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第一章英語從句

Subordination

英語從句主要有定語從句,狀語從句和名詞性從句(主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句)

一.定語從句

|定語從句:由關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,that,which;關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導(dǎo)。

(下面十個(gè)句子請(qǐng)讀5遍并脫口譯出?。?/p>

1.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringtheweek.

2.Theman(whom)youspoketojustnowismyfriend.

3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.

4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.

5.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.

6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.

7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.

8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.

9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.

10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.

|27~|只能用that和who引導(dǎo)的定語從句

A.all,nothing,anything,afew,one做先行詞指物時(shí)

B.先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),后面常跟that而不是which.

C.先行詞前有theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery等詞修飾時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞只能用thato

D.當(dāng)先行詞是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody時(shí),后面要用who或whom;

?Allthatglittersisnotgold.閃光的并非都是金子。

口Ias引導(dǎo)定語從句

as引導(dǎo)的定語從句有兩種形式:

A.引導(dǎo)限制性語從句。

在此類定語從句中,as常與主語中作為其先行詞的such,thesame或as聯(lián)用構(gòu)成,“such...as","thesame...as"

和“as...as”句型,可代替先行詞。

例如:Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我們希望得到他正在用的那種工具。

B.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),作用與which相同,as作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個(gè)主句。

(這是語法考試的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。)

[注意區(qū)別]:

as引導(dǎo)的從句用于句首、句中或句后,而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不能放在句首。

例如:Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.

據(jù)報(bào)道,一個(gè)外國(guó)代表團(tuán)將訪問這個(gè)城市。

二.狀語從句

超級(jí)作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組,全部拿下!

①原因:because,since,nowthat(既然)as,for,thisreason....

②結(jié)果:sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult....

(3)時(shí)間:after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,once,lately,presently,shortlyafter,

currently,atpresent,nowadays...

④條件:if,onlyif.,once,unless,intheevent(that),incase(that),providedthat,ontheconditionthat,etc.

⑤讓步:though,although,eventhough(if).nomatterwhat/how/when—whatever/however/whenever.…

⑥目的:inorderthat,inorderto,to,

⑦比較:than,as...as,bycomparison(相比較),bycontrast(相對(duì)照)....

三.名詞性從句

王牌要點(diǎn):通常由that或疑問詞導(dǎo)出。

1.Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisnotknow.(主語從句)

2.Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinningthecase.(賓語從句)

3.Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext.(表語從句)

4.Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.(同位語從句)

同位語(Appositive):

同位語是英語語法的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,也是各類考試中的一個(gè)考點(diǎn),同時(shí),在寫作中正確運(yùn)用同位語可以使你的句

型更加簡(jiǎn)潔得體。

《新概念英語》第三冊(cè)第一課有這樣一個(gè)句子:WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawildpumahadbeen

spottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.

(當(dāng)倫敦動(dòng)物園接到報(bào)告說,在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時(shí),這些報(bào)告并沒有受到重視。)

在這里,awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon就是同位語從句,它本來應(yīng)該放在

“reports”后面,這里卻被放在了謂語成分cameintoLondonzoo的后面,目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。

I.簡(jiǎn)單記憶:同位語從句,就是對(duì)某些名詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋的句子。

IwasgreatlyshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.

(that引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容,注意:that不做任何成分)

Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.

(that引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容)

II.聯(lián)想記憶:

能接同位詞從句的名詞有:belief(信仰),fact,idea,doubt,rumor(謠言),evidence(證據(jù)),conclusion

(結(jié)論),suggestion(建議),problem,order,answer,discovery(發(fā)現(xiàn))explanation(解釋),principle(原則),

possibility(可能性),truth,promise(承諾),report(報(bào)告),statement(聲明),knowledge(知識(shí)),opinion(觀

點(diǎn)),likelihood(可能性)

[大聲朗讀三遍,背下即可。]

III.王牌要點(diǎn):

?同位語一般由that引導(dǎo),但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which,who,what和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how或

whether引導(dǎo)。

Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.

