國際焊接標準解析(中英文版)

Theinterpretationandunderstandingofinternationalcodesandstandards,owners’specificationsandAFCdrawingsrequirementsinwelding

2019-04Theinterpretationandunderstandingofinternationalcodesandstandard,owners’specificationsanddrawingsrequirementsinweldingPurpose

ThepurposeofthistrainingprogramistoassistQCinspectors,withthecorrectinterpretationandunderstandingoftherelevantinternationalcodesandstandards,owners’specificationsandAFCdrawingsrequirementsconcerningwelding.Ascode’s&specification’srequirementsfromdifferentprojects/ownersvaries.Beitinternationalorlocalowners.Itisimportantthatyoumustreadandfullyunderstandtheserequirementsbeforethecommencementofanyproject.Sothattheycanbecorrectlyandeffectivelyimplementedonsite.Theinterpretationandunderstandingofinternationalcodesandstandard,owners’specificationsanddrawingsrequirementsinwelding

Definitions（定義）Thefollowingdefinitionsareusedforthepurposeofthisspecification.Allotherstandarddefinitionsareprovidedinthecontractdocument.（此規(guī)格書內(nèi)所應(yīng)用的定義如下,其它的標準定義已包含在合同文件中）。Approved:MeansacceptedbyCompanybutsuchacceptanceshallnotrelievetheContractorofitsobligationsundertheContract（已被業(yè)主所接受，不過這認可并不能免除分包商在合同里所應(yīng)承擔的一切責任）。Company:WoodsideEnergyLtd(WEL)oranyagency,consultantorcontractoractingonbehalfofWEL(代表WEL的代理，咨詢及分包公司)Contract:TheagreementbetweenCompanyandContractortoperformthework（業(yè)主與分包商所定的建造協(xié)議書）Contractor:Ifapplicable,thecompanyororganizationresponsibleforthesupplyoftheequipmentandservicesspecifiedinthisdocument（協(xié)議書內(nèi)所指定負責提供工具及服務(wù)的公司或團體）Inspector:PersonactingonbehalfoftheCompany（這里指的是業(yè)主代表、檢驗員）May/Can:Oneacceptablecourseofaction（可能被接受或認可的操作，處理）Shall/Must:Mandatoryrequirement（強制性的要求）Will:ThePreferredrequirement（首選或最佳方案要求）Should:Recommendedcourseofaction（推薦或建議，可行的操作，處理）Theinterpretationandunderstandingofinternationalcodesandstandard,owners’specificationsanddrawingsrequirementsinweldingAbbreviations(縮寫詞)

Thefollowingabbreviationsapplyinthisspecification:（以下為本規(guī)格書所應(yīng)用的縮寫詞）AISC:AmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction（美國鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會標準）API:AmericanPetroleumInstitute（美國石油協(xié)會)AS:AustralianStandard（澳大利亞標準）ASME:AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers（美國機械工程師協(xié)會）ASNT:AmericanSocietyforNonDestructiveTesting（美國無損檢測協(xié)會）AWS:AmericanWeldingSociety（美國焊接協(xié)會標準）EEMUA:EngineeringEquipment&MaterialUser’sAssociation(工程設(shè)備和材料用戶協(xié)會標準)BM:BaseMaterial（母材）BS:BritishStandard（英國標準）CTOD:CrackTipOpeningDisplacement（裂紋尖端張開位移）D:NominalExternalDiameter（管的外徑）FCAW：FluxCoredArcWelding（藥芯焊絲電弧）簡稱二氧焊接GMAW：GasMetalArcwelding（氣體保護金屬弧焊）Theinterpretationandunderstandingofinternationalcodesandstandard,owners’specificationsanddrawingsrequirementsinweldingGTAW:GasTungstenArcWelding(鎢極氬弧焊)HAZ:HeatAffectedZone(熱影響區(qū)）ITP:InspectionandTestPlan（檢驗與測試計劃）L:Length（長度）LPI:LiquidPenetrantInspection(液體滲透探傷)

