法語發(fā)音規(guī)則大全

千里之行，始于足下讓知識(shí)帶有溫度。第第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦法語發(fā)音規(guī)則大全●PureVowels

VowelsinFrencharepurevowels,i.e.theyarenotdiphthongsasinAmericanEnglish.Americanspronounceaandewithanextrayuhsoundattheend,andoanduwithanextrawuhsoundattheend.YoumustnotdothisinFrench!ThedistinctionbetweenlongandshortvowelsexistsinFrench,butafewAmericanshortvowelsdonotexist([?]asindidand[?]asinput)somakesuretoneverpronouncethesevowelswhenspeakingFrench.Alsonoticethatthe[?]soundincatdoesnotexistinFrencheither.

VowelsinContrast

LongVowelsShortVowelsSimilarEnglish

[a][?]not-nut

[i]sheep

[e][?]wait-wet

[o][?]coat-caught

[u]moon

WordsinContrast

[a]-[?]rapporterreporter

[e]-[?]desmainsdemain

[e]-[?]préprès

[o]-[?]paumepomme

Ontheotherhand,FrenchhasthreefrontroundedvowelsthatdonotexistinEnglish,whichmaytakeawhiletogetusedtosinceEnglishonlyhasbackroundedvowels.However,theyaretheroundedcounterpartofvowelsthatdoexistinEnglish,soyousimplyneedtoroundyourlipswhenpronouncingthesevowels.

VowelsinContrast

UnroundedRounded

[i]

[e]

[?]

ManyEnglishspeakerstendtosay[u]insteadof[y]and[?]insteadof[?]or[?].Personally,Istillfinditveryhardtohearthedifferencebetween[?]and[?]infastspeech,butIcandistinguishthemiftheyareisolatedvowels.

WordsinContrast

[u]-[y]soussu

[?]-[?]ceceux

[?]-[?]je?nejeune

HereisareviewofthevowelsinFrench,withphoneticspellingsforAmericanEnglishspeakers(forgetthediphthongsthough!),samplewordsinFrenchandthegeneralspellingforthesevowelsinFrenchorthography.

PureVowels

IPAPhoneticspellingSamplewordsGeneralspellings

[i]eevie,midi,lit,rizi,y

[e]ayblé,nez,cahier,piedé,et,finalerandez

[?]ehlait,aile,balai,reinee,è,ê,ai,ei,ais

[a]ahchat,ami,papa,saladea,à,a

[u]ooloup,cou,caillou,outilou

[o]oheau,dos,escargot,h?telo,?

[?]awsol,pomme,cloche,horlogeo

[?]uhfenêtre,genou,cheval,cerisee

[ɑ]isdisappearinginmodernFrench,beingreplacedby[a].VowelsthatdonotexistinEnglisharemarkedinblue.OtherrulestorememberaboutpurevowelsinFrench:

?Vowelsarepronouncedslightlylongerwhentheyareinthefinalclosedsyllable(aconsonantfollowsthevowelsinthesamesyllable).Forexample,thevowel[i]intirislongerthanthevowel[i]intirerbecausetiris

aclosedsyllable,whiletiisanopensyllable(andrerisaclosedsyllable).Thisisrepresentedwithacolonin

IPA:long[i]=[i:]

?Thevowel[e]canonlyoccurinopensyllables(noconsonantfollowsitinthesamesyllable)inFrench.Inclosedsyllables,[?]isused;however,[?]canalsobefoundinopensyllables.(ThisisamajordifferencewithEnglishas[?]canneverbefoundinopensyllables.)

?Instressedopensyllables,only[?]ispossible.Instressed,closedsyllables,only[?]ispossible,unlessthesyllableendsin[t],[tR],or[z]-inwhichcase,[?]canoccur.Inunstressedsyllables,whetheropenorclosed,eithervowelcanoccur.

?Generally,[o]alwaysoccursinstressedopensyllables,and[?]occursinstressedclosedsyllables.

Nevertheless,[o]canalsooccurinstressedclosedsyllables,dependingonthespellingoftheword:whentheletteroisfollowedby[m],[n],[z];whenthelettersauarenotfollowedby[R];andbytheletter?.

●Semi-Vowels

Semi-vowelscanalsobecalledglidesorapproximants.

Semi-Vowels

IPAPhoneticspellingSamplewordsGeneralspelling

[w]wfois,oui,Louisoi,ou

ew-eelui,suisseui

[j]yuhoreille,Mireilleill,y

Somewordsendingin-ille(r)pronouncethel,however:ville,mille,tranquille,distiller,osciller,etc.

WordsinContrast

[wa]-[a]loila

[?]-[y]luiLu

[ej]-[e]pareilparé

[aj]-[a]bailbas

Noticethatwordsendingin-eilor-eillearepronounced[ej],whilewordsendingin-ailor-aillearepronounced[aj].

●NasalVowels

Nasalvowelscanbeabittrickytounderstandineverydayspeech,butlearninghowtopronouncethemcorrectlyisn'ttoodifficult.