Ihavenoideahowtoexplainit.

?一些介詞詞組后面也能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。(非常經(jīng)典之功能句式,可用于四六級(jí)和托福作文,不妨一試?。?

ontheassumption(在....前提下),

ontheground(由于...原因),

ontheconditionthat(在...條件下),

withtheexception(有...例外)

owingtothefact(由于...事實(shí));

ontheunderstanding(基于...理解);

Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditionthatheboughtheravilla.

那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位老頭,條件是他給她買一幢別墅。

IV.分隔式同位語從句

為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕,有時(shí)同位語從句可以放到句子的末尾,(讀兩遍此定義,然后看倒句:)

Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinformationaboutthematter.

IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAmericanmovie"Titanic".

V.同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別

簡(jiǎn)單記憶:定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that或which在句子中用作主語或賓語,而同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that只起連

接主句和從句之作用,不用作任何成分。

示例:I'vegotananswerthatAisright.(同位語從句,that不做成分)

rvegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.(定語從句,that做定語從句的主語)

VI.王牌重點(diǎn):可以充當(dāng)同位語的詞組或短語。

1)名詞短語。(使句型更為簡(jiǎn)潔)

BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanofficialvisitin1998.

LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwhelminglyimportantroleinChineseliterature

history.

2)動(dòng)名詞詞組亦可用作同位語:別忘了加逗號(hào)。(使句型更為流暢)

Fmcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.

Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.

3)不定式短語。(陌生只是掌握的開始)

Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.

Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.

4)形容詞詞組。(有逗號(hào)隔開)

Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldbetreatedequally.

Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportunity.

VII.同位語的引導(dǎo)詞。(重要!這是中高級(jí)寫作中不可缺少的引導(dǎo)成分)

引導(dǎo)詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系:

1.namely,thatitis,thatistosay(也就是說),inotherwords(換句話說),or,forshort表示等同關(guān)系。

2.suchas,say,sotospeak(譬如說),including(包括),forinstance(或forexample(e.g./eg),表示舉例

和列舉關(guān)系。

3.especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重點(diǎn),(在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部

分為更重要或更突出的部分,是出題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。)

第二章虛擬語氣

THESUBJUNCTIVEMOOD

虛擬語氣用來表達(dá)不可能或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),通常分為基本的三種形式。

1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬:

If+did/were+…,…would

should

could+do(動(dòng)詞原形)

might

IfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.(Iamnotyou.)

Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.(Hedoesn'tknowitnow.)

2.與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬:

If+haddone+…,…would(might)havedone...

IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavephonedyou.

(Ididn'tknowyourtelephonenumber.)

Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemether.

(Youdidn'tcomehereearlier.)

3.與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬:

(1)If+should+v.,...would+v.

(可能性很小)(譯作“萬一”)

Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.

IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?

(2)If+did/wereto+vwould+v.

(完全不可能)

Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.

Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.

4.金牌特殊重點(diǎn):!!

[簡(jiǎn)單聯(lián)想記憶]:

?下列動(dòng)詞后的“賓語從句”中需要用虛擬形式,即should+動(dòng)詞原形,shoud在美國(guó)英語中要省略(TOEFL

語法考點(diǎn))。此類常見的動(dòng)詞有:order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest(建議)insist(堅(jiān)決要求),

advise,etc.

例句:Hesuggestedthatwe(should)helpthemwithEnglish.

Theteacherorderedthatthehomework(should)befinishedwithinhalfanhour.

?下列名詞后的同位語從句中要用“should+動(dòng)詞原形"(should可省去)的虛擬。

suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.

Hemadeasuggestionthatwe(should)haveafancydressparty.

Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit(should)bedonesoon.

?Itis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主語+should+v.

Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.

Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformation.

?wish后的賓語從句中,asif后的狀語從句中,須用下列的虛擬形式:

主+wish+(that)+主+did/were(指現(xiàn)在)

haddone(指過去)

would+v.(指將來)

IwishthatImetmyunclenow.

IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.

IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow.

?Itis(high)timethat...+did/were...

