2014北京地大博士英語考試真題及答案

2014年地大博士英語考試真題Part1InsectionAyouwillsee10incompletesentences.InsectionByouhave20choicesforfinishingthesesentences.SectionAHowdoyouaccountThegraphintheupperpartofthescreenWhyarequick-frozenvegetablesalmostAsyoucansee,mostofPlayfulpeoplewhoenjoytalking,AdamisawallAsWangJianguobecamebetteratspokenEnglish,IwaswalkingdownthisstreetonedayIfIhadknownhewasn’tfeelingwell,Accordingtothistimetable,weareSectionBimpossibletouseinnuclearpowerstations?notdiligentstudents,learnspokenlanguagesmosteasily.thedifferencebetweenthesetwoproducts?hefoundthathegotmoreoutofhisreadingaswell.studentsgrewupintownsandcities.thatbuildsabarriertopreventwaterfromflowingonward.scheduledtoarriveinChengduin35minutes.showsthechangeinproductionlevelsfrom1990to2012.Iwouldtakehimtoseeadoctor.whenIsawanexpensivecarrunoverateenagerisunlikelytomakeveryrapidprogressinmasteringwrittenEnglish.supposedtotakethemedicinetwiceaday.forthesharpfallinbirdpopulationssince1995?Iwouldhavecalledoffthemeeting.theexamplesaretakenfromrecentpublications.constructedacrossavalleytoencloseanareaforstoringwater.andrunintoanoldfriendIhaven’tseeninyears.canbeworntoallsortsofsocialevents,bothformalandinformal.hereceivesmuchhighergradesinallsubjects.asgoodasthingsstraightfromthegarden?Part2CorrectTorontoissome475kminthenorthwestofNewYork,whileVancouver,only200kmfromSeattle,isevenclosertoamajorAmericancity.ThepanelofdistinguishedscientistsgatheredinCambridgetodiscusstheevidencesinsupportofDr.Thistlethwaite’srevolutionaryhypothesis.OrdinarilythesurfaceoftheplanetisnearlyattheboilingpointofwateronEarth,100.2-101℃accordingtothedatafromtheorbitingsatellite.Excuseme,butdon’tyouthinkthatit’sratheroddtogivesuchanelaboratewelcomespeechandthenturnaroundandtreatadelegatewithagoodquestionasifhewereanuisance?Thescientistswereveryfrustratingastheytriedagainandagaintousethemechanicalarmtopickupthesmooth,slipperyobjectfromthebottomoftheseaandbringitintothevessel.ShouldIreceiveanymessageswhileIaminthemeeting,kindlyholdthemformetillaftertheoilcompanyrepresentativeshaveleft.TherewasonethingthatshockedmeabouttheQueenwhenhewalkedintotheroomwithMrs.Obama,namelyherheight;theBritishmonarchisonly163cmtall,muchshorterthanIhadimagined.IputmyeartotheobjectandlistenedcarefullyasIfirsttappeditlightlywithachopstickandthenstrikeditwithahammer;Iwantedtofindoutifitwashollow,preferablywithoutbreakingit.Theborderguardsmadeustogetoutofthecarwhiletheycheckeditfordrugs,weaponsandotherforbiddenitems.Asthearticlepointsout,oneofthethingsthatlimittheappealofthisyear’snewTVshowsmostdamaginglyisthattheylackofinnovation.Part3Vocabularyacrosstheboard:ineveryrespectapparel:clothing,clothesanarray:arangeawe:deeprespectchronic:thatdoesnotsimplyhappenonceandthengoaway;persistenttocoast:tocontinuetomovealongwithouteffortortroubleaconsolation:somethingthatmakesyoufeelbetterwhenyouaresadtocounteractX:toactagainstX,toneutralizeXacult:agroupofflowerswhoadmirealeaderorthinginanexaggeratedwaythedefault:thenon-specialsituationadefect:animperfectionadeluge:afloodadud:afailure;somethingnewthatturnsouttobequitedisappointingempathy:sensitivitytothefeelingsofotherindividualsfabrics:typesofclothafetus:astillunbornchildtoforgoX:togiveXup;nottogoaheadwithX;todowithoutXagarment:asinglepieceofclothingagender:sexeventhoughitsproductshavetocompetewithsimilaronesmadebyApple(whichisusuallycitedastheworld’smostvaluablebrand).AndtheKoreancarmakerHyundaihasgonefrombeingajoketosellingfourmillioncarsayear.Formuchofthe20thcentury,consumermarketswerestable.Todaytheyaretumultuous,andyouareonlyasgoodasyourlastproduct.ForbrandslikeLululemonthereisonlyoneconsolation:makingsomethingreallygreatandyourpastsinswillbeforgotten.AccordingtotextA,whichwaspublishedrecently,withinthepastyearLululemonAthleticAhasemergedasanewreligiousgroupBhassuccessfullypersuadedoverweightwomentoavoidwearingyogapants.CbothoftheaboveDneitheroftheaboveThebestoppositeoftheverbtodecelerate(usedinparagraph1)istoAburnupBspeedupCgrowupDriseup‘Acompany’sbrandisits“mostimportantasset”’(paragraph2).TextAAoffersabundantsupportforthisviewBshowsthatthestatementwaseventruerinthepastthanitisinthe21stcentury.Cshowsthatthisviewhasalwaysbeenfalse.Dsuggeststhatthisviewisincreasinglyoutofdate.AmericanconsumersusedtobeloyaltobrandsAbecausetheyeitherweretoobusyorlackedtheeducationtoseekreliableinformationonproductquality.Bbecauseoftheimpactofadvertising,whichineffectprogrammedconsumerstorespondtothecalculatedappealofcertainbrands.Cthatexperiencehadtaughtthemtotrustinordertoreducethelikelihoodofmakingcostlymistakes.DthattheyhadlearnedtorecognizeovertheyearsbyreadingConsumerReportsorsimilarpublications.Inparagraph3,socialmediaarementionedAasamajorfactorintheinternet’serosionofwhatremainsofbrandloyalty.Basanexampleofhowconsumersgainaccesstoexpertopiniononproductquality.Ctoshowthatbrandloyaltyisgrowingastheinternethelpspeopletoavoidundesirableproductsassociatedwithquestionablebrands.Dasanexampleofwhatadvertiserscandotostrengthentheappealofabrand.BasedontheevidencepresentedintextAAonecansafelypredictthatbrandswillsoonceasetobeafeatureofmarketing.Bitisclearthatexpertsallagreeonhowthenewabundanceofproductinformationwillaffectconsumerchoices.Cthereappearstobecontinuingdisagreementoverthefuturevalueofbrandsasamarketingtool.Ditseemsthatprofessionalmarketanalystssharetheviewthatbrandloyaltywillreemergefollowingtheongoingtumult,whichistheresultofrapidtechnologicalchange.Tojudgefromwhathewrites,theauthoroftextAAsuggeststhattheriseoftheinternet,andaboveallofsocialmedia,doombrand-basedcommerce.Bfeelsthatconsumersarebeingwellservedbythevastincreaseinaccesstoproductinformationonline.Cbelievesthatthetrendsheoutlineswillmakeiteasierforbigcompaniestocontinuetodominateconsumermarkets.Dthinksthatcompanieswillbeabletousetheinternettodesignproductsthatreflectconsumerpreferencemoreeffectively.TheauthorcitesHyundaiasanexampleofafirmthatAoncehadapoorreputationbutisnowsuccessfulinitsindustry.Bhassolveditsearlierimageproblembysellingmillionsautomobiles.Coffersevidenceofthegreatstabilityofconsumermarketsinthe20thcentury.Dshowshowimportanthumorisinmarketingproductstotoday’sconsumers.TextB7Eventhoughcultureswidelyassumethatboysarestrongerandsturdierthangirls,basicbiologicalweaknessesarebuiltintothemaleofourspecies.Firstofall,humanmalesseemtobeslowlydisappearing.MotherNaturehasalwaysacknowledgedandcompensatedforthefragilityandlossofboysbyarrangingformoreofthem:106malesbirthsto100femalenewbornsoverthecourseofhumanhistory.Butinrecentdecades,fromtheUnitedStatestoJapan,fromCanadatonorthernEurope,whereverresearchershavelooked,therateofmalenewbornshasdeclined.ExaminingUSbirthrecordsfortheyearsbetween1970and1990,theyfound1.7fewerboysper1000thanindecadesandcenturiespast;Japan’slossinthesamedecadeswas3.7boys.8Boysarealsomorethantwo-thirdsmorelikelythangirlstobebornprematurely–beforethe37weekofpregnancy.And,despiteadvancesinpublichealth,boysinthe1990sfaceda30percenthigherchanceofdeathbytheirfirstbirthdaythangirls;incontrast,backinthe1750s,theywereonly10percentmorelikelythangirlstodiesoearlyintheirlives.9Oncetheymakeittochildhood,boysfaceotherchallenges.Theyaremorepronetoarangeofneurologicaldisorders.Autism自閉癥isnotoriouslyhigheramongboysthangirls:nownearlyfivetimesmorelikely,astalliedbytheUSCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Theyaremoresusceptiblethangirlstodamagefromverylow-levelexposuretolead.Yetanotherproblem:Boyssufferfromasthma哮喘athigherrates.There’salsoastrongerlinkbetweenairpollutionandautisminboys.Whydoboysfacesuchaburdenofphysicalchallenges?Theansweristhatthemale’sproblemsstartinthewomb:fromhismorecomplicatedfetaldevelopment,tohisgeneticmakeup,tohowhishormoneswork.Thenine-monthtransformationfromafewcellstoaninfantisatimeofgreatvulnerability.Manychronicillnessesareseededinthewomb.Inourspecies,thefemaleisthedefaultgender,thebasicsimplermodel:Humansstartoutinthewombwithfemalefeatures(thatiswhymaleshavenipples).Thecomplicatedtransformationinthewombfromfemaletomaleexposedthemaletoajourneypackedwithspecialperils.Whenthefirstblastoftestosterone睪酮fromtheYgenecomesalongatabouttheeighthweek,theunisexbrainhastomorphintoamalebrain,killingoffsomecellsinthecommunicationcentersandgrowingmorecellsinthesexandaggressioncenters,Thesimplerfemalereproductivesystemhastoturnintothemorecomplexmalereproductivetract,developingtissuessuchasthetestisandprostate前列腺.Further,itmakesagreaternumberofcelldivisionstomakeamale;witheachcomesthegreaterriskofanerroraswellasthegreatervulnerabilitytoahitfrompollutants.10Ontopofthatchallenge,thehumanmale’sXYchromosomecombinationissimplymorevulnerable.ThetwoXXsinthefemaleversionofourspeciesoffermoreprotection:IndisorderswhereoneXchromosomehasageneticdefect,thefemale’shealthybackupchromosomecantakeover.ButwithhissingleXchromosome,themalelacksahealthycopyofthegenetofallbackon.TheXchromosome,whichnevershrank,isalsoalargerchromosome“withfarmoregeneticinformationthantheYchromosome,”findsIrvaHertz-Piciotoo,aUniversityofCaliforniaatDavisautismresearcher,“sotheremaybesomeinherentlossofkeyproteinsforbraindevelopmentorrepairmechanismsinboys.”Thisisacluetothehigherautismrateamongboys,sheasserts.11Femalesalsohaveastrongerimmunesystembecausetheyarepackedwithestrogen雌激素,ahormonethatcounteracttheantioxidantprocess.“Estrogenprotectsthebrain,”explainsTheodoreSlotkin,professorofneurobiologyatDukeUniversity’sSchoolofMedicine.