古今中外經(jīng)典橋梁賞析第一章 緒論國(guó)外橋梁建筑

BridgesintheWorld1B.國(guó)外橋梁建筑古今中外經(jīng)典橋梁賞析BridgesintheWorld2BridgesintheWorldAncientbridges(Cantilever)SteeltrussbridgesSteelBoxandplategirderbridgesSteelandconcretearchbridgesPrestressedconcretegirder(rigidframe)bridgesCable-stayedbridgesSuspensionbridgesBridgesintheWorld3KintaiBridgeinJapan五跨木拱橋，跨度35m，始建于1673年，日本三大名橋之一1950年毀于臺(tái)風(fēng)，1953年重建據(jù)傳中國(guó)和尚幫助了該橋的設(shè)計(jì)與施工BridgesintheWorld4ChapelBridgeinSwitzerland始建于1333年1993遭受火災(zāi)后重建

BridgesintheWorld5CoveredtimberbridgesinUSAThousandsofcoveredtimberbridgesbuiltinUSAfromtheendof18centurytotheearlydaysof19centuryCoveredbridgesareroofedtoprotectthestructurefromrotThelongestone:MichaelBridgein1851withspanof110mThomasMillBridge廊橋遺夢(mèng)THEBRIDGESOFMADISONCOUNTY

BridgesintheWorld6MycenaeanBridgeinGreece,BC1300BridgesintheWorld7PonsMulvius(PonteMolle)

Bridgelocatedabout4.5km(3miles)NorthofAncientRomeontheViaFlaminiaoriginal(wooden)bridgebuiltabout220B.C.E.;stonebridgebuiltin109B.C.E.,agoodportionofwhichstillremainstoday!siteofthefamous"BattleattheMilvian(穆爾維)Bridge",inwhichConstantine(君士坦丁)defeatedMaxentius(馬克森提烏斯)

in312C.E.疏洪拱BridgesintheWorld8AqueductofPontdeGardinFrance建于公元前167－158年，長(zhǎng)262m，高50m，三層半園拱結(jié)構(gòu)（7，10，35），最大跨度24m結(jié)構(gòu)宏偉，比例協(xié)調(diào)合理，色澤光亮，石料加工精細(xì)（不用砂漿）建成后約400年，兩端被戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)破壞，1670年重建,世界著名風(fēng)景名勝之一BridgesintheWorld9AqueductofSegoviainSpain兩層拱結(jié)構(gòu)，長(zhǎng)876m，高30m，總共119孔采用20400塊粗加工的石料砌成（不用砂漿）大約2000年前建成BridgesintheWorld10AlcantaraBridgeinSpain,104～106A.C.

BridgesintheWorld11ThePonteSant’AngeloBridgeinRome建于公元134年，跨越Tiber河1688年，在欄桿柱上增加了10尊天使雕像中間三孔為原橋，兩邊孔為后增BridgesintheWorld12AvignonBridgeinFrance建于1177－1187，原有20孔，跨度30m左右因被洪水沖毀，現(xiàn)只剩三孔，成為著名的“斷橋”BridgesintheWorld13鴨綠江斷橋1909年5月，日本人在朝鮮一側(cè)開始施工，并迫使中方同意建橋。1911年10月大橋竣工通車。大橋總長(zhǎng)944．2米，共12孔，為便于船舶航行，中方第四孔架設(shè)旋轉(zhuǎn)式“開閉梁”，這便是鴨綠江上第一橋。第二橋建于1937年4月，在第一橋上游，與第一橋相距不足百米，即現(xiàn)在的“中朝友誼大橋”，與第一橋并稱鴨綠江上的“姐妹橋”。1950年6月，朝鮮爆發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。1950年11月8日，美空軍首次派出百余架B—29型轟炸機(jī)，對(duì)大橋狂轟濫炸，大橋被攔腰炸斷，朝方一側(cè)鋼梁落入水中。同年11月14日，美軍又派出軍用轟炸機(jī)34架，再次轟炸大橋，朝方三座橋墩被炸塌，至此大橋癱瘓，中方一側(cè)殘存四孔。被人們稱為鴨綠江斷橋，成為抗美援朝戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的歷史見證。BridgesintheWorld14ElvetBridgeinEngland11－12世紀(jì)歐洲曾出現(xiàn)“尖拱”，因橋墩厚重，跨度難以加大而逐步放棄，但在建筑結(jié)構(gòu)中廣泛采用建于1160的石拱橋，原有14孔，后因1771年的洪水沖毀只剩10孔，1804－5年修復(fù)BridgesintheWorld15OldandNewLondonBridge跨越Thames河，29孔，跨度4.6-10.6m，墩寬大約8m，橋上有房屋和商店，橋前身為木橋，公元963－915年由羅馬人修建（歌謠：‘LondonBridgeisfallingdown’）

