跨文化溝通培訓

跨文化溝通培訓第一頁，共四十五頁。LearningObjectivesBythisendofthischapter,youshouldbeableto:UnderstandhowlanguageandculturearecloselylinkedUnderstandculturalinfluencesonsomecommonlyobserveddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseDistinguishdenotationalandconnotationalmeaningsofwords第二頁，共四十五頁。LearningObjectivesDistinguishlinearandnonlinearlanguage,deductiveandinductivepatternsMakecross-culturalcomparisonsofdifferentpragmaticrulesusedinvariousspeechactsandverbalstyles第三頁，共四十五頁。MeansofHumanCommunicationVerbalcommunicationUsingwordsthathavemutuallyunderstoodmeaningsandasetofrulesNonverbalcommunicationEdwardT.Hallreferstoitasthe“silentlanguage”第四頁，共四十五頁。TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture1.Theinfluenceofcultureonlanguage2.Theinfluenceoflanguageonculture第五頁，共四十五頁。TheInfluenceofCultureonLanguage1.LanguageasareflectionoftheenvironmentLanguagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.Welabelthingsthatarearoundus.(examples)Theenvironmentinfluencesthedevelopmentoftechnology,products,andtheappropriatevocabulary.(examples)第六頁，共四十五頁。TheInfluenceofCultureonLanguage2.LanguageasreflectionofvaluesLanguagereflectsculturalvalues.Languageisamirrorofculture,becauselanguagereflectshumanrelationships,reflectsthewaythesocietyoperates.Example:Chinesekinshiptermsreflecttheimportanceofourfamilysystem.第七頁，共四十五頁。LinguisticDeterminismLinguisticRelativitySapir-WhorfHypothesisTheInfluenceofLanguageonCulture第八頁，共四十五頁。Sapir-WhorfHypothesisLanguagenotonlyservesasamechanismforcommunication,butaguidetosocialreality.Realityforacultureisdiscoverableinitslanguage第九頁，共四十五頁。LinguisticDeterminismLanguagestructurecontrolsthoughtandculturalnormsTheworldaseachofusknowsitistoalargeextentpredeterminedbythelanguageofourcultureThedifferencesbetweenlanguagesrepresentbasicdifferencesintheworldviewofdiversecultures.第十頁，共四十五頁。LinguisticRelativityLinguisticcharacteristicsandculturalnormsinfluenceeachother.Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.Languageprovidestheconceptualcategoriesthatinfluencehowitsspeakers’perceptionareencodedandstored.第十一頁，共四十五頁。CulturalImpacton

VerbalCommunicationAtlexicallevelAtdiscourselevelAtpragmaticlevel第十二頁，共四十五頁。1.Atlexicallevel第十三頁，共四十五頁。DenotationalmeaningConnotationalmeaningawordMeaningsofWords第十四頁，共四十五頁。MeaningsofWordsDenotationalmeaningItreferstoadefinitionalmeaningdependinguponourchoiceofwordselection.Denotationmeansadictionarydefinition.ConnotationalmeaningItreferstoextendedmeaningsorassociatedmeanings.Connotationalmeaningshavedevelopedovertimethroughusebypeopleandespeciallybypoetsandwriters.第十五頁，共四十五頁。ComparisonbetweenEnglishandChineseSomewordshavethesamedenotationalandconntationalmeanings.Therearealsomanywordswiththesamedenotationalmeaningsbutdifferentconnotationalmeanings.Bothdenotationalandconnotatinalmeaningsaredifferentinmanyotherwords.第十六頁，共四十五頁。ExamplesDove:peaceFox:cunningOwl:wisdomBat:anevilanimalCricket:ahappyinsectDragon:fierceness鴿子：和平鴿狐貍：像狐貍一樣狡猾貓頭鷹：壞運氣蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福蟋蟀：哀愁龍：龍袍，龍的傳人(ChineseDragon)第十七頁，共四十五頁。CultureRedYellowGreenBlueEuropeandNorthAmericaDangerCautionCowardiceSafetyGrowthandrebirthMasculinitySweetnesscalmJapanAngerDangerGraceNobilityChildishgaietyFutureYouthEnergyvillainyChinaJoyCelebrationPowerHonorRoyaltyNospecialassociationNospecialassociationArabiccountriesNospecialassociationHappinessprosperityFertilityvirtueStrengthFaithTruthCulturalAssociationsofColor第十八頁，共四十五頁。BusinessImplicationsInternationalbusinesspersonsmayencounterproblemswithsuchconnotationalmeaningsofcolors.Internationalmarketersneedtoknowwhatassociationscertainculturehasintermsofcolorsandhowtheymightaffectproductdesign,packaging,andadvertisingmessages.第十九頁，共四十五頁。2.AtdiscourselevelLinearandnonlinearlanguageDeductiveaninductivepatterns第二十頁，共四十五頁。LinearVS.NonlinearLanguageLinear