Itistimethatyouwenttobed.

■wouldratherthat...+did/were...

Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow.

?wouldsoonerthat...+did/were...

Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.

Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.

第三章代替與省略

SUBSTITUTIONANDOMISSION

英語中,為了避免不必要的重復(fù),經(jīng)常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞或相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

如:HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.(did代替、vroteit)

—Doyouthinksheisclever?

一Ithinkso.(so代替sheisclever)

(1)從上兩例中看出,do/does/did代替動(dòng)詞。

(2)"so與not"代替某個(gè)詞、短語、句子等,通常用于hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,

imagine,etc后作賓語。

E.g.—Isitcorrect?

一Fmafraidnot.(notcorrect)

(3)“to”用作不定式,常跟隨下列動(dòng)詞:want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.

E.g.Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.(gototheparty)

(4)"doso,dothat,doit*'用來代替動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞,而不能代靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

Eg.—HegaveupstudyingEnglish.

—Whydidhedoso?(=giveupstudyingEnglish)

-Thedishtastesnice.

一Yes,soitdoes,(tastesnice)

(此句不能用itdoesit或itdoesso,因taste屬靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。)

(5)為使語言精煉,避免不必要的重復(fù),對(duì)話中常用省略形式。

E.g.—Heisthinkingofbuyingacar?

一Ishe?(這里,"thinkingofbuyingacar”被省略了。)

—Willhecomebackintime?

—Perhaps.(省略了hewillcomebackintime.)

第四章倒裝

INVERSION

根據(jù)語法要求,把謂語動(dòng)詞置于主語前,稱為完全倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語前,稱為部分倒裝

I.副詞如:in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒裝。(完全倒裝,但主語不能是代詞)

Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthfloor.

IncameMissGreen.

(特別注意:當(dāng)主語是人稱代詞時(shí)不倒裝。)

Awayshewent!(她走了!)

Hereyouare!(你在這兒?。?/p>

2.only+副詞(介詞短語)位于句首,句子要倒裝。

Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.

Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.

3.well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首,句子形成倒裝。

Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.

WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.

4.否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時(shí),句子須倒裝。此類詞有:neither,nor,hardly,scarcely,

rarely,seldom,not,never,notonly,barely,atnotime,nowhere等。

e.g.—Jackcouldnotswim.

-NeithercouldTom.

NeverhaveIseensuchagoodmovie.

5.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,須倒裝。(準(zhǔn)確地說,是將需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞提到as的前面力

Richasheis,hespendsacentoncharity.

Tryashedoes,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifully.

6.在表示祝愿的句子中。

Mayyoumakegreaterprogress!(愿你取得更大進(jìn)步?。?/p>

7.在虛擬條件句中,連詞if省略時(shí),句型要倒裝,即將were,had,should等詞提到句首。

WereIyou,Iwouldgoabroadtotakeadvancedstudy.

我要是你,就出國(guó)進(jìn)修了。

Shouldhecometomorrow,hewouldhelpustosettletheproblem.

他要是明天來的話,他會(huì)幫我們解決這個(gè)問題的。

8.百分特例重點(diǎn):

Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant.

(NCEBookIIILesson26)

盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪,但我們已經(jīng)無法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。

第五章形容詞

ADJECTIVES

定義:形容詞是用來修飾名詞的詞,描述名詞的性質(zhì)、外觀、特點(diǎn)等。

功能:形容詞可以做定語、表語或補(bǔ)助語。

分類:主要分為兩類:描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞。

?描繪性形容詞主要用來描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質(zhì)量等。

?限定性形容詞主要用來限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍所屬等。

1.當(dāng)形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí),必須與冠詞連用:

alovelygirl,thenaughtyboy

2.形容詞可與系動(dòng)詞連用,做表語,說明主語的性狀。常用系動(dòng)詞有:be,become,seem,appear,feel,look,

taste,smell,sound,remain,go,turn,keep,stay,etc.

Thedishtastesdelicious.

Themusicsoundssweet.

Themilkwentbad.

