專升本英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)一.句子成分主要成分：主語，謂語次要成分：賓語，表語，定語，狀語，補(bǔ)語，同位語（一）主語：句子描述的對(duì)象；一般位于句首1.eg:Thedogisverycute.（名詞n.）可數(shù)名詞：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞（dog）復(fù)數(shù)名詞(dogs)不可數(shù)名詞（water,money,air）2.eg:Itisverycute.（代詞）1）人稱代詞我我們你（們）他她它ta們主格Iweyouhesheitthey賓格meusyouhimheritthem物主代詞（..的）MyouryourhisheritstheirEg:Iloveyou.Youloveher.Sheloveshim.Helovesher.Thisismygirlfriend.2）不定代詞Somebody,nobody,everybody,anybodySomeone,noone,everyone,anyoneSomething,nothing,everything,anythingEg:Everythingisfine.3.eg:Oneandoneistwo.（數(shù)詞）基數(shù)詞：one,two,three,four....序數(shù)詞：（第幾）first,second,third,fourth,fifth....4.eg:Playinggamesisinteresting.（doing）Toplaygamesisinteresting.（todo）（二）謂語：主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；一般位于主語之后。1.實(shí)意動(dòng)詞（do,does,did）---play,plays,playedEg:Helikesplayinggames.2.助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞Do/does/did+動(dòng)詞原形Have/has/had+doneEg:Hedoesn’tlikeplayinggames.Idon’tloveyou.3.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形（can/could,should應(yīng)該,must必須，shall將，will將，might也許，may，would,need,oughtto應(yīng)該）Eg:Wewillgraduatenextyear.4.系動(dòng)詞be----（am/is/are/was/were）Eg:Andyisadoctor.（三）賓語：謂語動(dòng)作的承受者；一般位于謂語之后。（可以做主語的詞就能做賓語）Eg:Ilikesports.（四）表語：系動(dòng)詞（be）之后。Eg:Andyisadoctor.（五）定語：修飾名詞或代詞（...的）Eg:Andyisanexcellentstudent.（adj.）Eg:Theboyinwhiteisplayingbasketball.（介詞短語）Andyisakindgirl.IlikewatchingthemovieaboutAmerica.（六）狀語:表時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，方式，原因，目的。。。Eg:Wehaveclassintheclassroom.Andyeatssomethingeveryday.（七）補(bǔ)語：補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語（了解）Eg:Hiswordsmakemesad.（makesb+adj.）（八）同位語Eg:Myidolisveryhandsome.GDisveryhandsome.Myidol,GD,isveryhandsome.同位語I,yourbestfriend,willhelpyou.二.句子結(jié)構(gòu)（一）簡(jiǎn)單句主語+謂語（vi.）主語+謂語(vt)+賓語主語+謂語+賓語+賓語（了解）主語+謂語+賓語+補(bǔ)語（了解）主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語Eg:Isucceed.Shemarriesme.Igiveheraring.（givesbsth.）Thismakesherhappy.（makesb+adj）Sheismywife.（二）復(fù)合句1.并列句：and,or,butEg:IwanttobuysomethingbutIamverypoor.2.主從復(fù)合句：who,what,why,whose,where,how,if,when...Eg:WhenIbuysomething,Idon’thavemoney.從句主句總結(jié)：連詞個(gè)數(shù)謂語個(gè)數(shù)0 11 2Nn+1一個(gè)句子中，謂語一般比連詞多一個(gè)。時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)（時(shí)間+狀態(tài)）Eg:我們每天都睡覺。我們昨天睡了覺。我們明天要睡覺。中文：時(shí)態(tài)通過時(shí)間狀語體現(xiàn)。Eg:Wesleepeveryday.Wesleptyesterday.Wewillsleeptomorrow.英語：時(shí)態(tài)通過謂語形式和時(shí)間狀語體現(xiàn)。一.一般式（現(xiàn)在，過去，將來）（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.框架：am/is/aredo/does2.定義：現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或習(xí)慣3.時(shí)間狀語：often經(jīng)常，usually，always總是，Sometimes有時(shí)=fromtimetotime,everyday/year/month/week,seldom很少Threetimesaday一天三次Eg:Weusually_go__(go)tobedat23:00.Andyusually_goes__(go)tobedat23:00.4.客觀真理Eg:Theearthgoesaroundthesun.Myteachertoldmethattheearth_goes__(go)aroundthesun.Myteachertoldmethatthere_were__(be)twocomputers.注意：一個(gè)句子中，時(shí)態(tài)一般需要一致，但是客觀真理只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Eg:Andysaidthatthesun_rises__(rise)fromtheeast.5.主將從現(xiàn)在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。時(shí)間：when,until,after,before,assoonas一...