hasabeginningandanendLogicalandobjectiveNonlinearCircularTradition-orientatedSubjective第二十一頁，共四十五頁。StylesofParagraphDevelopment直線型（英語）平行對仗型（閃族語）螺旋型（東方語言）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（拉丁語系）更自由的迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（俄語）第二十二頁，共四十五頁。StylesofParagraphDevelopment直線型English英語平行對仗型Semitic閃族語（阿拉伯語）螺旋型Oriental東方語言（漢語）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型Romance拉丁語系（法語、西班牙語）迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（更自由的）Russian第二十三頁，共四十五頁。DeductiveVS.InductivethoughtpatternsDeductiveFromthegeneraltothespecificWesternInductiveFromthespecifictothegeneralEastern第二十四頁，共四十五頁。Example1BecauseofmostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun-upto1999,andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.So,IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.第二十五頁，共四十五頁。Example2IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.That’sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.Inadditiontothat,mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun-upto1999.第二十六頁，共四十五頁。Deductivevs.InductiveX Comment,mainpoint,oractionsuggestedBecauseofYTopic,background,orreasonBecauseofYtopic,background,orreasonXcomment,mainpoint,oractionsuggested第二十七頁，共四十五頁。3.Atpragmaticlevel第二十八頁，共四十五頁。Pragmaticsdefinedpragmaticsisdefinedas“l(fā)anguageinuse”(Thomas)第二十九頁，共四十五頁。PragmatictransferdefinedTheuseofrulesofspeakingfromone’sownnativespeechcommunitywheninteractingwithmembersofthehostspeechcommunityorsimplywhenspeakinginasecondlanguageisknownassociolinguisticorpragmatictransfer.第三十頁，共四十五頁。pragmalinguisticfailuresociolinguisticfailurepragmaticfailurePragmaticFailure(PragmaticTransfer)第三十一頁，共四十五頁。PragmalinguisticFailureDefinedPragmalinguisticfailureoccurswhenthepragmaticforcemappedbyspeakerontoagivenutteranceissystematicallydifferentfromtheforcemostfrequentlyassignedtoitbynativespeakerofthetargetlanguage,orwhenspeechactstrategiesareinappropriatelytransferredfromthefirstlanguagetothesecondlanguage.第三十二頁，共四十五頁。Examples“豈有此理”

asacomplimentresponse“sorry,sorry”for“Iamverysorry”第三十三頁，共四十五頁。SociolinguisticFailureDefineSociolinguisticfailurestemsfromcross-culturallydifferentperceptionsofwhatconstitutesappropriatelinguisticbehavior.第三十四頁，共四十五頁。Examples白象牌電池芳芳牌唇膏大寶SOD蜜金雞牌鞋油龍牌卷閘WhiteElephantFangFangDabaoSODGoldenCockDragon第三十五頁，共四十五頁。AnalysisofSpeechActAddressGreetingandleaving-takingOfferandthanksInvitationandresponseApologiesComplimentandresponse第三十六頁，共四十五頁。countryAppropriatetopicsTopicstoavoidAustraliaProfessions,cars,skiing,musicMoney,religion,divorceGermanyTravelabroad,internationalpolitics,hobbiesWorldWarTwo,questionsaboutpersonallifeGreatBritainHistory,architecture,gardeningPolitics,money/priceFranceMusic,books,sports,thetheatrePriceofitems,person’swork,income,ageMexicoFamily,socialconcernsPolitics,debt,inflationproblems,borderviolationsJapanHistory,culture,artWorldWarTwo第三十七頁，共四十五頁。VerbalStyleAmericanverbalstyleJapaneseverbalstyleChineseverbalstyle第三十八頁，共四十五頁。AmericanVerbalStyleDirectHonestPing-pangortennisgamestyle第三十九頁，共四十五頁。JapaneseVerbalStyleTakingturnsWaitingpolitelyBowlingstyle第四十頁，共四十五頁。ChineseVerbalStyleImplicitcommunication（含蓄）Listeningcenteredness（聽話）Politeness（客氣）Afocu