaveanimpactongeneralwell-beingandresultinwork-familyandjobstress,thispracticeisremarkablypopularinmanycountries,Iamsupportiveoftheargumentthatlongworkinghourshaveanegativeimpactuponindividuals,theorganisationstheyworkfor,andultimayuponthenationaleconomyandsocietyasawhole.Tojobholders,workinglonghourstriggersatleasttwoproblems.Itisnotonlytodamagealrelationships(withfamiliesparticularly),disruptsociallivesandimpedecommunityactivitiesbutalsotocauseafeelingofstress,apsychologicaldisturbancethatisexperiencedbymanyworkingpeople.Italsotendstoexertpressureontheemploymentmarketandmakefeweremploymentopportunitiesavailable.Thosewithcaringresponsibilitiesforexample,wouldbedisadvantaged,becausetheyareeitherunableorunwillingtoworklonghours,Ahighunemploymentrateisalwaysregardedasathreattoacountry'seconomy.Toemployers,longworkinghours,althoughpromisingumbenefitfromlimitedresourceseverynowandthen,havedestructiveeffectsinthelongterm.Theprimaryreasonisthatemployeestendtobelessproductive,andmeanwhile,atgreaterrisksofsickness.Itwouldleadnotonlytothelowerqualityofworkoutputsbutalsotohighturnoverandabsenteeism.Asaresult,employershavetospendmuchmoreonrecruitingandtrainingnewworkers.Toacountryasawhole,ithaschroniceffects,disablingtheoptimisationofresourceuse,humancapitalandnaturalresources.Somemightarguethatitisreasonableforanemployertoexpectsomedegreeofflexibilityduringaparticularlybusyperiod,buttothoseemployers,relianceonthejobswithextendedhourshasthetendencyto earegularevent.Toleranceofthispracticewouldallowemployerstoexploitlabouranddisregardthebenefitsthatemployeesareentitledfor,therebyposingachallengetothelegalsystem.Itistimethatemployersassessedalternativeslikerescheduling，flexibleworkingarrangementsandjobredesigntoexplorethefullpotentialofeachemployee.Asshownfromtheabovediscussiononecanseenoreasonwhyworkinglonghoursisacceptable.Itwouldleadtolowproductivityandfrequentsickleaves,therebyngmoreharmthangoodtoemployersandthesocietyalike.1.impede=holdback=hinder=hamper:阻礙,2.productive=fertile=yielding:多產(chǎn)的，具備3.chronic=persistent=never-ending:長期的,4.optimisation=bestuse:最大程度上的tolerance=forbearance:6.disregard=paynoattentionto=ignore=takenonoticeof:忽視，Whatarethefactorsthatcausestressandhowtocopewith休息的時(shí)間不夠充足（inadequateleisuretime)，高壓力和快節(jié)奏的生活方式（liveahigh-pressured,fast-pacedlifestyle)；時(shí)間和金錢管理不當(dāng)(poortimeandmoneymanagement)，不能夠同時(shí)兼顧家庭和工作（juggleworkandfamilycommitments)；對(duì)—些東西的專注性過高(addictions)，比如（gambling)和（stocks)；環(huán)境的因素(theenvironmentalfactors)、工作(careerconcerns)、社會(huì)關(guān)系(socialrelationships)和家庭問題(familyproblems)等；（thoughts/attitudestowardfinancialdifficulties,academicdifficulties,chronicillnesses,minormatters),性格(ality),可能有不切實(shí)際的期待（unrealisticexpectations),對(duì)事情的處理方法（interpreteventsandsituations)等養(yǎng)成好的習(xí)慣，比如合理的飲食有助于改善自身健康（propereatingcontributestofeelingsofwell-being)、定期運(yùn)動(dòng)（exerciseregularly);平衡好自己的責(zé)任和確立首要的事情（balanceobligationsandsetpriorities); eaccustomedtoyourdailyactivitiesandoverlooktheircumulativeeffect)，養(yǎng)成良好的心態(tài)(nurtureagoodstateofmind)，爭取減少憂慮（blockoutworries);要有決斷力（beassertive),將生活中的突變看作是正面的，而不是(positivechallenge,notathreat.)