，在1176－1209改建為收費(fèi)石拱橋因舊橋不堪交通重負(fù)，1824－31年另建了新倫敦橋（花崗巖石拱橋）1970年，新倫敦橋賣給美國(guó)LakeHavasuCity,Arizona，按原樣重建現(xiàn)橋址處為一6車道鋼筋混凝土橋，1973年開通BridgesintheWorld16Karlsbrucke(Charles)BridgeinBragueFirstlytimberbridge1403-1503,stonearchbridgewith16arches,spanofabout20mMorethan30saintsculpturesonrailpostBridgesintheWorld17MostarBridgeinBosnia-HerzegovinaSingle-spanstonearchfootbridgewithspanof29mBuiltin1557-1566HeavilydamagedduringMuslin-Croatfightin1993Reconstructionwascompletedin2004BridgesintheWorld18AllahverdiKhanBridgeinIsfahan,Iran33-arches,long300m,builtin1602Transportationstructureandasocial&contemplativeplaceaswellBridgesintheWorld19TwoarchbridgesinItalyPonteVecchioBridgeinFlorence,firstlybuiltin972inwoodbutdestroyedbyafloodin1117,redoneinstonebutcollapsedagainin1333.Thecurrentstructurebuiltin13453archeswithspanof29mandrise-spanratioof1/63-storeyjewellers'shops

onit

PontediRialtoBridgeinVenice,builtin1588-1591Withspanof26.6mandrise6.3mbuildingonthebridgeBridgesintheWorld20PonteVecchioBridgesintheWorld21PontediRialtoBridgesintheWorld22MenaiStraitBridgeinUKAnoldsuspensionbridgewithcablesofchainbarsmadeofwroughtironMainspanof177m,locatedatNorthWales,UKBuiltduring1820-26,rehabilitatedin1940DesignbyThomasTelfordBridgesintheWorld23LondonTowerBridgeThesignofLondon,thefirstbridgefromtheestuaryofThamesOpenedtopublicinJune,1894Thedistanceoftwopiersis76m,onpiersaretwosquaretower,betweenpiersareadoubledeckbridge,lowerdeckismovable6laneroadwayandupperdeckiswalkwaySidespans:chainsuspendeddeckBridgesintheWorld24BridgesintheWorld25CoalbrookdaleBridgeinEngland,Completedin1779withspanof30.5mandriseheight13.7m，7m寬橋面，5個(gè)半圓拱，無(wú)螺栓連接，800多個(gè)鑄件，重約400噸Thefirstcastironarchbridgeintheworld預(yù)制拼裝施工方法BridgesintheWorld26BritanniaTubularBridgeinUKEarlyrailwaygirderbridgemadeofwroughtironSpansof70+146+146+70m,builtduring1845-1850Testsinthebridge’sbuildingprovedthereliabilityofsolid-webgirderbridgeDestroyedbyfirein1970andlaterrebuiltasanarchbridgeInitiallydesignedtobeasuspensionbridgeBridgesintheWorld27FirthofForthBridgeCantilevertruss(Corbeltruss)beambridgewithmainspanof521mBuiltduring1880to1890LocatedatScotlandThesignofmodernbridgesBridgesintheWorld28QuebecBridgeinCanadaThelargeststeelcantilevertrussbridgeforrailwayintheworld,mainspanof548.8mCompletedin1917finally,useduntilnow

