RalphWaldoEmerson愛默生作品賞析

RalphWaldoEmerson愛默生作品賞析演示文稿現(xiàn)在是1頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一優(yōu)選RalphWaldoEmerson愛默生作品賞析現(xiàn)在是2頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一RalphWaldoEmerson現(xiàn)在是3頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一LifeStoryBorninBoston,Massachusetts(thesamestreetasthebirthhomeofBenjaminFranklin)inMay25,1803.FatherwasafamousministerwhoencouragedyoungRalphtopursuephilosophyatayoungage.(Most/clergymen)EducatedinBostonandHarvard,likehisfather,andgraduatedin1821.現(xiàn)在是4頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Fatherpassesawayatage8andEmersonislefttosupporthisfourotherbrothers.RalphwasaskedtoshareacoatwithhisbrotherEdwardtosavefinances.Despitethehardships,alltheEmersonboys,exceptone,graduatedfromHarvardUniversity.LifeStory現(xiàn)在是5頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一LifeStoryIn1825hebegantostudyattheHarvardDivinitySchool,andthenextyearhewaslicensedtopreachbytheMiddlesexAssociationofMinisters.In1829Emersonmarriedtheseventeen-year-oldEllenLouisaTucker,whodiedin1831fromtuberculosis（肺結(jié)核）.（legacy/traveling,lecturing,andwriting）現(xiàn)在是6頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Emerson'sfirstandonlysettlementwasattheimportantSecondUnitarianChurchofBoston,wherehebecamesolepastorin1830.In1832,EmersontraveledtoEuropewherehemetpoetsSamuelTaylorColeridgeandWilliamWordsworthwhointroducehimtoRomanticnotionsofnatureandphilosophy.(IntroductiontoTranscendentalThought)LifeStory現(xiàn)在是7頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一3yearsafterhebecamethesolepastor,hehadacrisisoffaith,findingthathe"wasnotinterested"intheriteofCommunion.(teacher/reform)EventuallyEmerson'scontroversialviewscausedhisresignation.However,heneverceasedtobebothteacherandpreacher,althoughwithoutthesupportofanyconcreteideaofGod.LifeStory現(xiàn)在是8頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一AfterreturningtotheUnitedStates,Emersonlecturedonnaturalhistory,biology,andhistory.In1835EmersonmarriedLydiaJacksonandsettledwithherattheeastendofthevillageofConcord,Massachusetts,wherehethenspenttherestofhislife.LifeStory現(xiàn)在是9頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Emerson'shealthstartedtofailafterthepartialburningofhishousein1872.Hemadehislasttourabroadin1872-1873,andthenwithdrewmoreandmorefrompubliclife.EmersondiedonApril27,1882inConcord.LifeStory現(xiàn)在是10頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一worksCollectionsEssays:FirstSeries

(1841)(aselectionofhisearlierlecturesandwritings)Essays:SecondSeries

(1844)Poems

(1847)Nature(1849)(acollectionofessays,summeduphisideas.Emphasizedindividualismandrejectedtraditionalauthority.)RepresentativeMen

(1850)EnglishTraits

(1856)

(asummaryofEnglishcharacterandhistory)ConductofLife

(1860)MayDayandOtherPoems(1867)SocietyandSolitude

(1870)現(xiàn)在是11頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一FeaturesHisessayshavespeech-likecharacteristicsandaprophetic（預(yù)示的，先知的）tone,asermon（啟示，布道）likequality,oftenlinkedtohispracticeasaUnitarianminister.Emerson‘saimwasnotmerelytocharmhisreaders,butencouragethemtocultivate’self-trust‘,tobecomewhattheyoughttobe,andtobeopentotheintuitive（直覺的，直觀的）worldofexperience.MuchofhisspiritualinsightcomesfromhisreadingsinEasternreligion,especiallyHinduism(印度教),Confucianism（儒家思想，儒教）,andIslamicSufism（伊斯蘭教的蘇菲派）(即Islamicmysticism神秘主義).現(xiàn)在是12頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Emerson'sfirstbook,

Nature,acollectionofessays,summeduphisideas,describedhowhumansfindGodwithinnature.Emersonemphasizedindividualismandrejectedtraditionalauthority.Heinvitedtheworldto"enjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse"andemphasized"theinfinitudeoftheprivateman."Allcreationisone,hebelieved-peopleshouldtrytoliveasimplelifeinharmonywithnatureandwithothers.Selectedworks現(xiàn)在是13頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Hislectures