；平衡家庭生活和工作生活（balanceworkandfamily);有閑難要及時(shí)尋求別人的幫助（turntoothersforsupport),要處理好和其他人的（resolveswithotherpeople);通過體育、社交活動(dòng)或者業(yè)余來擺脫壓力（releaseyourselffromdailystresseswithgroupsports,socialeventsandhobbies):Lifetodayisfilledwithsourcesofstress,muchofwhichcannotbeavoided,Whenstressappearstobealifelongproblemtomanypeople,howitactuallyformsremainsasubjectofcontroversytomanyscientists.Theobjectiveofthisessayistooutlineboththesourcesofstressandappropriatewaysofdealingwithit.Manystressorsarisefrompeople'scircumstances.Forexample,thehigh-pressuredandfast-pacedlifestylehasmadeitunlikelyforpeopletogainadequateleisuretime.Failuretobalanceworkandleisurecausesthemeithertostrugglewithdeterioratinghealthortocopewithpsychologicaldistress,e.g.，anxietyanddepression.Togetherwithsomeotherproblems,suchasdisharmonywithothers,unpleasantworkorlivingenvironment,itwouldincreasestresstoanunmanageablelevel.Anothergroupofstressorsisintertwinedwithality,Peopleinterpreteventsorsituationsdifferently.Aproblemtakenasathreatbymanypeoplemightbeacceptedasapositivechallengetoothers,Evidenceisinconclusiveaboutthereasonsbehindthisdistinction,butitiswidelybelievedthataofacheerfuldispositionislesslikelytobeheavilyaffectedbyadversity.Ofequalimportanceistheabilitytohandlewithsomeissues,suchastimeandmoney.Consideringtheroleofalityindecidingtheattitudestowardanissueandresponsestoanevent,theeffectofstressmanagementskillsactuallyvariesfromto.Methodstocopewithstressaremany,butthemosteffectiveonesareinfactnotremoteorcomplicatedbutaccessibleandpracticable.Peopleunderstressareadvisedtoparticipatemoreinrecreationalactivities,adoptasounddietinghabit,andexerciseregularly.Theyshouldlearntoblockoutworriesandtrytokeeptheeffectofachallengeinlifetoaminimum.Finally,itisimportanttonurtureagoodstateofmindandtoperceivethingspositively.Assuggestedabove,environmentfactorscanbetakenasthesourcesofstressandpeople'salitydeterminestheextenttowhichtheyareinfluencedbythosefactors.Adoptingalifestyleandproperattitudestowardlifecanpromotepeople'sphysicalandpsychologicalwell-beingandhelpthemrelievestress.3.lifestyle=wayoflife=dailylife=everydaylife4.unpleasant=disagreeable使人不愉'5.unmanageable=uncontrollable:不可:10.blockouterase=forget=wipeout:Fashionisdifficulttofollow,andsomepeoplearguethatweshouldnotfollowit.Theythinkthatweshoulddresswhatwelikeandfeelcomfortable.Doyouagreeordisagree?（followingfashion)（ameansofself-expression)的一種休現(xiàn)，表現(xiàn)人的性格和喜好（reflectone'salityorlikes)，讓人們?cè)谏罱眢w驗(yàn)不同角色(allowpeopletotryonmanyrolesinlife)，同時(shí)便世界更加豐富多彩(diversityandvarietyoftheworldinwhichwelive);服才算時(shí)尚；時(shí)裝源于生活（rootindailylife),反映生活趨勢（reflectthatlife)，充分考慮了消費(fèi)者的需demand)追隨潮流(followingfashion失去了自己的喜好和判斷（dwelltoomuchonwhatothers、鼓勵(lì)人們將衣服和地位還有聯(lián)系在一（associateclothingwithstatus,socialclassandwealth),這是一種。