就，themoment當(dāng)條件：if,unless除非，once一旦，aslongas只要Eg:Whenyoucomehere,I_willdiscuss__(discuss)withyou.從句主句Ifyoupasstheexam,Iwillsendyouagift.Passedwouldsend6.themore,themore越。。。，越。。。（the比較級(jí)+主語+謂語，the+比較級(jí)+主語+謂語）單/雙音節(jié)多音節(jié)原級(jí)Tallwonderful比較級(jí)（2個(gè)）tallerMorewonderful最高級(jí)（2個(gè)以上）ThetallestThemostwonderfulEg:high---higher---thehighestImportant---moreimportant--themostimportantEg:Theharder,theluckier.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouare.（二）一般過去式1.框架：was/weredid2.定義：過去的狀態(tài)或習(xí)慣3.時(shí)間狀語：yesterday，last，justnow剛剛，ago，Inthepast在過去，in+過去時(shí)間Eg:We_had__(have)Chineseclassyesterday.4.used的用法Usedtodo過去做某事Beusedtodo被用來做Beusedtodoing習(xí)慣做=beaccustomedtodoingEg:I____inShanghai.A.usedtoliveB.amusedtolive（三）一般將來時(shí)1.框架：will/shall+doAm/is/are(going/about)todo2.定義：將來某時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作3.時(shí)間詞：tomorrow,next,in+將來時(shí)間，inthefuture在將來Eg:Wewillwatchthemovienextweek.二.進(jìn)行時(shí)（be+doing）---（現(xiàn)在，過去，將來）正在（一）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.框架：am/is/are+doing2.定義：現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作3.時(shí)間詞：now,atthemomentEg:WearehavingEnglishclassnow.4.表強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩，常與again，always，constantly，continually連用Eg:Andyisalwayscomplainingaboutthework.注意：副詞修飾謂語，一般位于be/情/助之后，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前。5.表位移的詞go,come,leave,arrive常用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來。Eg：WearearrivingatGuanyinqiao.我們即將到達(dá)觀音橋。注意：交通工具在具體時(shí)刻表中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。（二）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were+doing（三）將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：will/shall+bedoingas因?yàn)?，作為，即使，?dāng)...時(shí)候，正如三.完成時(shí)（現(xiàn)在，過去，將來）---havedone（一）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.框架：have/has+done2.定義：動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，完成在過去，強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系。3.時(shí)間詞：for+時(shí)間段Since+過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)Sofar到目前為止=bynow=uptonow=untilnow=tillnowjust剛剛，yet（否），alreadyRecently=lately最近Eg：Andy_hasstudied__(study)for20years.Since1999.4.固定句型主語+is+最高級(jí)/序數(shù)詞+that主語+have/hasdoneEg:ThisisthemosthandsomeboythatI_haveseen__(see).ThisisthesecondtimethatI_havewatched(watch)themovie.Washadwatched（二）過去完成時(shí)1.框架：haddone2.定義：過去的過去Eg:BeforeIlefttheclassroom,I_hadturned_(turn)offthelight.3.時(shí)間詞：by+過去時(shí)間，bythenEg:Bytheendoflastmonth,she_hadfinished___(finish)thework.4.三胞胎短語Hardly...whenScarcely...whenNosooner...than1)考搭配2012：Hardlyhadhefinishedhisspeech_when__theaudiencestartedcheering.A.whenB.thenC.thanD.as2)一...就...3）考時(shí)態(tài)（一had就did）4)倒裝（三）將來完成時(shí)1.框架：will/shallhavedone2.定義：動(dòng)作在將來某時(shí)刻之前完成3.時(shí)間狀語：by+將來時(shí)間，bythenEg:Bytheendofnextyear,he_willhaveworked___(work)for40years.4.固定句型Eg:Bythetimeheretires,he_willhaveworked___(work)for40years.總結(jié)：bythetime+主語+do/does,答案選will/shallhavedoneBythetime+主語+did,答案選haddone四.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.框架：have/hasbeendoing2.可以與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasdone互換Third序數(shù)詞主語+is+序數(shù)詞/最高級(jí)+that主語+have/hasdoneWashaddone語態(tài)1.定義：主語和謂語的關(guān)系2.分