TheAmericanScholar

(1837)and

AddressatDivinityCollege

(1838)challengedtheHarvardintelligentsia（知識界）andwarnedaboutalifelessChristiantradition.HewasostracizedbyHarvardformanyyears,buthismessageattractedyoungdisciples,whojoinedtheinformalTranscendentalClub,organizedin1836bytheUnitarianclergymanF.H.Hedge.Inthe1850'shestartedtogainsuccessasalecturer,andhisbooksbecameasourceofmoderateincome.現(xiàn)在是14頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Emersonwentontobecomeafamouslecturersharinghistranscendentalphilosophythroughoutthecountry.Amonghisquotablephrases:“Trustthyself:everyheartvibratestothatironstring.”（相信你自己：每顆心都隨那根弦震顫。）“Tobegreatistobemisunderstood.”（偉人似乎注定寂寞。）(FamousLecturer)現(xiàn)在是15頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Emerson’sHistoricalPositionHeembodiedanewnation’sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.HisaestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliterature.ItmarkedthebirthoftrueAmericanpoetry.Hecalledforanindependentculture,whichrepresentedthedesireofthewholenationtodevelopacultureofitsown.Hisreputationdeclinedsomewhatinrecentyearsbecauseofthecheerfuloptimismimpregnatedinhisworks.現(xiàn)在是16頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一TheFounderofTranscendentalismAsa

greatprose-poet,EmersoninfluencedalonglineofAmericanpoets,includingWaltWhitman（惠特曼）,EmilyDickinson（迪金森）,EdwinArlingtonRobinson（埃德溫·阿靈頓·羅賓遜）,WallaceStevens（華萊士·史蒂文斯）,HartCrane（克萊恩）,andRobertFrost（弗羅斯特）.HeisalsocreditedwithinfluencingthephilosophiesofJohnDewey（杜威）,GeorgeSantayana（喬治·桑塔亞納）,FriedrichNietzsche（尼采）,andWilliamJames.現(xiàn)在是17頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一AsanessayistEmersonwasamasterofstyle."EmersonisGod,"declaredtheliterarytheoristHaroldBloomonce,andtestifiedwiththistheimportanceofEmersontoAmericanliterature.TheBritishcriticMatthewArnoldsaidthemostimportantwritingsinEnglishinthe19thcenturyhadbeenWordsworth'spoemsandEmerson'sessays.現(xiàn)在是18頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一FamousquotationsbyRalphWaldoEmersonAheroisnobraverthananordinaryman,butheisbraverfiveminuteslonger.BewarewhenthegreatGodletslooseathinkeronthisplanet.（上帝讓思想家來到地球上時，我們也要保持清醒。）Childrenareallforeigners.（孩子從來就像外鄉(xiāng)人。）現(xiàn)在是19頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Characterishigherthanintellect...Agreatsoulwillbestrongtolive,aswellastothink.（品格高于所謂的智力；偉大的靈魂能夠使我們的生命足夠堅強(qiáng)的活下去，也使我們能夠足夠堅強(qiáng)的去思考。）Donotgowherethepathmaylead,goinsteadwherethereisnopathandleaveatrail.（不要沿著前人留的路走，去自己開路并留下足跡。）現(xiàn)在是20頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Daysisatopicappearinginmanyworks,asmanypeopletrytofindtheactualmeaningof“days.”Howdoyouunderstandthemeaningof“days”?Ifyousetoffseekingthemeaningof“days”,thispoemmightbeagoodguide.現(xiàn)在是21頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Days

DaughtersofTime,thehypocriticDays,

Muffledanddumblikebarefootdervishes（托缽僧）,

Andmarchingsingleinanendlessfile,

Bringdiademsandfagotsintheirhands.

Toeachtheyoffergiftsafterhiswill,

Bread,kingdoms,stars,andskythatholdsthemall.

I,inmypleachedgarden,watchedthepomp,

Forgotmymorningwishes,hastily

Tookafewherbsandapples,andtheDaysturnedanddepartedsilent.I,toolate,underhersolemnfillet(發(fā)帶)

sawthescorn.現(xiàn)在是22頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一

時光的女兒們，偽善的日子，

聲音黯啞如赤足的托缽僧，

她們單列行進(jìn)，看不到盡頭，

手里拿著皇冠和成捆的薪柴。

禮物按照每個人的心愿分贈，

面包、王國、星辰，甚至天穹。

整枝盤蔓的花園里我矚目這場壯麗，忘記了清晨想要的東西匆忙采了些香料和蘋果，日子卻轉(zhuǎn)身悄然離去。待我在肅穆的發(fā)帶下,看見她輕蔑的嘲笑，已經(jīng)太遲。

