2016-2020年考研英語一真題閱讀理解

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2016英語（一）閱讀理解France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunaways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep-andbone-showing.Undertheusingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:areawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.”Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?[A]Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.[B]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.aboutdietingwouldthrive.[D]Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto[A]heighteningthevalueof.[B]indicatingthestateof.[C]losingfaithin.[D]doingharmto.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?[A]NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.[B]TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.[C]Modelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.[D]Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor[A]pursuingperfectphysicalconditions.[B]caringtoomuchaboutmodels’character.[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.[D]settingahighagethresholdformodels.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?[A]AChallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdeals[B]ADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFrance[C]JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeauty[D]TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryText2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hill’spressureslaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives’planningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.RuraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysTheydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.donotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative—thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.thisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthecountryside [A]didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanage.[B]hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.[C]isfullybackedbytheroyalfamily.[D]isnotwellreflectedinpolitics.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeing graduallydestroyed.[B]effectivelyreinforced.[C]largelyovershadowed.[D]properlyprotected.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?[A]Labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.[B]TheConservativesmayabandon“off-plan”building.[C]TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.[D]Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’spreference [A]highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.[B]showshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.[C]stressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis.[D]revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationof [A]thesizeofpopulationinBritain.thepoliticallifeintoday’sBritain.[C]theenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.[D]thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.Text3“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,”wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.”ButevenifyouacceptFiedman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholdersthingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies–atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsisAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm,Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesishelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms'politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseentoinfluencedbyacompany’srecordinCSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,"saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasthavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththeevidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSRwithtoleranceskepticismuncertainty[D]approvalAccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompany[Alwinningtrustfromconsumers.guardingittectingitfrombeingdefamed.raisingthequalityofitsproducts.Theexpression"morelenient"(Line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto[Almoreeffective.lesscontroversial.lesssevere.morelasting.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany'sCSRrecord[Alhasanimpactontheirdecision.[B]comesacrossasreliableevidence.[C]increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized.[D]constitutespartoftheinvestigation.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?[AlItsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.[B]Thenecessaryamountofcompanies'spendingonitisunknown.Companies'financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.Text4TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewTimescasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate.“Sometimeinthefuture“thepaper’spublishersaidbackin2010.Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there’splentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspapers-printingpresses.deliverytruck-isn’tjustexpensiveexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitiondon’thavethesamesetfinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintalthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterpartsrevenuefromprintisstilldeclining.Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlowe,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditorwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldn'twastetimegettingoftheprintbusiness,onlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightaway“Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesenseforthem“hesaid,“butifyoudiscontinueit,you'regoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou."Sometimesthat'sworthmakingachangeanyway".PerettigivesexampleofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming."Itwasseenasablunder."hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwereinchargeatthetimes?"lwouldn'tpickyeartoendprint."hesaid.“Iwouldraiseandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct.”Themostloyalcostumerwouldstillgeltheproducttheyfavor.theideagoes,andthey’dfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein."Soifyou'reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,"perettisaid."Thenincreaseitatrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue."Inotherwords,ifyou'regoingtoprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayear—morethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription."It'sareallyhardthingtodoandit'satremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesn'thavealegacybusiness,"Perettiremarked."Butwe'regoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingswe'redoingthatdon'tmakesensewhenthemarket.Changeandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,it'sbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive."TheNewTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlyduethehighcostofoperation.[B]thepressureformitsinvestors.[C]thecomplaintsformitsreaders[D]theincreasingonlineadasles.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceofthepresentsituation,theTimesshould[A]seeknewsourcesofreadership.endtheprinteditionforgoog.[C]aimforefficitentmanagement.[D]makestrategicadiustments.ItcaninferredformParagraphs5and6thata“l(fā)egacyproduct”[A]helpsrestorethegloryofformertimes.[B]ismeantforthemostloyalcustomers.[C]willhavethecostofprintingreduced.[D]expandsthepopularityofthepaper.Perettibelievesthat,inachangingworld,[A]legacybusinessesarebecomingoutdated[B]cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solving.[C]aggressivenessbettermeetschallenges.[D]traditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?[A]ShifttoOnlineNewspapersAllatOnce[B]CherishtheNewspapersStillinYourHand[C]MakeYourPrintNewspaperaLuxuryGood[D]KeepYourNewspapersForeverinFashionPartBReadingthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45)，TherearetwoextraSubheadings,MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Createanewimageofyourself[B]Haveconfidenceinyourself[C]Decideifthetimeisright[D]Understandthecontext[E]Workwithprofessionals[F]Markitefficient[G]KnowyourgoalsNomatterhowformalorinformaltheworkenvironment,thewayyoupresentyourselfhasanimpact.Thisisespeciallytrueinfirstimpressions.AccordingtoresearchfromPrincetonUniversity,peopleassessyourcompetence,Trustworthiness,andlikeabilityinjustatenthofasecond,solelybasedonthewayyoulook.Thedifferentbetweentoday’sworkplaceandthe“dressforsuccess”eraisthattherangeofoptionsissomuchbroader.Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.Insomesettings,redsneakersordresscanconveystatus;inothernotsomuch.Plus,whateverimagewepresentismagnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslikeLinkedIn.Chancesare,yourheadshotsareseenmuchmoreoftennowthanadecadeortwoago.Millennials,itseems,facetheparadoxofbeingtheleastformalgenerationyetthemostconsciousofstyleandpersonalbranding.Itcanbeconfusing.Sohowdowenavigatethis?Howdoweknowwhentoinvestinanupgrade?Andwhat’sthebestwaytopulloffonethatenhancesourgoals?Herearesometips:Asanexecutivecoach,I’veseenimageupgradesbeparticularlyhelpfulduringtransitions-whenlookingforanewjob,steppingintoanewormorepublicrole,orchangingworkenvironments.Ifyou’reinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckandinarut,nowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyou’renotsure,askforhonestfeedbackfromtrustedfriends,colleaguesandprofessionals.Lookforcuesabouthowothersperceiveyou.Maybethere’snoneedforanupgradeandthat’sOK.Getclearonwhatimpactyou’rehopingtohave.Areyoulookingtorefreshyourimageorpivotit?Foroneperson,thegoalmaybetobetakenmoreseriouslyandenhancetheirprofessionalimage.Foranother,itmaybetobeperceivedasmoreapproachable,ormoremodernandstylish.Forsomeonemovingfromfinancetoadvertising,maybetheywanttolookore“SoHo.”O(jiān)Ktousecharacterizationslikethat.)Lookatyourworkenvironmentlikeananthropologist.Whatarethenormsofyourenvironment?Whatconveysstatus?Whoareyourmostimportantaudience?Howdothepeopleyourespectandlookuptopreventthemselves?Thebetteryouunderstandtheculturalcontext,themorecontrolyoucanhaveoveryourimpact.Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.Hireapersonalstylist,orusethefreestylingserviceofastorelikeahairstylistinsteadofabarber.withaprofessionalphotographerinsteadofyourspouseoffriend.notasexpensiveasyoumightthink.Thepointofastyleupgradeisn’ttobecomemorevainortospendmoretimediscussingoverwhattoInstead,useitasanopportunitytoreducedecisionfatigue.Pickastandardworkuniformorafewgo-toopinions.Buyallyourclothesoncewithastylistinsteadofshoppingalone,onearticleofclothingatime.1

2017英語（一）閱讀理解Firsttwohours,nowthreehours-thisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesarerecommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajorU.S.airportswithincreasinglymassivesecuritylines.Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityprotocolsinreturnforincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhavedownedovertheMediterraneanSea,providesanothertragicreminderofButdemandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupportfortheprocess.Anditshould:timeisadragonAmericans'economicandprivatelives,nottomentioninfuriating.Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundinasecretcheckthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweapons-bothfakeandreal-pastairportsecuritynearlyeverytimetheytried.Enhancedsecuritymeasuressincethen,combinedwithariseinairlinetravelduetotheimprovingeconomyandlowoilprices,haveresultedinlongwaitsatmajorairportssuchasChicago'sO'HareInternational.Itisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome-butthelinesareobvious.Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairlinetravel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partoftheissueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactormaybethatmorepeoplearetryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-baggagefees,thoughtheairlinesstronglydisputethis.ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotrequireremodelingairportsorrushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckissupposedtobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassabackgroundcheckareeligibletouseexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontravelerswhoarehigherrisk,savingtimeforeveryoneinvolved.TSAwantstoenroll25millionpeopleinPreCheck.Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothat,andonebigreasonisstickershock:Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.Sincethebeginning,thispricetaghasbeenPreCheck'sfatalflaw.Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlookintodoingsodirectly,byhelpingtofinancePreCheckenrollmentortocutcostsinotherways.TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklaneswhilemostofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimetomaketheprogramwork.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto[A]explainAmerican’stoleranceofcurrentsecuritychecks.[B]stresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworldwide.[C]highlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorU.S.airports.[D]emphasizetheimportanceofprivacyprotection.Whichofthefollowingcontributestolongwaitsatmajorairports?[A]Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbags.[B]ThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSA.[C]Anincreaseinthenumberoftravellers.[D]Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks.Theword“expedited”(Liner4,Para.5)isclosetinmeaningto[A]quieter.[B]cheaper.[C]wider.[D]faster.OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis[A]adramaticreductionofitsscale.itswrongly-directedimplementation.thegovernment’sreluctancetobackit.[D]anunreasonablepriceforenrollment.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]LessScreeningforMoreSafety[B]PreCheck–aBelatedSolution[C]GettingStuckinSecurityLines[D]UnderusedPreCheckLanesText2“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,”wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii'slastreigningmonarch,in1897.StarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity'sviewofthecosmos.AtissueistheTMT'splannedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld'smostpowerfultelescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea'speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanet'sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentalistshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectfarsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbiggertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceisnottheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea'sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheislands'inhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast；itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.sciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.ThesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii'sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.QueenLiliuokalani’sremarkinParagraph1indicates[A]herconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy.[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety.[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes.[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers’featsinhertime.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto[A]itsgeographicalfeatures.[B]itsprotectivesurroundings.[C]itsreligiousimplications.[D]itsexistinginfrastructure.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause[A]itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife.[B]itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory.[C]theirculturewillloseachanceofrevival.[D]theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday’sastronomy[A]isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians.[B]helpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld.[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture.[D]willeventuallysoftenHawaiians’hostility.Theauthor’sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof[A]severecriticism.[B]passiveacceptance.[C]slighthesitancy.[D]fullapproval.Text3Robertoncesaidthatacountry'sGDPmeasures“everythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.”BritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK’sGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry’seconomicprospects?Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowell-beingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2008globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisn’tthecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety,incomeequalityandenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthesolemeasur