Lecture-2：句子分類、句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析

Lecture-2：句子分類、句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析第一頁，共62頁。Lecture2★.句子分類、句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析第二頁，共62頁。句子分類一、按照句子用途分1.陳述句—陳述一件事情，說明一個看法Shearrivedatthestation5minutesaheadoftime.Heisalwaysmodestandprudent(謙虛謹(jǐn)慎).第三頁，共62頁。2.疑問句—提出問題詢問情況1)一般疑問句(用yes或no回答)AreyoufromChengdu?Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?Didhegotothecinemalastnight?Willyoucomeagain?第四頁，共62頁。2）特殊疑問句(when,where,what,who,whom,how,why)（針對問題回答）Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?Whenshallwemeetagain?第五頁，共62頁。3）選擇疑問句（選擇其一回答）Isheateacherorastudent?Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?Shallwegobackorstayhere?第六頁，共62頁。4）反意疑問句(注意回答時使用的yes或no與后面一致)Youdon’tknowher,doyou?你不認(rèn)識她，是嗎？Yes,Ido.不，我認(rèn)識。No,Idon’t.是的，我不認(rèn)識。第七頁，共62頁。3.祈使句—提出請求，給予告誡，或發(fā)出命令Getoutofhere!Don’tbelateagain.第八頁，共62頁。4.感嘆句—發(fā)出感嘆，流露情感Whatabeautifuloil-painting!Howwellshesings!第九頁，共62頁。二、按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)分1.簡單句1）一主一謂Hestudiesinauniversity.Sheisondutytoday.第十頁，共62頁。

2）一主兩謂Hestudiesandlivesinauniversity.Acandlelightsothersandconsumesitself.第十一頁，共62頁。3）兩主一謂Heandhissisterstudyinthesameschool.Windandraincomeontime.風(fēng)調(diào)雨順。第十二頁，共62頁。

4）兩主兩謂Heandhissisterstudyandliveinthesameschool.Sheandherclassmateslearnfromandhelpeachother.

說明：以此類推有多主一謂或者多主多謂或者一主多謂。第十三頁，共62頁。簡單句簡單句只有一個限定動詞（即只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。作一種陳述提出一個問題發(fā)出一種命令或請求表示一種感嘆Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!第十四頁，共62頁。主語＋不及物動詞（S+Vi）主語＋及物動詞＋賓語(S+Vt+O)主語＋系動詞＋表(S+LV+predicative)主語＋雙賓動詞+間賓+直賓(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主語＋賓補動詞＋賓語＋賓語補語(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)There+be/stand/lie/live...簡單句的五種基本句型主語、動詞（不及物動詞、及物動詞、雙賓動詞、系動詞、賓補動詞)、賓語及補語可以稱為基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2個基本成分，至多4個基本成分。第十五頁，共62頁?；揪湫鸵唬褐髡Z＋不及物動詞（S+Vi）

句子的謂語動詞能表達(dá)完整的意思，后面可跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。SViThesunwasshining.Themoonrose.Theuniverseremains.Weallbreathe,eat,anddrink.Whocares?Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.Thepenwritessmoothly第十六頁，共62頁?；揪湫投褐髡Z＋及物動詞＋賓語(S+Vt+O)；謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。

SVtOWhoknowstheanswer?Shesmiledherthanks.HehasrefusedtohelpthemHeenjoysreading.Theyatewhatwasleftover.Hesaid"Goodmorning."Iwanttohaveacupoftea.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.第十七頁，共62頁?；揪湫腿褐髡Z＋系動詞＋表(S+LV+predicative)

句子謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。

SLVPThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Thedinnersmellsgood.Hefellinlove.Everythinglooksdifferent.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.Ourwellhasgonedry.Hisfaceturnedred.第十八頁，共62頁。四：主語＋雙賓動詞+間賓+直賓(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)謂語動詞必須跟有兩個賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個賓語一個是動作的直接承受者，另一個是動作的間接承受者。

第十九頁，共62頁。SVtO.indirO.dirSheorderedherselfanewdress.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.Hebroughtyouadictionary.Hedenieshernothing.Ishowedhimmypictures.Igavemycarawash.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.第二十頁，共62頁。五：主語＋賓補動詞＋賓語＋賓語補語

(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。第二十一頁，共62頁。SVtOO.complTheyappointedhimmanager.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.Thissetthemthinking.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.Whatmakeshimthinkso?Wesawhimout.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.Isawthemgettingonthebus.第二十二頁，共62頁。2.并列句由兩個或更多的彼此相互獨立、分合均可的簡單句構(gòu)成，由并列連詞、逗號+連詞或分號來連接。Thecountryflourishesandpeopleliveinpeace.國泰民安。Shefailed,butshedidnotloseheart.Itwasgettinglate;hehadtogobackhome.第二十三頁，共62頁。并列句常用并列連詞

coordinatingconjunctions平行并列連詞:轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞：因果并列連詞:

選擇并列連詞:and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,andthenbut,however,while,yetfor,soor,either…or,neither…nor第二十四頁，共62頁。并列句并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡單句的詞序。主語 謂語賓語連詞主語動詞表語Jimmyfelloffhisbikebut(he)wasn’thurt.五種簡單句型可用并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。

主謂狀（方式）連主謂表Frankworkedhardand(he)becameanarchitect.主謂賓連主謂地點I’vegotacold,soI’mgoingtobed.

主謂賓賓補連主謂賓Theymadehimchairman,but(they)didn’tincreasehissalary.第二十五頁，共62頁。Exercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.

2.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidn’tkeepit.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.第二十六頁，共62頁。3.復(fù)合句復(fù)合句由一個主句和一個或更多的從句構(gòu)成，由從屬連詞、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，彼此相互依從，不可獨立成句（或缺一不完整）Shesaidthatshewouldgotothefashionshow.Thatiswhyhewaslatefortheclass.Thesportsmeetinghastobeputoff,becauseitisrainingheavily.第二十七頁，共62頁。由一個主句和一個或者一個以上從句所構(gòu)成的句子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。主句是一個完整的句子,它可以獨立存在。從句是一個不完整的句子,它必須和一個主句連用，不能獨立存在。復(fù)合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接在一起構(gòu)成,但復(fù)合句的各組成部份并非同等重要，其中一個句子由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。復(fù)合句=主句+從句復(fù)合句第二十八頁，共62頁。復(fù)合句是在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個以上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句： 1.主語從句2.賓語從句 3.表語從句4.同位語從句 5.定語從句6.狀語從句英文寫作中最常使用的從句賓語從句狀語從句定語從句第二十九頁，共62頁。復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句=簡單句+從屬連詞+簡單句Hetoldme

thenews.thatthematchhadbeencancelled.賓語howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar.thatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.whenhewasleavingforParis.thathisfatheredwasworkinginthatschool.賓語從句第三十頁，共62頁。復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句=簡單句+從屬連詞+簡單句Idon’tknowhim.Hehasfinishedhisworkthathehasfinishedhiswork.whetherhehasfinishedhiswork.賓語從句HeisleavingforWashington.thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington.第三十一頁，共62頁。復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句=簡單句+從屬連詞+簡單句thepeople

surprisedThatWhathesaidwhathedid主語Thathedidn’tknowtheanswerintheroom.定語whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract.第三十二頁，共62頁。復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句=簡單句+從屬連詞+簡單句That

isthefact.表語whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.becausehewasill.whathashappened.第三十三頁，共62頁。復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句=簡單句+從屬連詞+簡單句Heworked

inthatfactorythreeyearsago.地點狀語時間狀語wherehisfatherworkedinthatfactorywhereIlivedwhenhelivedthereHisfatherworkedthere.Ilivedthere.Helivedtherethreeyearsago.第三十四頁，共62頁。復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句=簡單句+從屬連詞+簡單句Putthebook

onthedesk.whereyoutookit.whereitwas.地點狀語where

youfoundit.Youcan’tcamphere.wheretherearealotoftrees.whereveryoulike.第三十五頁，共62頁。指出下列各從句的類型Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.賓語從句狀語從句定語從句Practice第三十六頁，共62頁。用所給連詞連接句子。Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why)Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.Istillremembertheday.IfirstwenttoYorkonthatday.(when)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.將各組句子連接為一個含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句。PracticeHedidn’tcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因)Hedidn’tcomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.第三十七頁，共62頁。I’llgivethelettertohim.Iseehim.（時間）Itissuchabigbox.Nobodycanmoveit.（結(jié)果）We’llgotothegreatwall.It’sfinetomorrow.(條件)Weshouldnotgothereallthetime.Theplaceisquitepleasant.(讓步）Itissuchabigboxthatnobodycanmoveit.We’llgotothegreatwallifit’sfinetomorrow.Althoughtheplaceisquitepleasant,weshouldnotgothereallthetime.I’llgivethelettertohimwhenIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimthemomentIseehim.第三十八頁，共62頁。三、一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)1.存在句存在句即用帶引導(dǎo)詞“there+be”的結(jié)構(gòu)，用于說明、詢問人或事物的“存在情況”。它將重要的部分（主語及其修飾語）放在句末，以達(dá)到引人注目和強調(diào)的目的。學(xué)習(xí)此句型需要注意以下幾點:第三十九頁，共62頁。

1）區(qū)別“there+be”結(jié)構(gòu)表存在和“have”表所屬Thereisabookonthedesk.Hehasmanybooks.除了表示“有”，也可表示發(fā)生什么事情。Therewillbeachangeintheweathertomorrow.Theregoesthelastbus.第四十頁，共62頁。2）除了跟“be”以外，該句型還有一些其他形式和其他時態(tài)，見例句：

Thereisnothingpermanentexceptchange.