日子現(xiàn)在是23頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Thispoemofferusaspacetoexperienceandunderstandtheurgencyofsavingtimeandtreasuringtime,inthatitemployspersonificationandmetaphor,whichenablethispoemtowearamysteriousveil,andisassistedbysimplifyingprocessingwhichsimplifytheabstractmeaningtobeunderstoodeasily.現(xiàn)在是24頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Thepoem“Days”isanalyzedherefromthreeaspectsLexicalfeaturesTranscendentalismMysticism現(xiàn)在是25頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一LexicalfeaturesLexicalfeaturescontributetocreatingtheuniquenessofthepoem.Emersonemployssimplewordstodescribetheabstractconnotation.Andthesewordsexposedthethemeofthepoemlayerbylayer.Ifthesewordareunderstoodcompletely,thepoemwillbeunderstoodsuccessfully.現(xiàn)在是26頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Hypocritic“Hypocritic”isakeywordtoshowthethemeofthepoem.AllthewordsthatwillbediscussedareintendtodisclosewhyEmersonsays“days“arehypocritical,which,nevertheless,isnotthepurposeoftheauthor.Thepurposeisthat,ifweacceptedthat"Days”arehypocriticalwewouldacceptthat"Days”werenotdependable,andthenweknowthatlifeisinourownhands;andifwedon’tworkhard,wewillfeelsorrytoourselveswhenweareold.現(xiàn)在是27頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一“Diademsandfagots”Inthesentence,"Bringdiademsandfagotsintheirhands”,“Diademsandfagots”metaphorizethenoblenessandhumblenessrespectively.Itseemsthat"Days“holdthenoblenessandhumblenessinhands,andtheywilldecidewhoisqualifiedtotheworldofthenoblenessorofthehumbleness.Soanyworldthatwetrytogetinisjustintheirhands,thatis,wearecontrolledbythem.Butitisatrick:weareactuallynotintheirhands,whichwillbeunderstoodattheendofthepoem.現(xiàn)在是28頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一“Bread,kingdoms,stars,andsky”“Bread,kingdoms,stars,andsky”refertotheneedscomingfromdifferentsocialclasses.Somepeoplerequirefood,somewantacountryandsomeneedmore.Ifwegiveourwillorwishesto“Days”,theywillbeverykindtomeetourdemands.Butweallknow“nopains,nogains.”Ifwedreamedallthedays,anddidn’tmakeeffortstowardourwishes,wewouldgetnothingbut“scorns”.Soherethe“will”doesnotequal

to“wish”

but

share

the

same

connotation

with

the“will”

in“wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”From

thisthe

author

manages

to

show

that“days”arenotso

kind,but

hypocritical.It

is

not

so

easy

to

get

our

wantsfrom

Days

as

we

expected.