小心陷阱feel,smell,taste,look,ke叩有時(shí)可以用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,并可以用副詞修飾。

Helookedmeupanddowncarefully.

Itastedthesoupslowlytoseewhetheritwassalty.

3.形容詞用作后置定語。(簡(jiǎn)單理解:一般的形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞前面,但有些形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名

詞的后面)

arivernavigable(一條可通航的河)

sightvisible可見的景象

personresponsible(負(fù)責(zé)人)注意:responsibleperson(有責(zé)任心的人)

thebestwaypossible(盡可能好的辦法)

thenumbernecessary(必要的數(shù)量)

thepeoplepresent(在場(chǎng)的人)

4.只能作表語的形容詞

1.某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。

well(身體好的),ill(病的),faint(虛弱的),poorly(身體不好的)

示例:Hismotherhasbeenillforalongtime.

特別注意:sick是個(gè)特例。它既可做表語,又可做定語。

Heissickforacoupleofdays.(他病兩三天了)

Heisasickperson.(他是個(gè)病人。)

2.某些以a.開頭的形容詞。

如:afraid(害怕的),alone(獨(dú)自的),alive(活著的),asleep(睡著的),awake(醒著的),aware(意識(shí)

到的)

Theoldmanisaloneinthehouse.(老人一個(gè)人在家。)

Theteacherisalivewithenthusiasm.(這位老師熱情洋溢。)

Heisasleepinhismother'sarms.(他在母親的懷抱中睡著了。)

Ihavebeenawareofthedifficulty.(我已經(jīng)意識(shí)到了困難。)

5.當(dāng)一系列形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),須注意排列順序:代明形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+名詞。(下圖

看起來費(fèi)勁,看透了絕對(duì)實(shí)用)

代明形容詞數(shù)量形容詞性狀形容詞名詞

1234567891011

用于冠冠詞大小

名詞

詞前的指示代詞性質(zhì)長(zhǎng)短新舊

序數(shù)基數(shù)顏色國(guó)籍材料

形容詞物主代詞狀態(tài)形狀溫度

動(dòng)名詞

不定代詞

AllthefirstonegoodbigoldblueEnglishwood

box

A(n)

BothsecondtwobadsmallnewyellowIndianstone

this

thatroundIroncage

Suchyourcold

Some

Eg.abrokensmalloldgraystonebridge,

suchagoodyellowpen.

第六章副詞

ADVERBS

定義:副詞用來修飾動(dòng)詞(系動(dòng)詞除外),形容詞,其它副詞或整個(gè)句子。

功能:表示時(shí)間、方式、程度、范圍等。

分類:

■時(shí)間及頻度副詞:before,frequently,always,usually等

?地點(diǎn)副詞:here,northward,anywhere,above,below等

?方式副詞:rapidly,quickly,clearly,hard,well等

?程度副詞:quite,much,nearly,just,enough,perfectly,only等

?疑問副詞:how,why,when,where等

例:Hewalkedoutoftheroomslowly.

Shelooksverybeautiful.

WestudyEnglishverycarefully.

Evenachildcandoitbetter.

Perhapsshewilltelephoneyoutomorrow.

金牌要點(diǎn):幾個(gè)重要副詞的使用:

1.enough:修飾形容詞或副詞,須置于被修飾詞后;而修飾名詞時(shí)放在修飾詞的前面。

Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.

Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythistypeofbicycle.

2.too:位于形容詞或副詞前。

Sheistooeagertoseeme.

3.very:置于所修飾的形容詞、副詞前。

Heisveryhandsomeandmanygirlsliketospeakwithhim.

4.much:修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞及副詞比較級(jí)。

Thesubjecthasbeentalkedtoomuch.

Herdressismuchmorebeautifulthanmine.

5.still:“依舊,仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。

Hestillremembersthedaystheyspenttogether.

Istillcannotcatchhiswords.

6.yet:位于疑問句末尾時(shí)意思是“已經(jīng)”;用于否定句時(shí)意思是“還二

Haveyouemptiedthedustbinyet?

Ihaven'tdonethatyet.

7.only:根據(jù)句意靈活運(yùn)用。(請(qǐng)翻譯下面三個(gè)句子!)

Onlyhecantellyouhowtodoit.

Hecanonlytellyouhowtodoit.

Hecantellyouhowtodoitonlytoday.

8.hardly,scarcely,seldom,never本身為否定意義副詞,注意使用。

Hardlyhadweleftthestationwhenitbegantorain.

你知道嗎?

幾個(gè)易混淆的副詞:

1.easy:standeasy(=comfortably)

easily:Itcan'tbesolvedeasily.

2.clear:Thebulletwentclearthroughthewindow

(=directly)

clearly:Clearly,hedoesn'tknowanythingaboutit.

(=obviously)

3.high:Hecanjumpveryhigh.(高地)

highly:Wethinkhighlyofthegoodteacher.(高度地)

4.just:Wehavejustknowthenews.(剛剛)

justly:Hewasjustlypunished.(公正地)

5.hard:Youmustthinkhard.(努力地)

hardly:Hehardlyknowsaboutit.(幾乎不)

6.pretty:Heisnotprettysureaboutit.(非常)

prettily:Thegirlisprettilydressed.(漂亮地)

7.near:Helivesneartheschool.(附近)

nearly:Inearlymissedthebus.(幾乎)

8.late:Don*tcomelatenexttime.(遲至)

lately:Ihaven'treadnovelslately.(最近)

9.formally:Youshouldbedressedformallyatthemeeting.(正式地)

formerly:Formerly,hewasthemanagerofthecompany.(以前)

10.free(免費(fèi)地)

freely(自由地)

11.most(最)

mostly(大部分)

12.shaip(準(zhǔn)時(shí)地)

sharply(嚴(yán)厲地)

第七章冠詞

ARTICLES

不定冠詞“a”用來表示可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式,用于輔音音素前,an用于元音音素前。

如:aperson,aday;anhour,anoldman...

I.|定冠詞|用法如下:

(英語剛啟蒙時(shí)你就知道冠詞了,可你真正掌握了嗎?再背一遍又何妨?!)

1.用于雙方都知道的名詞前:Pleasecleantheclassroom.

2.用于單數(shù)名詞前,表示一類人或物:

Thehorseisausefulanimal.(馬是有用的動(dòng)物)

Thisisaveryhardjobfortheteacher.(對(duì)于老師這是一項(xiàng)很難的工作。)

3.用于世界上獨(dú)一無二的東西前:thesun,thespring.

4.用于方位名詞前:Peopleinthewestlikecoffeeverymuch.

5.用于樂器名詞前:playtheviolin.

6.用于計(jì)量單位前:Gasolineissoldbythegallon.

7.形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前:Thisistheeasiestwaytoworkouttheproblem.

Hecametoseemeforfirsttime.

8.用于江河湖海山脈名稱前:thePacific,theThames,theRockyMountains

9.雜志、報(bào)刊名稱前:theTimes,theOverseasDigest

10.用于建筑物、和組織前:theWhiteHouse,theMinistryofEducation

11.用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前,表“某某夫婦,某某一家人"theSmiths,theGreens

12.用于形容詞前,表一類人/therich,theblind

13.用于English,Chinese,French等名詞前,表“全體國(guó)民"theEnglish,theChinese

IL以下情況不用冠詞:

1.三餐前breakfast,lunch,supper,...Haveyouhadlunch?

2.體育運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目前playchess,...Ihavenointerestintennis.

3.在由by引出的交通工具前byair(乘飛機(jī)),bycar

4.在稱呼或職位前Hehasbeenelectedpresidentofthecommittee.

5.習(xí)慣用語前atschool,daybyday,attable(在吃飯),gotochurch(做禮拜)...

第八章介詞

Prepositions

金牌要點(diǎn):

“英語是介詞和動(dòng)詞的語言”,由此可見,掌握介詞的用法何其重要。

學(xué)習(xí)介詞的最好方法是要弄清楚介詞與介詞之間位置上的關(guān)系,請(qǐng)參考下圖:

above

over

tofontffrom

In

—through

into/I\outofby

under

below

I.分類:

1.常用簡(jiǎn)單介詞:

about,across,against,among,after,at,behind,besides,beyond,by,concerning,beneath,between,

despite,except,during,down,for,from,past,than,under,until等。

2.合成介詞:

inside,outside,onto,outof,within等。

3.短語介詞:

accordingto,aheadof,alongwith,asfor,becauseof,bemeansof,dueto,inspiteof,onbehalfof,

owingto,withregardto等。

II.介詞與“……的”之關(guān)系:

在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,一遇到“……的”,大家就會(huì)立刻想到'S所有格或者of,實(shí)際上,在很多情況下,“……的”

必須借助于介詞才能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。

以下請(qǐng)學(xué)員重復(fù)記憶:

?美國(guó)的冬天fthewinterinAmerica

■停車場(chǎng)的入口ftheentrancetotheparkinglot

?穿過森林的小路thepaththroughtheforest

?魯迅的著作ftheworksbyLuXun

?水中的月亮fthemoonreflectedinwater

■歷史的見證fthewitnesstohistory

?對(duì)愛的渴望falongingforlove

?對(duì)我們不利的證據(jù)ftheevidenceagainstus

?陽光下的漫步fawalkinthesunlight

?追求名譽(yù)的女人一aladyafterfame

?兩人之間的爭(zhēng)論fanargumentbetweenthetwopersons

重要介詞的重要用法:

(1)from:此介詞表示“l(fā)o”相反的方向。

HecamefromLondon.

HewenttoLondon.

二詞常搭配使用"from...to..."

WestudiedEnglishfrommorningtoafternoon

He*llstartfromBeijingtoShanghai.

經(jīng)典用法:

?由于—Thegirlistremblingfromfear.

?免除fTrampsarealwaysfreefromcare.流浪漢們總是無憂無慮。

?分開fThecouplepartedfromeachotherattheairport.

?由...制成fTheredwineismadefromgrapes.紅葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的

由from引導(dǎo)的慣用法:

fromfar從遠(yuǎn)處

fromnow/thenon從現(xiàn)在/那時(shí)起

frombadtoworse每況愈下

fromtimetotime(occasionally口寸而)

習(xí)語:

Shecomestovisitmefromtimetotime

(2)outof:表示與“into”相反的語意

Hewillbeoutoftown.

Isteppedoutofthedarkroom.

outof+名詞(=lack,tobewithout用完,用光)

Hewenttotheshopbecausehewasoutofpaper.

outofdate(=old-fashioned過時(shí)的)

Thebookhasbeenoutofdate.

outofwork(=jobless失業(yè)的)

Heneedsmoneybecausebeisoutofwork.

outofthequestion(=impossible不可能的)

Finishingthehardworkisoutofthequestion.

outofquestion(=doubtless毫無疑問的)

Thathecandoitwellisoutofquestion.

outoforder(=notfunctioning失靈的)

Herradioisoutoforder,soshecanrtlistentoit.

(3)by:表示從旁經(jīng)過或在……附近。

經(jīng)典用法:

?通過fThisisthenearestroadb,whichtheycame.

?在...時(shí)候—Theyoungmanworksbydayandstealsmoneybynight.

?由...所生-Hehastwosonsbyhersecondwife.

?抓住—Shecaughtherchildbyhiscoatintheflood.

?按...計(jì)算—Thefarmersselltheirapplesbythepound.

?就(氣質(zhì),特征)而言fHeisanarlistbytemperament(氣質(zhì))。

Hepassedbymewithoutsayinghello.

HelivesbyIhesea.

用于被動(dòng)語意,導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者

Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy.

by+具體時(shí)間:

Theyusuallyhavedinnerby8o'clock.

by+交通工具(bus,train,plan...)