Therewillfollowanintervaloftenminutes.Longlongago,therelivedanoldmanonthesmallisland.

Thereseemstobesomemisunderstandingbetweenthem.

Thereisboundtobeagoodbargain.這準(zhǔn)是一筆賺錢的生意。

Theremustbesomethingwrongwiththecomputer.第四十一頁，共62頁。

類似的句型還有：Thereis(was)goingtobe…將有Thereis(was)tobe…將有Therewill(would)be…將有Thereusedtobe…過去有Therehave(has)been…已有Therecan(could)be…會有（是）Theremay(might)be…可能有（是）Theremusthavebeen…一定有第四十二頁，共62頁。Thereshouldbe…應(yīng)該有Thereexist(exists)…有Therestand(stands)…有Thereappearstobe…似乎有Thereremains…（只）剩下Therehappenedtobe…適逢/正逢第四十三頁，共62頁。3）注意一些表達(dá)錯誤錯誤：Thereisamanstandsoverthere.那兒站著一個人。正確：Thereisamanstandingoverthere.第四十四頁，共62頁。4)疑問句Arethereanyparkinglotsaroundhere?這一帶有停車場嗎？Howmanyparksarethereinthiscity?Thereisn’tabookonthedesk,isthere?第四十五頁，共62頁。5)引導(dǎo)詞there在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中作動詞賓語時，there后面多用不定式Idon’twanttheretobeanymoretrouble.Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingbetweenyouandyourfriends.Wouldyouliketheretobesomeflowershere?第四十六頁，共62頁。

引導(dǎo)詞there作介詞賓語的時候，there后面多用動名詞Ineverdreamedoftherebeing

suchabigstoneonthesidewalk.Whatisthechanceoftherebeing

alivetelecast?現(xiàn)場直播的可能性有多大？第四十七頁，共62頁。6)一致問題（就近原則）Therearetwotextbooks,adictionaryandthreepencilsonthedesk.Thereis(are)adictionary,twotextbooksandthreepencilsonthedesk.第四十八頁，共62頁。2.反意疑問句(見詳細(xì)講解)3.倒裝句(見詳細(xì)講解)第四十九頁，共62頁。Exercise：proof-reading1.Dialectsaredifficulttounderstand,itwillmakeothersfeeluncomfortable.Dialectsaredifficulttounderstand,anditwillmakeothersfeeluncomfortable.2.Second,Chinaaregraduallyintegratingintotheworld,weneedaofficiallanguagetostandourcountry.Second,sinceChinaisgraduallyintegratingintotheworld,weneedanofficiallanguagetostand

forourcountry.3.Insomeplaceswhereispromotingdialects,therehavemanyworkerscomefromotherplaces.Insomeplaceswhichpromotedialects,therearemanyworkerscomingfromotherplaces.第五十頁，共62頁。4.Itisimpossibletolearnalldialects.Because(As)therearehundredsofdialectsinChina.Itisimpossibletolearnalldialects,because(as)therearehundredsofdialectsinChina.5.Somepeopleholdthisopinion.Whilesomeothersargueit’sagainstthepolicy.Somepeopleholdthisopinion,whilesomeothersargueit’sagainstthepolicy.第五十一頁，共62頁。6.Therearestillpeopleusedialectsinremoteareas.Therearestillpeople

using

dialectsinremoteareas.7.Therearemoreandmorepeopleliketospendtheirsparetimeonphysicalactivities.Therearemoreandmorepeoplelikingto(wholike)spendtheirsparetimeonphysicalactivities.Moreandmorepeopleliketospend...第五十二頁，共62頁。8.AsweallknowthatChinaisagreatcountrywithfivethousandyearsofhistory.Asweallknow,Chinaisagreatcountrywithfivethousandyearsofhistory.9.Shouldstudentsberequiredtoattendclasseshasbecomeahottopic.Whetherstudentsshouldberequiredtoattendclasseshasbecomeahottopic.第五十三頁，共62頁。Choosethebestone.Abovethetreesarethehills,

magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectonthesurface.(2003,43)Whereb.ofwhosec.whosed.which2.Theyovercameallthedifficultiesandcompletedtheprojecttwomonthsaheadoftime,

issomethingwehadnotexpected.(2003,51)a.whichb.itc.thatd.what第五十四頁，共62頁。3.Thereisnodoubt

thecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesalesproject.(2001,44)whyb.thatc.whetherd.when4.After

seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanager’soffice.a.thatb.therec.whatd.it第五十五頁，共62頁。5.Toahighlyimaginativewriter,

isapadofpaperandapen.allarerequiredb.allwhichisrequiredc.allisrequiredd.allthatisrequired6.

canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.a.Whatb.ThatC.Asd.It第五十六頁，共62頁。7.We