現(xiàn)在是29頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一“I”“I”inthe“pleachedgarden”wastedtimeinwatchingother’s“pomp”,andforgotmyownmorningwishes.Atlast,“I”hastilytookafew“herbsandapples,”Emersoncompactedalife-longperiodtoasingleday,whichimpliedthatalifeisveryshortandweshouldvalueit.whenwewereyoung,welostourselvesinthesocietyandwastedtimeinwatchingother’ssuccessandfailure,happinessandsorrow,insteadofourownmatters.Finally,weareold,andhavenoenoughtimeandenergytorealizeourownwishes.Allthatwehavedoneistakingawholelifetogainsomecommonthings.Atthattime,“Days”arenotsokindtohelpus;insteadtheyscornusandletusdeserveit.Andit'stoolatetofeelsorrythen.現(xiàn)在是30頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一“Days”“Days”marched“single”inanendlessfile.Whetherweforgettheirexistenceornot,theywillpassbysilently.Whateverwedo,goodorbad,excitingorsad,theywillnotpauseorslowdown.Howcruelandhypocriticalitis!現(xiàn)在是31頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一“daughters”Thentheword“daughters”willbeemphasized.WhyEmersoncalls“Days”the“daughter”oftime,butnotthe“sons”oftime?Toanswerthisquestion,themetaphorshouldbediscussedfirst,thenthematterof“daughter”or“sons”.“Days”isanabstractnotion,invisibleanduntouchable.However,“daughter”makestheinvisiblenotionintobeingwithimagethatisvisible.And“daughter“givesspirittotheabstractnotion,whichoffersusabasicpointtosetoutourimagination.Thespiritof“daughter”iseasyforustothinkoftheonehavingthecharactersofbeauty,gentleness,kindnessandquietness,underwhichthecoldnessandcruelnesssometimeshide.Thatisthe“hypocritic”——“Days”aresokindastogivegiftstoyouafteryourwillwhileyouhavetofacetheirscornandcoldnessifyouidleawaydays,So,inthissense,"sons”doesn’thavesuchimplications.現(xiàn)在是32頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一“Saw”“Saw”isanotherimportantword.That“I”“saw”thescornof“Days”impliesthat“Days”sawme;thereasonwhydaysscornmeisthattheyhaveseenme,andaredissatisfiedwithme.Itseemedthat“I”wasundertheirpower,andcan’trunaway.Buttheywon’thelpmeeventheyhaveknownmywrongs,So“I”havetosay“Days”arehypocritical.現(xiàn)在是33頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Allthewordsshowthat“Days”arehypocritical.Since“Days”arehypocritical,wemustdependonourselvestorealizeourwill.Ifwedependonourselves,howcanwesaythatweareintheirhands?Ifwearenotintheirhands,howcanwesaythatwearecontrolledbythem?Emersondeliberatelyarrangesthispoemlikethat,andhejustwantsustounderstandwhatwedowillbemirroredby“Days”.Infrontofthemirrorof“days”,wedoourownthings.Wehavedifferentwillandmakeeffortsindifferentdegrees,sosomeonewillgetbread,someonekingdoms,someonestars,someonesky,someoneherbsandsomeoneapples.現(xiàn)在是34頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一它是一首關(guān)于時間問題的一則寓言。他用“偽善”(hypocritic)來表現(xiàn)時日的表面性的公允和慷慨，又用“喑啞無語”(muffledanddumb)來表現(xiàn)時日的狡黠與沉默，她們像托缽僧一樣掠過人群，并超脫于人群與世俗欲望之外。她們按照人們的心愿分贈禮品，使得每個人感覺好像都得到了自己索求的東西，在下文中，已經(jīng)洞悉時日之偽善的“我”依然被她們所蠱惑，不但因?yàn)樗齻儭皢涡信帕小?、“無始也無終”，而且她們的慷慨和忙碌吸引了“我”的注意，以至于使“我”忘掉了“早晨的愿望”?！拔摇钡玫降闹皇窍悴莺吞O果，而它們作為最簡單的物質(zhì)欲望的隱喻，意味著“我”的精神追求的缺失。現(xiàn)在是35頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一但是，如果僅僅把這首詩視為一個關(guān)于時間的寓言顯然是不夠的，我們必須看到愛默生在詩中有意識或無意識透露出來的深層含義。人與時間之間的緊張關(guān)系只是這首詩的表面張力，而內(nèi)在的軸心卻是詩人在自我的持守和丟失之間的搖擺與嘆息?，F(xiàn)在是36頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一一個人在一個時日結(jié)束之時卻受到了時日的輕蔑，而導(dǎo)致這種情況的唯一原因就在于“我”關(guān)注于一些外部的表象（時日發(fā)放贈卒的壯觀景象、香草以及蘋果），從而疏遠(yuǎn)了那個有著“早晨的愿望”的內(nèi)在自我或深層自我（“愿望”是深層自我的能指），這種疏遠(yuǎn)在海德格爾那里就是一種“沉淪”，但是“我”的可貴之處在于意識到了這種沉淪?，F(xiàn)在是37頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一

Mylifeisforitselfandnotforaspectacle.我為自己而活，而不是為一場奇觀?，F(xiàn)在是38頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一Transcendentalism1.主張人能超越感覺和理性而直接認(rèn)識真理，強(qiáng)調(diào)直覺的重要性，其認(rèn)為人類世界的一切都是宇宙的一個縮影,其隨著實(shí)踐哲學(xué)誕生而淡化。超驗(yàn)主義者強(qiáng)調(diào)萬物本質(zhì)上的統(tǒng)一，萬物皆受“超靈”制約，而人類靈魂與“超靈”一致。2.超驗(yàn)主義觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)人的主觀能動性，有助于打破加爾文教的"人性惡"、"命定論"等教條的束縛，為熱情奔放，抒發(fā)個性的浪漫主義文學(xué)奠定了思想基礎(chǔ)?，F(xiàn)在是39頁\一共有45頁\編輯于星期一TranscendentalismTranscendentalismisthesummitoftheRomanticMoveme