BridgesintheWorld29QuebecBridgeAccidentssomecompressivemembers’bucklingcausedstructure’sdamageinthefirstconstructioninAug1907,9000tonssteelwastedand75diedOriginaltrusswasreplacedbyK-shapetrussintheseconddesign,whenliftingsuspendedspan,itdroppeddowntoriveronSept1916,causedthesecondaccident,7diedBridgesintheWorld30MinatoBridgeinOsaka,JapanDouble-deckhighwaybridgewithspanof235+510+235mCantileverK-typesteeltruss,weldingboxmemberandintegraljointCompletedin1974BridgesintheWorld31CommodoreBarryBridgeAlsocalledChesterBridge,locatedinNewJersey,USAThree-spansteelcantilevertrusswithmainspanof501.22mandsuspendedspanof250.61mBolt-weldingstructure,completedin1974BridgesintheWorld32GreatNewOrleansBridgesThrough-typeHighwaybridgeslocatedatLouisiana,USASpanof260+480+260mforthebridgebuiltin1958,Maximumheightoftruss61m4lanesandtwo0.9mwalkwayAnotherbridgewithsamenamebuiltin1988withmainspanof480mBridgesintheWorld33HowrahBridgeinIndiaLocatedatCalcuttaandcrossHooghlyRiverSpansof99.06+457.2+99.06m,suspendedspanof171.9mDesignedbyUKengineersandbuiltin1943BridgesintheWorld34Trussbeamrailwaybridgewith85spans,13ofthemarenavigationspan,almost2mileslongDesignedbyThomasBouchCompletedin1878LocatedatDundee,ScotlandTayBridgeBridgesintheWorld35TheTayBridgeDisasterOnthestormynightof28Dec1879,after19monthsopening,ahugegale(80milesperhour)blewdownthenavigationspans,togetherwithatrain(6carriages)and75soulstotheFirthofTayInvestigation:staticwinddesignmistake(causedbystrengthofwind,notpoorconstructionandbadmaintenance)BridgesintheWorld36AstoriaBridgeinUSALocatedinOregon,acrossColumbiaRiverThree-spancontinuoussteeltrusshighwaybridgeSpanof187.5+375+187.5m,totallengthof751mCompletedin1966BridgesintheWorld37FrancisScottKeyBridgeLocatedatBaltimoreHarbor,USASpanof366m,completedin1977BridgesintheWorld38Ikitsuki-OhashiBridgeThelargestcontinuoussteeltrussbridgeintheworldContinuoustrusswithspanof400m,maximumspanCompletedin1991BridgesintheWorld39YoshimaBridgeinJapanCombinedroadandrail3-spancontinuoussteeltrussbridgewithmainspanof245mHSSisusedforaneconomicaldesign,thinnerplatesimplifiedfabricationandcon.Doubledeck,upper4lanesroadwayandlower2–4trackrailway,incurveHT780(yieldstrength630N/m2)steel,maximummembersizeis2*1.8mwiththicknessof70mmOpenedin1988BridgesintheWorld40YoshimaBridgeinJapan(con.)BridgesintheWorld41RhineBridgeatCologne-Deutz,GermanyCombinedroad-streetcarbridgeinCologne-deutz,firstslendersteelboxgirderreplacingachainsuspensionbridgedestroyedduringWorldWarIISpans:132.1+184.5+120.7mOrthotropicdeckwithreinforcedconcretewearinglayerErectioninlargeelementswithheavyliftingequipmentin1946-47BridgesintheWorld42RhineBridgeatBonn-South6-lanehighwayand2-trackstreetcarsteelbridgeinGermanySpansof125+230+125m,width39.7mCross-sectionoftwoboxgirderwithanorthotropicplateBuiltduring1968-72BridgesintheWorld43Rio-NiteroiinBrazilThelongeststeelboxgirderbridgeintheworldLocatedatGuanabaraBay,RiodeJaneiro-Niteroi,BrazilMainspanof300m,totallengthof13900mCompletedin1972BridgesintheWorld44NamihayaBridgeinJapancurved3spancontinuoussteeldeckboxgirderLocatedatcityofOsakaMainspanof250m,Completedin1994BridgesintheWorld45EadsBridgeovertheMississippiatSt.Louis,USAFirststeel(arch)bridgeintheworldBuilt1867-1874withcenterspanof158.80mUpperdeckforroadway,lowerlevelfordouble-tracktrainuntil1974BridgesintheWorld46AlexanderIIIBridgeinParisVeryflatsteelarchbridge,1/17Spanofmorethan107.5m,three-hingedarch,completedin1900FamousofitsLuxuriantdecorationandsculptBridgesintheWorld47HellGateBridgeinUSASteeltrussedarch4tracksrailwaybridgewithspanof298mCompletedin1916BridgesintheWorld48BayonneBridgeinUSASteeltrussedarchHighwaybridgewithspanof503.6mCompletedin1931BridgesintheWorld49SydneyHarbourBridgeinAustraliaSteeltrussedarchHighwaybridgewithspanof503mCompletedin1932DesignedbyRalphFreemanBridgesintheWorld50BridgesintheWorld51PortMannBridgeinCanadaThree-spansteeltiedarchbridgewithorthotropicdeckMainspanof366mFinishedin1964BridgesintheWorld52FremontBridgeinPortland,USAThelargesttiedarchsteelbridge(double-decked)Finishedin1973withspanof382.6mConstruction:archspan(6000t)floatedtotheplacethenliftabout50mhightopositionBridgesintheWorld53NewRiverGorgeBridgeinUSAWeathering-resistantsteeltrussedarchHighwaybridgewithspanof518.2m,thelongestarchbridgeintheworldCompletedin1977,“BridgeDay”in1980forparachuting,readytocancelrecentlyBridgesintheWorld54BanghuaBridgeinKoreaHighwaysteelarchbridgewithspanof540mBuiltin2000BridgesintheWorld55Shin-HamaderaBridgeinJapanNielsen-LohseArchwithspanof254mCompletion:1991BridgesintheWorld56KishiwadaBridgeinJapanThree-spancontinuousthrough-typesteelarchbridgewithmainspanof255mCompletion:1993BridgesintheWorld57

