ACCAF4知識點總結(jié)(供參考)

Chapter11.民法化2"law)和刑法(criminallaw)的劃分Civillaw:anformofprivatelaw，usedbyindividualstoassertrightsagainstotherindividualsCriminallaw:anaspectofpubliclawtoregulatecrimesandtopunishoffendersIssueCivilCriminalWhobringstheactionClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/stateBurdenofproofClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/stateStandardofproofBalance ofprobabilitiesBeyondreasonabledoubtDecisionsLiable/not(judge)GuiltyornotAimsCompensatoryPunitive/topunishRemedies糾正damagesImprisonment/finesCaselaw:madebyjudge/statutelaw成文法：primarylegislation(madebytheParliament)/secondarylegislation(inexerciseoflaw-makingpowersdelegatedbyParliament).[注：Necessityfordelegatedlegislation/secondarylegislation:moreconvenient;canhandoverthetaskofspecifyingthelawindetailtoexperts]在caselaw中:commonlaw一般法[monlawdrewoncustoms/equitylaw衡平法:toresolvedisputeswheredamagesarenotasuitableremedyandtointroducefairnessintothelegalsystem.]2.不同法院管轄事件的類型只受理民事案件Countycourt只受理刑事案件Crowncourt民刑通吃Magistrate,scourt,highcourt,courtofappeal,supremecourt只受理一審Countycourt,magistrate,scourt只受理上訴Courtofappeal,supremecourt一審上訴通吃Highcourt,crowncourtChapter2Chapter2DoctrineofPrecedence(遵循先例制度的一樣規(guī)那么):somedecisionsmadebyacourtarebindingandsimilarsubsequentlegalcasesshouldbedecidedonthebasisofthelawestablishedinearliercases.能夠創(chuàng)建判例法規(guī)那么:SupremeCourt/CourtofAppeal/HighCourt;不能夠創(chuàng)建:Crown,Magistrates,CountyCourtscannotcreateprecedent.Elementsofjudicialdecision（阻礙法庭裁決的因

素）:里1必^^^^^^^￡裁決理由［thereasonforthedecision]/Obiterdicta附帶說明[statementmadebytheway,notbinding,butmerelyofpersuasiveauthority]法官又能夠因為那些理由拒絕先例（disregardingjudicialprecedent）:Overrule取代[由€procedurewherebyacourthigherinthelegalhierarchysetsasidealegalrulingestablishedinapreviouscase]/Reverse推翻口procedurewherebyacourthigherinthehierarchyreversesthedecisionofalowercourtinthesamecase]/Distinguishing法官的自由裁決口precedentisavoidedbyajudgedemonstratingthatthematerialfactsoftwocasesarenotthesame]RulesofStatutoryInterpretation（法的說明）:①theliteralapproach:theliteralrule[meansthatwordsintheActshouldbegiventheirliteralandgrammaticalmeaningratherthanwhatthejudgethinkstheymean./thegoldenrule:thisruleisappliedincircumstanceswheretheapplicationoftheliteralruleislikelytoresultinanobviouslyabsurdresult.②thepurposiveapproach:thejudgeshould,wherenecessary,lookbeyondthewordsofstatutetofindoutthereason/purposeforitsenactment,andthatmeaningshouldbeinterpretedinthelightofthepurpose[Mischiefrule:purposiveapproach的具體表現(xiàn)形式/whereastatuteisdesignedtoremedyaweaknessinthelaw,thecorrectinterpretationistheonewhichachievesit.]語言處置規(guī)那么（法律沒有追溯力astatutedoesnothaveretrospectiveeffect）合同的概念alegallybindingagreementenforceableinlaw從要約到許諾是不是達到agreement[invitationstotreat要約邀請--offer要約--acceptance許諾 agreement]Terminationofanoffer:expressrejection/counteroff反要約/lapseoftime/revocationofanoff/death/iftheoffissujecttoacondition,itwilllapseonfailureofthatconditionPrivityofContract合同相對性原那么:thecommonlawdoctrinethatonlythosearepartytothecontract---haverightsorliabilitiesunderthecontract/havetherighttoenforcethecontract,contractscannotgiverightsorobligationstoothersChapter4分類標準Expressandlmpliedterms:某個條款是不是通過兩邊當事人協(xié)商同意（agreedbytheparties）Condition，warrantiesandinnominateterms核心，從屬和無名條款：依照條款重要性免責條款（三觀概念）Anyclausethatattemptstoexempt,orlimit,theliabilityofonepartyforbreachofcontractornegligenceChapter3合同法（IMP）3test:correctlyincorporatedintothecontract形式Chapter3合同法（IMP）/reasonableperstatute內(nèi)容合理Chapter5是違約金太高（遠大于是違約金太高（遠大于loss）判為處懲性，那么不可執(zhí)行typeofbreachRepudiatorybreach全然性違約：refusaltoperform拒絕履行/failuretoperformanentireobligation不履行某項/incapacitation無力履行/breachofcondition違背核心條款/breachofaninnominateterm違背無名條款Anticipatorybreach預期違約未到合同履行時刻，當事人提早說明無法履行收到預期違約通知可當即追究違約責任，也可等到履行合同時刻追究責任Lawfulexcusesfornon-performance開脫責任：performanceisimpossible因不可預見的情形發(fā)生不可履行/嘗試履行被拒絕/theotherpartymakeitimpossibleforhimtoperformance/contractisdischargedthroughfrustration形式變更/thepartyhavebeenagreementpermittednon-performanceRemedies:whenabreachoccurs,thecourthastodecidewhattheappropriateremedyshouldbe.CommonlawDamage賠償金，actionfortheprice,quantummeruitEquitablelaw衡平法Specificperformance實際履行，injunction禁令，rescissionofthecontract撤銷合同Liquidateddamage違約金：agenuinepre-estimateoftheloss在訂立合同前已做生意定了，有利于解糾紛，若specificperformance:thecourtdirectsapartytocompletetheircontractualobligations以下幾種情形法官可不能讓合同繼續(xù)履行：courtscannotsupervise法官無力監(jiān)督履行/personalservice/minorsinvolvedTort侵權(quán)法Awrongfulactagainstanindividualwhichgivesrisetoacivilclaim..過失侵權(quán)的4個證明環(huán)節(jié)（概念標準內(nèi)容）Negligence:Itariseswhenonepersonsuffersdamageorinjurythoughthenegligentact（oromissiontoact）ofanotherperson.①Dutyofcare注意義務（三步走原那么）foreseeability合理預見原那么關(guān)聯(lián)性原那么andfairnessofimposingadutyofcare公平合理地強加注意義務②Abreachofthatduty違背注意義務rule:Thetestforestablishingbreachofdutyisanobjectiveone:abreachofdutyoccursifthedefendant:”...failstodosomethingwhichareasonableman...woulddo.”factorstoconsiderprobabilityofinjury

seriousnessoftherisk造成損害的嚴峻性③seriousnessoftherisk造成損害的嚴峻性③Multipletest/Economicrealitytestpractice證明是行業(yè)誤差范圍內(nèi)persons/professionalsbenefit③Thebreachofdutycausedharmtotheclaimant違背義務是致使損失的緣故butfortestbreakinthechainofcausation切斷因果關(guān)系鏈的要素naturaleventofathirdparty 原侵權(quán)人不承擔責任oftheclaimant④Thelosswarenottooremote主張的補償合理Reasonableforesight只補償違法者能夠合理預見的部份.抗辯事由①Contributorynegligence一起過失(一樣只是減少補償額，個別情形全數(shù)免去)②Volentinonfitinjuria同意不生違法(完全免去)勞動法身份判別①Controltest:TheamountofcontrolthatonepersonhadovertheotherTheregularityandmethodofpayment報酬支付頻率，支付方式Theownershipoftoolsandequipment是不是提供工具Theregularityofhoursofwork工作時刻Theabilitytodelegateallthework/toprovidesubstitute是不是代理義務CommonLawDuties-Employers’commonlawduties1)Dutyofmutualtrustandconfidence2)Toprovideworkforworkers3)Topaywages/remuneration4)Toindemnifyemployeeagainstexpensesandlosses5)Toprovideforthecareandsafetyoftheemployee6)Nodutytoprovidereferencewhenemployeesleave-Employees’commonlawdutiesToobeyreasonableandlawfulordersToactfaithfully/dutyoffaithfulservice/dutytoaccountforallmoneyandproperty②Integrationtest②Integrationtest可不能外包給他人的，不可或缺的activityintheirroleasanemployee/reasonablecompetencetodohisjobPersonalservice親自完成交付的責任StatutoryDuties1)Payandequality不能低于國家平均Timeoffwork3)Tradeunionofficials工會組織罷工能夠參加，還要給工資EverywomanhasarighttomaternityleaveandsomeareentitledtomaternitypayHealthandsafety6)Workingtime:17week,notexceed48hoursforeach7days除非員工書面同意多工作Flexibleworking辭退通知時刻的計算1m-2Y:notlessthan1week2y-12y:1weekforeachyear>12y:notlessthan12week勞動者離職要提早一周通知，合同期滿不續(xù)那么每工作一年折合一個月工資自動合法參加非法集合罷工unofficialindustrialaction/對國家平安有要挾自動不合法懷孕pregnancy員工參加工會活動/收購并購時的辭退dismissalontransferofanundertaking/工作存在平安問題/最低工作標準/作息時刻/員工在周天拒絕工作用人單位辭退不妥代理法代理關(guān)系成立方式Expressagreementbetweentheagentandprincipal達到委托代理協(xié)議合同，口頭書面皆可Impliedagreement默許沒有代理協(xié)議但默許存在關(guān)系Ratification追任代理人先履行合同，事后委托人成立合同關(guān)系Withoutconsentofprincipal沒有征得委托人同意就成立關(guān)系necessity/Estoppel代理權(quán)限（3）Expressauthority明示代理權(quán)限Impliedauthority默許代理權(quán)限Apparent/ostensibleauthority看起來有代理權(quán)限，事實上并無合股企業(yè)法合股企業(yè)（概念）:therelationshipsthatsubsistsbetweenpersonscarryingonabusinessincommonwithaviewtoprofit.standardpartnershipisnotsseparatelegalentityanditspartnershavefullpersonalliabilityforthedebtsofpartnership.Termination/dissolution合股企業(yè)解散的債務處置:payingoffexternaldebts/repayingtothepartnersanyloansoradvances/repayingthepartner’scapitalcontribution/anythingleftoveristhenrepaidtothepartnersintheprofitsharingratio.Termination/dissolution合股企業(yè)解散的條件:expiryofafixedperiodstipulatedinthepartnershipagreement/completionoftheexpresspurposeforwhichthepartnershipwasformed/partnergivesnoticetoleave/anewpartnerisadmittedintothepartnership/deathorbankruptcyofpartner/happeningofanyeventwhichmakescompanycan’tcarryon/onapplicationbyapartnertheCourtmaydecreeadissolutionofthepartnershipSoletrade宏觀特點:isnotaseparatelegalentity,thepersonandbusinessareviewedasthesamelegalentityAuthority合股人的代理權(quán)限:expressauthority明示代理權(quán)限[frompartnershipagreement]/impliedauthority默示代理權(quán)限/apparentauthority表面代理權(quán)限[已經(jīng)退伙但其他人不明白]Apartner’sliabilityusuallyextendstotheperiodforwhichwereactuallyapartnerofafirm.合股人只對擔任合股人期間合股企業(yè)產(chǎn)生的債務有清償責任LimitedPartnership(LP)特點:thepartnershipmustberegisterwiththeCompanyRegistry/oneormoreofthepartnersmustbearfull,unlimitedliability/partnerswithlimitedliabilitymaynottakepartinmanagementandcannotusuallybindthebusinessincontract/limitedpartnercannotwithdrawtheircapitalLimitedLiabilityPartnership(LLP)特點:mustberegisteredwiththetheRegistrarofCompanies,withformationdocumentssignedbyatleasttwomembers/hasalegalpersonalityseparate/thenameofpartnershipmustendwithLLP/partnersareknownasmembers,ofwhichtheremustbeatleasttwo/LLPsmustfileannualreturnsandaccounts/allmembersareagentsofLLP/allmembers’liabilityislimited/adesignatedmemberisresponsibleforadministrationandfiling/LLPisnotsubjecttocorporationtaxChapter12設(shè)立pre-incorporationcontacts誰來履行？Promoters發(fā)起人交什么文件①Memorandumofassociation公司章程(89年)②Applicationforregistration注冊申請書③Astatementofcapitalandinitialshareholdings關(guān)于公司資本壞人原始持有股分的狀況說明?Statementofcompliance遵從聲明⑤Astatementofcompany,sproposedofficers擬錄用誰為公司治理人員⑥Acopyofanyproposedarticlesof-Altering-Alteringassociation自擬公司章程（06年）不是必需提交，沒交利用默許模版2個證書的功能①Certificateofincorporation注冊許可證Privatecompany只需要注冊許可證，是形式審查②Tradingcertificate營業(yè)許可證Publiccompany需要兩個證，申領(lǐng)到注冊許可證后一年內(nèi)要申領(lǐng)到營業(yè)許可證，不然強制清算，是實質(zhì)審查sharecapitalisatleast￡50,000(許諾股東分批繳納)leastonequarterofthenominalvalueoftheallottedsharecapitalhasbeenpaidup(minimum￡12,500)第一次不低于票面的1/4，為確保一開始可不能有資金困難ofpromoters'expenses設(shè)立費用具體怎么產(chǎn)生statementofcomplianceinrespectofpaymentofnominalvaluesandsharepremium章程修改的程序和內(nèi)容-ContentsDirectors’powersandresponsibilityDecisionsmakingbydirectorsAppointmentofdirectorsOrganizationandconductofgeneralmeetingsIssueandtransferenceofsharesPassingaspecialresolution通過股東會的專門決定，3/4以上同意批準Providingthealterationhasbeenmade“bonafideintheinterestofthecompanyasawhole”內(nèi)容符合全部股東的意愿5.各個公司名稱縮寫代表含義-Ltd：Limited-plc：publiclimitedcompanyChapter13capital分類Issued已發(fā)行股本Sharesalreadyissued,includingsharetakenonformationbysubscriberstothememorandumCalledup已Amountwhichthecompanyhas催繳股本requiredshareholderstopayPaidup以催Amountwhichshareholdershave付股本actuallypaidEquityshareEquitysharecapitalisacompany'sissuedsharecapitallesscapitalwhichcarriespreferentialrights.Itnormallycomprisesordinaryshares.f.Paymentofdividends一般股優(yōu)先股的概念和不同g.Exerciseofmembers’rights

featureordinaryPreferencedividendsvariableFixed,usually,cumulativeVotingrightsYesrestrictedGeneralmeetingsMayattendandvoteRestrictedliquidationRank last/entitledtorepaymentofcapitalandshar