NasalVowels

IPAPhoneticspellingSamplewordsGeneralspelling

[??]isbeingreplacedwith[?]inEuropeanFrench;thoughthisdistinctioniskeptinBelgianandQuebecoisFrench

WordsinContrast

NasalVowelNasalConsonant

francfranche

brunbrune

indienindienne

bonbonne

Aphrasewithallnasalvowelsis:unbonvinblanc

●Consonants

ManyoftheconsonantsinFrenchareverysimilartotheconsonantsinEnglish.Afewdifferencesinclude:

1.[p],[t]and[k]areNOTaspiratedinFrenchsotrynottoletthatextrapuffofairescapefromyourlips.

2.ConsonantsthatarealveolarinEnglisharegenerallydentalinFrench.Trytorestyourtonguejustbehind

yourteethinsteadofonthealveolarridgefor[t],[d],[s],[z],[l]and[n].

3.Theletterhisneverpronounced,butyouneedtoremembertodistinguishthehnon-aspiréfromtheh

aspiré.Mostwordsbelongtothefirstgroup,butforthewordsthathaveanhaspiré,therearetwo

characteristicsthatmakethemdifferent:thedefinitearticledoesnotreducetol'(calledelision)butremainsleorlaandwordboundariesaremaintainedsothatsoundsdonotlink(absenceofliaison-seebelow).MostwordswithanhaspiréareofGermanicorigin.

hnon-aspiréhaspiré

l'habitudelahache

l'herbelehall

l'heureleharicot

l'histoirelehasard

l'hommelehibou

l'honneurlehomard

l'huilelehockey

4.[R]isarticulatedfurtherbackinthethroat(withthebackofthetongue)andisusuallythehardestFrench

consonantforEnglishspeakerstopronouncecorrectly.ItisavoiceduvularfricativesoundanddoesnothaveaneffectonprecedingvowelsthewaythatAmericanEnglishrdoes.Itmustremainconsistentinallpositions,regardlessoftheothervowelsandconsonantsthatmaybeadjacenttoit.

InitialAfter

consonant

IntervocalicBeforeconsonantFinal

rusédroitarrêtpartoutmer

ranggriscourirmerlepire

rosetroupleurercordesourd

5.Inthemajorityofwordswiththegraphemech,thepronunciationis[?],butitisalsopronounced[k]in

wordsofGreekorigin.Itissilent,however,inthewordalmanach.

ch=[?]ch=[k]

chercherarchéologie

réchaufferchaos

chérubinchrétien

architecteécho

catéchismeorchestre

Achillech?ur

6.Thegraphemesguandqucanbepronouncedthreedifferentways:[g],[gw],[g?]and[k],[kw],[k?],

respectively.Themajorityofwordsarepronouncedwithsimply[g]and[k],butthespellingwillnottellyouwhichsoundtopronounce,soyou'lljusthavetolearnthemindividually.

[g][gw][g?][k][kw][k?]

anguillejaguaraiguillequestionadéquatquiescent

fatigueiguaneambigu?téqualitéaquariuméquilatéral

guérillalinguallinguisteéquivalentsquareubiquité

distinguerGuadeloupequartieréquateuréquidistant

7.EventhoughmostfinalconsonantsarenotpronouncedinFrench(seebelow),thereareafewexceptions,

especiallywithwordsendingin-s.Inwordsendinginaconsonant+sor-es,thesissilent.However,ifawordendsin-as,-ès,-is,-os,or-us,thenthesissometimespronounced.

s=silents=pronounced

cadenasatlas

débarraspancréas

accèsaloès

exprèspalmarès

logisoasis

closvis

dessousalbatros

confussinus

dehorsours

●SilentLetters

French,likeEnglish,isnotwrittenphonetically.Vowelscanberepresentedbyseveraldifferentlettercombinationsandmanylettersareactuallynotpronounced.(Youcanthankearly"linguists"whochangedthespellingofmanyFrenchwords,withcompletedisregardtopronunciation,sothatitwasclosertoLatinorthography.)

?Thefinalconsonantofmanywordsissilent.Sometimesafinalc,f,lorrarepronouncedthough.

Finalc,f,l,rsilent

blanccléfoutilparler

franccerfsourcilchercher

tabacnerfgentilhabiter

estomacpersilfermer

Finalc,f,l,rpronounced

bouc?uffilcar

lacsaufavrilmer

avecveufcivilpour

doncactifcolhiver

?SimilartoEnglish,thefinal-einmostwordsisnotpronounced.Forfeminineadjectivesandnouns,thisgenerallymeansthatthefinalconsonantofthemasculineformwillnowbepronounced.