MPI:MagneticParticleInspection(磁粉探傷)NDT:NonDestructiveTesting(無損檢測）PWHT:PostWeldHeatTreatment（焊后熱處理）RT:RadiographicTesting（射線照片）SAW:SubmergedArcWelding（埋弧焊）SMAW:ShieldedMetalArcWelding（手動金屬弧焊）簡稱手把焊SMYS:SpecifiedMinimumYieldStrength(規(guī)定的最小屈服強度)UT:UltrasonicTesting(超生波探傷）UTS:UltimateTensileStrength(極限拉伸強度)WPQ:WeldingProcedureQualification(焊接工藝評定)WPS:WeldingProcedureSpecification(焊接工藝規(guī)程)WT:WallThickness(壁厚）FamiliarizationtotherelevantcodeandspecificationCheckweldingequipmentandcalibrationcertificatesMaterialidentification,size,typeandconditionConsumablestype,size,condition,storageandhandlingReview/witnessWPSandPQRtestandrecordJointpreparation(checkagainstapproveddrawing/WPS)Welderqualificationtest(Review/witness)Weldingprocessinvolved(SMAW/FCAW/GTAW/SAW)Checkpre-heatingbeforewelding(ifrequired) BeforeWeldingCommencesVisualWeldingInspectorsCheckListCheckweathercondition(weatherprotection)Checkclearanceforwelding/welderCheckwelderidentificationforweld(weldNos.)CheckconsumablesasperWPSusedCheckweldingparametersasperWPSusedCheckdistortioncontrol(weldingsequence)Checkinterpasscleaning(includingbackgouging,ifrequired))Checkrunoutlength(travelspeed)CheckinterpasstemperatureMaintaindailylogbook(keepingrecords)DuringWelding

VisualWeldingInspectorsCheckListPerformvisualinspectionWeldandwelderidentification(checkagainstinspectionrequest)Postweldheattreatment(ifrequired)Non-destructiveTesting(witness)Additionalhardnesstest(2%oftotalCJPweldjointsonprimarystructureasrequiredbyspec.)Repairs(includingheatstraightening,ifrequired)Dimensionalcheck(asperdrawing)Documentcontrol-weldingV.I.reportsetcAfterWeldingCompletionVisualWeldingInspectorsCheckListItisthedutyofaVisualWeldingInspectortoensurealltheweldingandassociatedactionsarecarriedoutinaccordancewiththespecificationandanyapplicableprocedures.AWeldingInspectormust:Observe觀察、注意Toobserveallrelevantactionsrelatedtoweldqualitythroughoutproduction.Record記錄Torecord,orlogallproductioninspectionpointsrelevanttoquality,includingwelderI.D.,WPSnumbersandafinalreportshowingallidentifiedimperfectionsCompare對照、區(qū)別TocompareallrecordedinformationwiththeacceptancecriteriaandanyotherrelevantclausesintheapplicablecodesandstandardSummaryofDutiesMeasuringdevicee.gflexibletape,steelrule軟尺，圈尺Temperatureindicatingcrayons測溫筆Weldinggaugese.g.TWImulti-purposegauge焊縫檢查規(guī)Voltmeter電壓計Ammeter電流計Magnifyingglass放大鏡Torch/flashlight電筒VisualWeldingInspectorsEquipmentWeldZoneTermsWeldJunctionCABDWeldzoneHeatAffectedZoneRootWeldmetalA,B,C&D=WeldToesFusionzoneFaceButtWeldFeaturesWeldcapwidthExcessRootPenetration根部余高ExcessCapheight蓋面余高orWeldReinforcementRootbeadwidth6mm80°