、Fashionreferstoastyleofclothingwornbymostpeopleofacountry.Thegrowingconcernaboutfashioninrecentyearscomesasnosurprise,consideringthefactthatfashionisveryoftenatoddswiththetraditionalfunctionofclothing,protectingwearersfromtheextremesofweather.Inmyopinion,fashionisnotabetrayalbutanindicativeofaprinciplethatwearingclothingisforbothfunctionalandsocialreasons.Fashionsarelinkedtoalstyle.Fashionsallowwearerstoexpressemotionandsolidaritywithotherpeople.Peopledresstotheirmoodandaccordingtocircumstances.Buyingfashionableclothesisaprocessinwhichthebuyertranslateshisorherself-esteemintoaalstyle.Afashionindicatesone'staste,socialclass,likesanddislikes.Itgiveswearersasenseofidentityandmakesitpossibleforthemtofeelconnectedtosociety.Fashionsaredesignedandtailoredtopleasebuyers.Selecting,discussingandbuyingfashionscaninduceimmensehappiness.Ithas eawayoflifeandcanbetakenasaleisureactivity,increasinginctionbetweenpeople.Withalltypesofimagesandcolours,clothingiscapableofgivingbuyersadesiredlook,boostingtheirmoodsandincreasingtheirself-confidence.Fashionisaboutchangewhichisnecessarytokeeplifeinteresting.Despitetheenjoymentbroughtbyfashions,peopleshouldbewareoftheirever-changingnatureandtheexpenditureoftimeandmoneyonthiscommitment.Afashionusuallyremainspopularforaboutoneortwoyearsatmostandthenisrecedbyanother.Manypeoplehavebeenobsessedwithfollowingthecurrentfashionsslavishlyandpursuingtheclothingwithpromisedqualityandlimitedavailabilityceaselessly.Manyofthemaremotivatedtobuyoutlandishclothinginabeliefthattheycanthuskeepupwithfashionandtheirsocialpositionsaredisyed.Asshownabove,thereisnopointinspurningfashion.Fashionisdesiredinamodernsocietyasameansofexpressionandasourceofenjoyment,althoughoneshouldreduceunnecessaryspendingonFashions.atoddswith=inoppositionto=contraryto=against: bewareof=becarefulof=becautiousabout=waryof:對(duì)…，謹(jǐn)atmost=totheum:最多，最 國（defense):保護(hù)一個(gè)國家免受或者其他Protectacountryagainstattackorother保證法律和公共秩序的實(shí)（enmentoflawandpublicorder)以及的運(yùn)（operationofernment)；社會(huì)保障（socialsecurity)和醫(yī)療（healthcare；(welfare):（peoplewhoareunabletosupportthemselvesalone)提供經(jīng)濟(jì)(financialassistance),包括退休和殘疾人的福利（retirementanddisabilitybenefits)、失業(yè)工人的福利（unemploymentbenefits)等在這一方面是重要的，可以（releasethepressureofsociety),（gaintheabilitytosurvive)；；公共(publictransportation)和公共服務(wù)(publicservices)。的主要來自于(taxes),(ernmentborrowing)或者國際3和投資相關(guān)的爭執(zhí)主要集中在關(guān)鍵行業(yè)（essentialsectors)和非緊要行業(yè)（non-essentialsectors)——前者是為了公眾的方便，可以帶來直接和明顯的好處（immediateandtangiblebenefits),包括教育和醫(yī)療；而后者所帶來的好處是間接的（indirectbenefits),(emotionalwellbeing),Topic1:Millionsofdollarsarespentonspaceresearcheveryyear.SomepeoplearguethatthemoneyshouldbespentonimprovinglivingstandardsonEarth.Doyouagreeordisagree?(openenergyandmaterialresourcesofspaceforhumanbenefit)；促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)±曾長(supporteconomicgrowth),(anincreaseinbusinessactivity);人類找到一個(gè)新的居住地（findasanctuary)；（weatherforecasting).,（sustainabledevelopment)提高一些產(chǎn)業(yè)的科學(xué)競爭力（technologicalcompetitiveness),特別在國際商業(yè)領(lǐng)域（ininternationalbusiness；),創(chuàng)造人力資源和高級(jí)別的專業(yè)技術(shù)（humancapitalandhigh-levelexpertise);可以增加年輕人對(duì)自然科學(xué)的(theinterestofyoungpeopleinnaturalsciences)需要長期的努力和大量（long-termcommitmentsandfunding),大部分國家支付不5（makelittleprogress),（taxingandunrewarding。