“Itrepairsandreplaces,evenafterneuralinjury.”Lowestrogenevenleavesboysmoresensitivetoheadinjuries.Themalebrain“issimplyamorefragileapparatus,moresensitivetoalmostallbraininsults,”saysleadpoisoningexpertHerbertNeedleman.12Itisthehighlevelsoftestosteroneinthewombatcriticaltimesingestation,accordingtoBritishpsychopathologistSimonBaron-Cohen,thatareresponsibleforwhathecalls“theextrememalebrain”–thekindexhibitedbyautisticboys–lowinempathy,highinsystematizing.AndinfactUSresearchersinrecentdecadeshavefoundunusuallylowestrogenandhightestosteronelevelsamongboyswithautism.Ifthebalanceofhormonesisoutofwhackinmales,whatmadethathappen?Researchersarecomingupwithsomeclues.IntheNewYorkCityneighborhoodsnearColumbiaUniversity’sCenterforChildren’sEnvironmentalHealth,familiesforyearsroutinelysprayedtheirapartmentswithapopularinsecticide,chlorpyrifos,untilitwasbannedfromhouseholdusein2001.TheresearchersfoundthatprenatalexposuretothechemicalseemedtohavemoreofaneffectonreducingtheIQsofboysthangirls.Disruptionoftheirmalehormonesmaybethereason,“Onepossibleexplanationforthegreatersensitivityofboystochlorpyrifosisthattheinsecticideactsasanendocrinedisruptor內(nèi)分泌干擾素tosuppresssex-specifichormones,”saidstudyleaderMeganHortonofColumbia.13Similarly,pregnantmother’sexposuretophthalates領(lǐng)苯二甲酸酯–usedinmakingsomevinyl乙烯基productsandtoysaswellassomepersonalcareproducts–hasbeenlinkedtobiggerchangesinthebehavior,suchasaggressionandattentionproblems,oftheirsonsthantheirdaughters.Phthalatesalsomayfeminizemalegenitalia.14BoysalsoseemtobemorevulnerabletobisphenolA,anestrogenicsubstanceusedtomakepolycarbonateplasticsaswellastheliningsoffoodandbeveragecans.Boys,butnotgirls,exposedtohigherbisphenolAlevelsinthewomborduringchildhoodhadmorehyperactivity,aggressionandanxietyproblems,accordingtoaUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleystudy.Inaddition,pregnantwomenexposedtohigherlevelsofthechemicalgavebirthtobabyboyswithlowerthyroidhormones甲狀腺激素.Nosucheffectwasdetectedinthebabygirls.Nooneknowswhattheselowerlevelsmaymeanfortheboys’healthbecausetheyremainedwithinnormalboundaries,butitcouldhaveimportanteffectsbecausethyroidhormonesguidebraindevelopment.15Someofthesechemicalsactlikefakeestrogens,otherlikefaketestosterone,butbothtypesseemtodisruptnormaldevelopment.Animaltestsshowthatadoseofthesechemicalsinflictthemostdamagewhenithitsafetus.And,becauseoftheirbiologicalvulnerabilities,itisboyswhomayexperiencethemosteffects.Whilenotforgoingthepushforfairnessandequality,itseemswisetoacceptthescientificrealityofmaleweaknesses.Thislikelywon’tmeantheendofmen,buttheirvulnerabilitytoenvironmentcontaminantsanddiseasescouldhaveseriousramificationsforthefutureoftheentirehumanraceunlesswefindwaystoprotectthemfromharm.IftextBisaccurate,thentheevidencefortheassertionthathumanmalesaregraduallydisappearingisAincontrovertibleBsoweakastocalltheassertionintoquestion.Clargelyfromadvancedindustrialsocietiesandneedstobesupplementedwithdatafromothertypesofsocieties.Dstrongenoughtowarrantfutureresearchintothepost-masculineworldthatliesahead.Comparedwithgirls,boysareAaboutequallyabletosurvivetotheirfirstbirthday.Bstilllesslikelytosurviveforayearafterbirth,butthegapisnarrowing.Clesslikelytosurvivetilltheirfirstbirthday,andthegapiswiderthaninearliercenturies.Dmuchlikeliertosurvivetotheirfirstbirthday,thoughthegapisnotsowideasitwasinthe1700s.NipplesinhumansarefoundontheAheadBchestChipsDlimbsInparagraph10theauthorassertsthatchronicdiseasesAbeginbeforebirthbutonlybecomeapparentovertime.Barelesscharacteristicofwomenthanofmen.Coriginate,asarule,beforechildrenareborn.Dareoftentheeventualresultofprenatalconditionsandstresses.Backupinparagraph11meanssomethingthatAcanstepinandtakeoverthefunctionofsomethingthatisnotworkingproperly.Bdestroysamalfunctioningpart,thusbenefitingtheoverallsystemororganism.Cpreventsasystemfromcontinuingalongapaththatmayendinbreakdownordestruction.Dcanreverseandchangeitsdirectionwhenitencountersaproblem,thusenablingaprocesstocontinue.Thelevelsofthyroidhormonesinnewbornmales,mentionedinparagraph16,Aarenotalarminginthemselves,butsignificantbecausetheyaresodifferentformalesandfemales.Bwilldefinitelyleadtomorebrain-damagedboysthangirls.Cseemcertaintoproduceamarkedgapinbraindevelopmentthatwillfavorgirlsoverboys.Dleadtomorehyperactivity,aggressionandanxietyamongmalechildrenthanamongfemales.ImaginethatenvironmentcontinuesatcurrentorhigherlevelsinChina.IftheinformationintextBincorrect,thenChinesedoctorsshouldexpecttoobserveAadeclineinratesofautism,asthmaandbraindamagefromleadpoisoningamongChinesechildren.Baroughlysimilarpatternofincreasingincidenceofautism,asthmaandlead-linkedbraindamageamongallmainlandchildren.Cfewercasesofasthmaamongboysgrowingupinmainlandcitiesandtownsbutmorecasesofautismandlead-linkedbraindamageamongallChinesechildren.Dmoreautism,asthmaandlead-linkedbraindamageamongChineseboysgrowingupincitiesthanamongothergroupsofyoungpeopleinthePRC.Part4Fillingintheblanks1.AHaveyouseenmydictionary?Ican’tfindit_____________.BIsthatitovertherebythedoor?AItis!I_____________haveleftitthereyesterdayafternoonaswewereleavingfortheday.2.AOh,ProfessorDonaldson,it’ssuch_____________honortomeetyou!I’vereadallyourbooksandasmanyofyourarticlesasIcouldgetmyhandson.BYou’renotZhangQing,areyou?A_____________,buthowdoyouknowmyname?BProfessorLitoldmetobesuretomeetyouwhenIvisitedthecampus.Hesaidyouwereveryinterestedinourresearch.AThat’strue,andI’vebeen_____________forwardtomeetingyoueversinceIheardyouwerecomingtoBeijing.3.AHowareyourweddingplansgoing?BI’d_____________nottalkaboutthem,ifyoudon’t_____________.AOh,I’msorry,Ididn’tmeantopry.4.After_____________aboutitforseveralweeks,wedecidedtodoourfieldworkinanareaofsoutheasternYunnan_____________alongtheborderwithVietnam.The_____________withourchoicewasthattheareawasclosed,sowehadtoaskforofficial_____________toworkatthesitewehadinmind._____________,theofficialswespokewithwereveryopentoourarguments.Afterwe_____________ourreasonsforwaitingtodofieldworkneartheborder,theyquicklyapprovedourrequest.Wefinishedfieldworkin2005.LastmonthIwent_____________totheareaforthefirsttimeanddiscoveredthatthingshavechangedgreatly_____________then.Theareaisnowcompletelyopenandthereisabrisktradeinmanufacturedgoodsinthetownson_____________sidesoftheborder.5.Iwenttoseeamovielastnight.ThefilmwasaBritishcomedythathadbeen_____________tomebyanumberofmyfriends.Itturned_____________tobejustasfunnyasthey’dsaiditwouldbe.I_____________sohardthatthereweretearsinmyeyes,especiallyattheclimax,towardtheend.Thefilmiswithout_____________thefunniestthatI’veeverseen.Whenyougeta_____________,youshouldseeit_____________.6.Thesedayspeoplegettheirnewsfrommanydifferent_____________.Somepeoplestillreadanold-styleprinteddailynewspaper,while_____________readnewspaperson_____________.Manypeopleno_____________readanewspaperatall,insteadrelying_____________theinternetforshortnewsarticles,orvisitingfavoritewebsitesthatcirculatepiecesfromothe