PoorWeldToeBlendAngleImprovedWeldToeBlendAngle20°3mmMostcodesquote引述

theweld toes shallblendsmoothly光滑打磨Thisstatement陳述

isnot quantitative定量

andtherefore open toindividual interpretationThehigherthetoeblend angle 混合角度thegreaterthe amount of stress concentration應(yīng)力集中Thetoeblend

angleshould be between20o-30oToeBlendAngleButtWeldFeaturesIdentify識別thebuttweldfeaturesshown12345789106ButtWeldExerciseButtWeldFeatures1.Capheight蓋面余高2.Weldtoes焊趾3.Fusionjunction熔合線4.HAZ熱影響區(qū)5.Platethickness板厚12345789106ButtWeldExerciseAnswers6.Platewidth板寬7.Plate&weldlength板與焊縫長度8.Weldwidth焊縫寬度9.Capcontour表面焊紋10.Convexcapprofile凸面成形ButtWeldFeatures12345789106ButtWeldExerciseAnswersMitrefillet斜接角焊縫Convexfillet凸形角焊縫

Concavefillet凹形角焊縫FilletWeldProfilesFilletWeldThroatThicknessbab.=ActualThroatThickness實際焊縫厚度

a.=DesignThroatThickness焊縫設(shè)計厚度

DeepPenetrationFilletWeldFeaturesbab.=DepthofPenetration焊透深度a.=DesignThroatThickness焊縫設(shè)計厚度

aa=Design/Theoretical throat thicknessss=Effectivedesignthroat bb=Horizontalleglengthcc=VerticalleglengthTheleglengthshouldbeapproximatelyequaltothematerialthicknessThedesignthroatthicknessis0.7oftheleglengthe.gLeglength=6mmDesignThroat=6mmx0.7DesignThroat=4.2mmFilletWeldDimensionsFilletWeldFeatures1.Horizontalleglength2.Verticalleglength3.Platethickness4.Weldwidth5.Plate/weldlength61357810294FilletWeldExerciseAnswersFilletWeldFeatures613578102946.Platewidth7.Plateheight8.Root9.HAZ10.WeldtoeFilletWeldExerciseAnswersFlat:PA/1G:FlatPA/1FHorizontalvertical:PC/2G:Horizontalvertical:PB/2F:HorizontaloverheadPD/4FOverheadPE/4GVerticaldownwardsPG/3GVerticalupwardsPF/3GWeldingPositions焊接位置Weld:FlatPipe:rotatedAxis:HorizontalPA/1GWeld:VerticaldownwardsPipe:FixedAxis:HorizontalPG/5GWeld:VerticalupwardsPipe:FixedAxis:HorizontalPF/5GH-LO45/6GWeld:UpwardsPipe:FixedAxis:InclinedWeld:HorizontalverticalPipe:FixedAxis:VerticalPC/2GWeldingPositionsAnyQuestions?M.S.RogersCopyright?2004TWILtdWeldDefectsDefectswhichmaybedetectedbyvisualinspectioncanbegroupedunderfiveheadingsRootDefects根部焊縫缺陷ContourDefects焊縫截面形狀Surfaceirregularities不規(guī)則表面Surfacecracks表面裂紋Miscellaneous雜項缺陷FusionWeldDefects焊縫缺陷類型識別

WeldRootDefectsLackofrootfusionLackofrootpenetrationLowAmps/volts電流電壓過低LargeRootface坡口的鈍邊過大SmallRootGap坡口太細小FastTravelSpeed焊接速度快IncorrectElectrodeAngle不正確的焊條角度Contamination污染W(wǎng)eldRootDefectsLackofrootfusionLackofrootPenetrationWeldRootDefectsRootConcavityRootfacestoolarge坡口的鈍邊過大Rootgaptoolarge坡口太大Excessivebackpurgepressure壓力反沖duringTIGwelding