Inrecentyears,therehavebeenmoreandmorecountriesinvolvedandinterestedinlong-termspaceprojects.Becauseoftheenormousresearchexpendituresincurred,thevalueofspaceprojectshasbeendisputed.Somepeoplesuggestthaternmentfundingshouldbedivertedtowardimprovingthelivingstandardofordinarypeople.Inevaluatingthemeritsofspaceambition,oneshouldadoptabroader.Theinvestmentinspaceresearchcanbepaidoffsomedayinthefuture.Thefirstreasontosupportitisthatournetisnowfacinganunprecedentedresourceproblem,whichcanbetackledonlybydiscoveringandminingnewresourcesonothernets.TheoveruseorscarcityofsomeresourcesontheEarthisasevereproblem.Raremetals,suchasgoldorsilver,willeventuallybedepleted,asindustrialproductionexpands.Thesemetalsandothernaturalresources,althoughrareonEarth,mightaboundonothernets.Inthatcase,conductingspaceresearchisapromisingadventure.Meanwhile,theworld'spopulationisnowgrowingtoastagewheretherearetoomanypeopleforthenettosupport,highlightingtheneedtoseeklandsuitableforpeople'sresettlementoffthenet.Evenifnewurbandevelopmentsareableto modatetheincreasingpopulation,waterandelectricitysupply,wastetreatment,sewagedisposalandsanitationwill eunmanageableforthecapacityofournet.Astherearecountlessnetsorbitingstarsthroughouttheuniverse,onecanbeconfidentthatatleastoneofthemissuitableforoursecondhomenetMars,forexample,bearingacloseresemblancetotheEarth,isconsideredapotentialbackup.Inadditiontosearchingforashelterforfuturegenerations,spaceprogrammescontributeconsiderablytothewell-beingoftheEarthinsomeotheraspects.Forexample,bymonitoringtheozonehole,globalwarming,thelossofrainsandotherenvironmentalthreatstohumansurvival,remotesensingsaliteshelppeopletracetherecoveryfromtheworstenvironmentalthreatsandtherebyimprovethequalityoflife.Meanwhile,spaceresearchprovidesanewtformonwhichscientistscancarryoutexperimentsandmakenewdiscoveriesinavarietyoffields,suchasagriculture.Assuggestedabove,inlocatingnewresources,positioningnewsettlements,addressingenvironmentalconcernsandfacilitatingscientificdiscovery,spaceresearchwillprovetobenotonlyworthwhile,butalsocrucialtothesurvivalandsustainabilityofhumancivilization.valuemeritworthinessworth:sewagesullage=wastewater:Topic2:Somepeoplearguethattheernmentshouldspendmoneyonpublicservicesandfacilities,butnotonthearts.Doyouagreeordisagree?資。而藝術(shù)作為人們的和文化傳統(tǒng)(culturaltraditions),會(huì)代代相傳(passedonfromonegenerationtoanother),因此不需要投資。對(duì)現(xiàn)活是至關(guān)重要的（essentialtomodernlife),對(duì)于一個(gè)文明社會(huì)有著非常重要的作用（centraltoacivilizedsociety),藝術(shù)品的是語言所不能的東西（Worksofartconveytheineffable.)，是人們文化生活的主要部分（anintegralpartofculturallife)?藝術(shù)給人們提供了排解情緒的(providepositiveoutlets),比如看和聽音樂；?藝術(shù)是一種民族文化，保護(hù)藝術(shù)有助于保護(hù)一種文化(preserveaculture);藝術(shù)可以吸引外國游客觀光(attractforeigntouristsforsightseeing),產(chǎn)生旅游收入(producetourismrevenue)；一些藝