MasculineFeminine

vertverte

grandgrande

canadiencanadienne

boulangerboulangère

chatchatte

?Asmentionedabove,afewsilentletterswereplacedinFrenchorthographyfortheprestigeofbeingmoresimilartoLatin.Otherlettersarenowsilentforotherhistoricalreasons(i.e.perhapsthepronunciation

changed,butthespellingdidnot.)Thefollowingwordsallhavesilentletters:

septrangfilstrop

romptsangpoulscamp

aspect?ilsaoulchocolat

instinctfauteuilculcrédit

piedailRenaultriz

niddrapsiropnez

Afewpluralnounschangetheirpronunciationstoincludesilentletters,whereastheseconsonantsare

pronouncedinthesingularform:

un?ufdes?ufs

unb?ufdesb?ufs

unosdesos

●ecaduc

Laloidestroisconsonnesstatesthat[?]maybeomittedinpronunciationaslongasitwouldnotcausethreeconsonantstobetogether.Ofcoursethereareexceptionstothisrule,andsomedialectsofFrenchdonotdeleteitanyway(suchasinthesouthofFrance.)However,thisisextremelycommonineverydayFrenchandEnglishspeakersneedtobeabletocomprehendwordswithdroppedsyllables.

Phrase-finaleisalwaysdropped,exceptin-leintheimperative.Itisalsodroppedattheendofnouns,articlesandverbs.Oneexceptiontothethreeconsonantruleisinthecaseofconsonantclusters,suchasbr,fr,gr,pr,tr,etc.Iftheeprecedestheseclusters,andtheeitselfisprecededbyaconsonant,thenitcanbedropped:unrefrain=unr'frain

Disappearinge

CarefulSpeechNormalSpeech

samedi/lentement/sauvetagesam'di/lent'ment/sauv'tage

souslebureau/chezledocteursousl'bureau/chezl'docteur

ilyade/pasde/plusdeilyad'/pasd'/plusd'

jene/dene/tunejen'/den'/tun'

jete/ceque/cequij'te/c'que/c'qui

Noticethatdroppingeinjealsoresultsin[?]tobecome[?]wheneveritisfoundbeforevoicelessconsonants,suchas[p],[t],[k],etc.

●Liaison

AlossofwordboundariesinFrenchmakesitdifficulttocomprehendthespokenlanguageforbeginninglearners.Allofthewordsseemtobelinkedtogetherwithoutanycleardivisionsbecausethesyllableboundariesdonotcorrespondtothewordboundaries.Inmanycases,thelastconsonantfromonesyllable(whichisusuallysilent)willbecomethefirstconsonantofthenextsyllable(therefore,itisnolongersilent).Thislinkingbetweensyllablesiscalledliaison,anditmayormaynotberequiredandthepronunciationoftheconsonantmayormaynotchange.Liaisonleadstomanyhomonymousphrases,whichcanhindercomprehension.Youmustpayattentiontotheliaisonsinverbconjugationsaswelloryoumaymistakeoneverbforanother.

Theconsonantsinvolvedinliaisongenerallyincluded,s,andx.However,theirpronunciationischangedsothattheybecome[t],[z]and[z],respectively.Theletternthatiswrittenafternasalvowelsbecomesthenasalconsonant[n].Peculiarly,thefofneufispronounced[v]onlybeforeansandheuresandinallothercases,itremains[f].Andrememberthathaspirépreventsliaisonfromhappening,i.e.thereisno[z]soundbetweendesandharicots.

ExamplesofLiaison

ellesarriventmonamour

ilsontlesours

vieuxarbresdansunsac

dixheurestrèsaimable

attend-il?plusouvert

grandamiilestallé

Thereareafewinstanceswhenyoushouldalwaysuseliaison(liaisonobligatoire):

1.afterdeterminers:un,les,des,ces,mon,ton,quels,etc.

2.beforeorafterpronouns:nous,vous,ils,elles,les,etc.

3.afterprecedingadjectives:bon,mauvais,petit,grand,gros,etc.

4.aftermonosyllabicprepositions:chez,dans,sous,en,etc.

5.aftersomemonosyllabicadverbs:très,plus,bien,etc.(optionalafterpas,trop,fort)

6.afterest(optionalafterallotherformsofêtre)

●Stress

Frenchisasyllable-timedlanguage,soequalemphasisisgiventoeachsyllable.ThisisquiteunlikeEnglish,whichisastress-timedlanguage,andwhichgivesemphasistoonesyllableineachword-thestressedsyllable-andreducesthevowelsintherestofthesyllables(usuallyto[?]or[?].)AllvowelsinFrenchmustbepronouncedfully,andeachsyllablemustbepronouncedwithequalstress,thoughthefinalsyllableofeachwordisgenerallyconsideredthe"stressedsyllable."

ListentothesewordsinEnglishandFrenchandseeifyoucanhearthedifferenceinstress.StressedsyllablesinEnglisharemarkedinbold.

?photography-photographie

?authority-autorité

?nationality-nationalité

?passion-passion

?education-éducation

?regiment-régiment

?monument-monument

?melodramatic-mélodramatique

●Intonation

IntonationinFrenchisslightlydifferentfromEnglish.Ingeneral,theintonationrisesonlyforayes/noquestion,andtherestofthetime,theintonationfalls.Frenchintonationstartsatahigherpitchandfallscontinuouslythroughoutthesentence,whereasinEnglish,thestressedsyllablehasahigherpitchthatwhatprecedesandfollowsit.

Listento