Tj?rnBridgeinSweden

Dumbbell-likehollowsteeltubeasarchringMainspanof278mCompletedin1960andbumpedandcollapsedbyshipin1980重建，主跨366m的混合梁斜拉橋BridgesintheWorld58RockvilleBridgeLocatedatHarrisburg,acrosstheSusquehannaRiverinPennsylvania,USA1141minlength,thelongeststonearchrailwaybridgeintheworldBuiltin1902byThePennsylvaniaRailroadBridgesintheWorld59TavanasaBridgeinSwitzerlandAthree-hingeR.C.archbridgeBuiltin1905，designbyRobertMaillardBridgesintheWorld60SalginaBridge混凝土三鉸拱，主跨90m，1930，土木工程里程碑建筑BridgesintheWorld61瑞典Sando橋，跨度264m1943年建成，拱架法施工西班牙Elsa鐵路橋，跨度210m1942年建成，勁性骨架法施工BridgesintheWorld62PontedaAmizade(Friendship)BridgeInBrazil,openMarch1965,552.4mlong,13.5mwideand78mhigh,spanof303m1965Acable-stayedbridgeinMacaowithsamenameBridgesintheWorld63ArrabidaBridgeinPortugalSpanof270mTwotwinconcretearchesConstructedbetween1957-63CantileverconstructionformetallicframeworkBridgesintheWorld64GladesvilleBridgeLocatedattheenvironsofSydney,AustraliaMainspanof305mandcompletedin1964BridgesintheWorld65KrkIIBridgeinformerYugoslaviaSpanof390m,completedin1980Archring:R.C.withboxsectionConstruction:cantileverprecasting