Excessiverootbeadgrindingbeforetheapplicationofthesecondpass過度的根部打磨Ashallowgroove,whichmayoccurintherootofabuttweldWeldRootDefectsRootConcavityWeldRootDefectsExcessiverootpenetrationRootfacestoosmall小鈍邊Rootgaptoolarge坡口太大Excessiveamps/volts高電流、電壓Slowtravelspeed焊接速度慢RootpenetrationbeadinexcessinaccordancewiththerelevantspecificationbeingusedWeldRootDefectsExcessiverootpenetrationWeldRootDefectsShrinkagegroove收縮槽縫

Insufficientweldmetaldepositedintherootpass根部焊金屬填充量不足Toofastacoolingrateduringtheapplicationoftherootbeadpass根部封口速冷卻Poorweldingtechnique低劣的焊接技術(shù)AshallowgroovecausedbycontractionintheweldmetalalongeachsideofthepenetrationbeadWeldRootDefectsHighAmps/voltsSmallRootfaceLargeRootGapSlowTravelSpeedBurnthrough焊穿、透AlocalizedcollapseoftheweldpoolduetoexcessivepenetrationresultinginaholeintherootrunWeldRootDefectsRootCoking

根部焦化

/OxidizedRoot根部氧化

Lossorinsufficientbackpurginggas氣體充換不足或喪失

Mostcommonlyoccurswhenweldingstainlesssteels通常存在進行不銹鋼焊接Purginggasesincludeargon氬氣

,helium氦氣；andoccasionallynitrogen氮氣,

WeldRootDefectsWeldRootDefectsBurnThroughContourDefects表面缺陷PoorToeBlendWeldContourDefectsPoorCapProfile&PoorToeBlend外觀表面成型差ExcessiveWeldMetalIncompletefilledgroove(Underfill)Incompletefilledgroove+LackofsidewallfusionWeldContourDefectsIncompletefilledgroove

+

Lackofsidewallfusion

(Underfill)Poorstop/starts不正確的起、收弧WeldContourDefectsAvariationofleglengthsonafilletweldNote:Unequalleglengthsonafilletweldmaybespecifiedaspartofthedesign,inwhichcaseitwillnotbeconsideredasadefect.FilletWeldUnequalLegLengthsSurfaceIrregularities不規(guī)則的外觀表面

AnirregulargrooveatthetoeofaweldrunintheparentmetalExcessiveamps/volts高電流、電壓Excessivetravelspeed超快的焊接速度Incorrectelectrodeangle不正確的角度Excessiveweaving超擺寬Incorrectweldingtechnique不正確焊接技術(shù)Cap&RootUndercutIntermittentCapUndercut斷續(xù)的表面咬邊CapUndercutAnimperfectionatthetoeorrootofaweldcausedbymetalflowingontothesurfaceoftheparentmetalwithoutfusingtoitContamination污染Slowtravelspeed慢速焊接Incorrectweldingtechnique不正確的焊接技術(shù)Currenttoolow超低電流Overlap焊瘤ToeOverlapFilletweldToeOverlapButtweldWeldOverlap焊瘤、CraterpipeWeldcraterCraterPipe弧坑

Craterpipeisashrinkagedefectandnotagasdefect,ithastheappearanceofagasporeintheweldcraterToofastacoolingrate快冷卻Deoxidizationreactions脫氧反應(yīng)

andliquid鋼液

tosolidvolume固相含量

changeContamination污染Cratercracks(Starcracks)CraterpipeCraterPipe弧坑

ClassifiedbyShape

形狀Longitudinal縱向裂紋；

Transverse橫向裂紋

Branched支鏈裂紋

Chevron中心裂紋

ClassifiedbyPosition位置HAZ熱影響區(qū)Centerline中心Crater弧坑Fusionzone焊接熔合區(qū)Parentmetal母材Crack裂紋LongitudinalparentmetalcrackLongitudinalweldmetalcrackLamellar

層間撕裂tearingTransverseweldmetalcrackCracks裂紋MiscellaneousDefects其它缺陷

Accidentalstrikingofthearcontotheparentmaterial