HetravelledtoParisbyair/plane.

bytheendof+時(shí)間名詞:到...末為止。

Bytheendoflastyear,theyhadlearnt100texts.

Bytheendofthisterm,theywillhavelearnt100texts.

bythen:到那時(shí)

Hewillgraduatein1999,bythenhewillleaveBeijing.

bywayof(=via)經(jīng)由,取道

TheyaregoingtotheUnitedStatesbywayofHongKong.

bytheway順便問

Bytheway,doyouknowwhereMr.Lihasgone?

byfar:……得多(用于修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí))

Thebookisbyfarthebestonthesubject

byaccident[不小心,與onpurpose(故意地)語意相反]

Thewronginformationwasputintothecomputerbyaccident.

(4)in:在……內(nèi)部,與“out”語意相反。

Allthestudentsareintheclassroom.

In+month/year:在某月/年InJanuary,in2000

Intime及時(shí)

Theyarrivedatthestationintime.

Inthestreet在街上

Inthepast在過去

Inthefuture在未來

Inthebeginning開始,起初

Intheend最后,終于

Intheway擋住去路

Hecouldn'tdrivehiscarawaybecauseabigstonewasintheway.

onceinawhile時(shí)而

Onceinawhile,hewenttotheMuseum.

innotimeatall立刻,迅速

Hefinishedhishomeworkinnotimeatall.

inthemeantime同時(shí)

Hewashavingsupper,andinthemeantimehewatchedTV.

inarow坐在某一排上

Wesatinthe20throwofthecinema.

intheeventthat如果

Intheeventthatyoupasstheexam,Tiltelephoneyou.

incase萬一,如果

Bringyouraincoatincaseitrains.

getintouchwith與...取得聯(lián)系

keepintouchwith與...保持聯(lián)系

(5)on:位于某物體表面上。

Thedishesareontheroundtable.

onaday/date在某天及某天的上,下午,晚上

onWednesday,onFebruary9th,1999

onFridayafternoon,onadarknight.

ona/the+(bus,plane,ship,train,bike)

Hewenttoschoolonabus.

ona...street在某條街道

Mrs.Smithliveson5lh'Avenue.

onthefloorofabuilding.位于某層樓

ontime準(zhǔn)時(shí)(比intime具體)

onthecomer(oftwostreets)在兩條街道相交的一角

Thatshoestoreisonthecomerof2ndStreetand5lhAvenue.

onthesidewalk在人行道上

ontheway在途中

ontheright/left在右側(cè)/左側(cè)

onthetelevision/theradio在電視/收音機(jī)里

ThemanagerwillmakeaspeechontheTV.

onthetelephone打電話

Youarewantedonthephone.有.您的電話

onthewhole總的來說,總體上

ontheonehand,ortheotherhand一方面,另一方面

onsale出售

Thebooksareonsalefor$7each.

onfoot步行

(6)at:此介詞通常用來指某?特定時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。

at+地點(diǎn)

Mr.Smithlivesat15,16lhAvenue.

注:在某條街道On...street,而在某街某號(hào)應(yīng)用at

at+特定時(shí)間

At7:00inthemorning,hegoestowork.

athome/school/work在家上學(xué)上班

atnight在晚上

atbest充其量

attimes有時(shí)

atpeace和平狀態(tài)

atleast至少

atworst最差

atintervals間或,時(shí)而

atrandom隨意,胡亂地

atmost至多

atpresent目前,現(xiàn)在

atwar交戰(zhàn)

atleisure悠閑自得地

ataloss不知所措

atlarge逍遙法外

(7)其它介詞短語:

inplaceof/insteadof代替

forthemostpart—mainly主要地

inhopesof希望...

offandon時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)

allofasudden突然

forgood永遠(yuǎn)

(8)動(dòng)詞短語+介詞構(gòu)成的習(xí)語

breakoff結(jié)束

Thetwocountriesbrokeofftheirdiplomaticrelationship,

bringup撫養(yǎng),|提出|

callonsb.要求,拜訪,呼吁

Hecalledonthewor

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