BridgesintheWorld66BendorfBridgeLocatedinGermany,acrossRhineRivernearKoblenzSpansof71+208+71m,twoparallelsingleboxgirdersHingeatthemiddleofthemainspanCantileverconstruction,atypicalexampleforbalancedcantileverconcretinginearlystageCompletedin1964BridgesintheWorld67LocatedatBrisbane,Lengthof1627m,spanof145+260+145m,doublethin-walledpiersExpansionjointsinsidespanatthedistanceof15mtosidepiersCantileverconstruction,builtin1980-86GatewayBridgeinAustraliaBridgesintheWorld68RaftsundetBridgeinNorwayHighwayprestressedconcretecontinuousframebridgeSpan:86+202+298+125mLightweightconcreteusedinthemiddlespanCompletedin1998BridgesintheWorld69葡萄牙鐵路連續(xù)剛構(gòu)橋－S?oJo?oBridge1991年，主跨250m，雙線鐵路BridgesintheWorld70Earlysteelcable-stayedbridgesinGermany↑Theodor-HeuseBridge,4-lanehighwaybridgewithspansof108+260+108m,firstcable-stayedbridgeinGermany,1957↓OberkasselBridge,4-lanestreetand2-trackstreetcarbridgewithspansof5*51.55+257.75+70m,horizontalmovingcons.,1970-76BridgesintheWorld71Modernsteelcable-stayedbridgesinJapanTurumiShipChannelBridgeSpanof255+510+255m6-laneroadwaysteelbridgewithwidthof28.75mBuiltin1994MeikounishiBridgeSpanof175+405+175m,suspendedsystem4-laneroadwaysteelbridgewithwidthof13mA-shapedpylonBuiltin1984BridgesintheWorld72Modernsteelcable-stayedbridgesinJapan(con.)YokohamaBridge,total860mSpanof200+460+200mH-shapedpylon,fan-typecableDoubledeckwith6lanesoneachStiffeninggirderoftrussBuiltin1988IkutiBridge,total795.8mSpanof150+490+150mDiamondpylon,fan-typecableMiddlespan:steelboxgirder,sidespan:P.C.boxgirderwithtwosmallpiersbelowBuiltin1991BridgesintheWorld73NormandyBridgeinFranceCombinedsteel-concretecable-stayedbridgeacrossSeineTotallength2141.25m,spanof737.5+856+547.75m,mainspanconsistsof116mconcretegirderoneachsideand624msteelgirderinthemiddle,pylonsheight:202mConstruction1989-1995BridgesintheWorld74NormandyBridgeinFrance(con.)Cross-sectionPerspectiveofsegmentalgirderCross-diaphragmOrthotropicplateLongitudinalstiffenerBridgesintheWorld75TataraBridgeinJapanLocatedintherouteofHonshu-ShikokuSpanof270+890+320m,pylonsheight:216.6mStartingat1990andcompletedin1999BridgesintheWorld76MaracaiboBridgeinVenezuelaThefirstconcretecable-stayedbridgeintheworldTotallengthof8.7km,mainspanof235mfor5spansX-shapedpier,A-shapedpylonandapairofrigidcables,suspendedspanlength85.5mCompletedin1962,strengthenedin1980sBridgesintheWorld77BrotonneBridgeinFrance3-spanP.C.cable-stayedbridgeacrossSeineSpansof143.5+320+143.5m,boxgirderwithinnerbracing4laneshighway,Completedin1977BridgesintheWorld78SkarnsundetBridgeinNorwayOpenedinDec1991,thelongestconcretecable-stayedbridgeintheworldSpansof190+530+190m,total1010mCross-sectionofconcreteboxgirderoftriangularshape,13mwideand2.15mhigh,A-shapedpylonsDesignconsideration:wind,snowandsaltspray,temperaturevariationsBridgesintheWorld79Rion-AntirionBridgeinGreece四塔，主跨560m，2004BridgesintheWorld80BridgesintheWorld81MillauViaductinFrance七塔，主跨342m，大橋橋面離地270m，塔頂離地343m，

2004BridgesintheWorld82BridgesintheWorld83BrooklynBridgeinNewYorkEarlycitysuspensionbridgeLocatedatNYacrossEastRiverMainspanof486.16m,builtduring1869－83Stonetowers,fourcablesanddiagonalcablesSteelstiffeningtruss,doubledeckDesignedbyJohnA.Roebling,constructedbyhissonBridgesintheWorld84BridgesintheWorld85GeorgeWashingtonBridge,NYThefirstbridgespanningover1000mintheworld,madein1936Spansof186+1067+198m,steelstiffeningtruss,doubledeck,upper8lanesandlowerdeck6lanes(addedin1962)Steellatticetowerwithheightof170.54mBridgesintheWorld86GoldenGateBridgeinUSALocatedatSanFranciscoBay,af