2016職稱英語新增文章5篇簡(jiǎn)版中英對(duì)照

百度文庫(kù)-讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我第二篇BabyTalkBabiesnormallystarttotalkwhentheyare13to15monthsold.RyanJonesisonlyeightmonthsold,butheisalready“talking”withhisparents.Whenlieishungry,heopensandcloseshishand.Thismeansmilk.Healsoknowsthesignsforhisfavoritetoyandthewordmore.Ryanisnotdeaf,andhisparentsarenotdeaf,buthismotherandfatherareteachinghimtosign.Theysayawordandmakeasignatthesametime.Theyrepeatthisagainandagain.WhenRyanlearnsanewsign,hisfamilyisveryexcited.Ryan'sparentsthinkthathewillbeahappierbabybecausehecancommunicatewiththem.RyansparentsareteachingRyantosignbecauseofamannamedJosephGarcia.AlthoughGarciawasnotfromadeaffamily,hedecidedtolearnAmericanSignLanguage(ASL).First,hetookcoursesinASL.Thenhegotajobhelpingdeafpeoplecommunicatewithhearingpeople.Inhiswork,hesawmanydeafparentssigntotheirinfants.Henoticedthatthesebabieswereabletocommunicatemuchearlierthanhearingchildren.Theytalkedwithsignsbythetimetheywereeightmonths01d.Whentheywereoneyearold,theycoulduseasmanyas50signs.Garciadecidedtotrysomethingnew.HetaughtASLtoparentswhowerenotdeaf.Thefamiliesstartedtoteachsignstotheirinfantswhentheyweresixorsevenmonthsold.Thesebabiesstartedusingsignsabouttwomonthslater.MoreandmoreparentstookGarcia'sASLclasses.LikeRyan'sfamily,theywereexcitedaboutsigningwiththeirbabies.Theywantedtogivetheirbabiesawaytocommunicatebeforetheycouldusespokenwords.Somepeopleworryaboutsigningtobabies.Theyareafraidthatthesebabieswon'tfeelaneedtotalk.Maybetheywilldevelopspokenlanguagelaterthanotherbabies.However,researchdoesnotshowthis.Infact,onestudyfoundjusttheopposite.Signingbabiesactuallylearnedtospeakearlierthanotherchildren.Astheygrowolder,thesechildrenaremoreinterestedinbooks.Theyalsoscorehigheronintelligencetests1.Thereisstillabigquestionforparents:Whicharethebestsignstoteachtheirbabies?Someparentsmaketheirownsigns.OtherparentswanttoteachASL.Itcanbeusefulbecausemanypeopleunderstandit.There,snoclearanswer,butwedoknowthis:Allsigningbabiesandtheirfamiliesaretalkingquitealot!第二篇嬰兒語嬰兒通常在1~15個(gè)月的時(shí)候開始說話。RyanJones剛剛8個(gè)月，但他已經(jīng)開始和父母“說話”了。他餓的時(shí)候，就會(huì)把手一張一合，這個(gè)動(dòng)作表示牛奶。他還懂得表示他最喜歡的玩具以及“更多”這個(gè)詞。Ryan不是聾啞人，他的父母也不是，但他們正在教他手語。他們?cè)谡f話的同時(shí)做出相應(yīng)的手語姿勢(shì)，并不斷重復(fù)。當(dāng)Ryan學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)新的手勢(shì)時(shí)，家人都非常高興。Ryan的父母認(rèn)為，因?yàn)槟芎透改附涣鳎琑yan會(huì)成為一個(gè)更快樂的嬰兒。Ryan的父母之所以教Ryan手語，是因?yàn)橐幻蠮osephGarcia的人。Garcia也不是聾啞人，但他決定學(xué)習(xí)美國(guó)手語(ASL)。最開始的時(shí)候，他參加了一門相關(guān)課程的學(xué)習(xí)。之后，他得到了一份幫助聾啞人和正常人交流的工作，在工作中，他看到很多聾啞人父母用手語與他們的幼子交流。他注意到，這些孩子能比正常孩子更早地與他人交流。他們8個(gè)月大的時(shí)候就能通過手語進(jìn)行交流，而到了1歲的時(shí)候，他們能使用多達(dá)50種手勢(shì)。Garcia決定進(jìn)行一些新的嘗試，他向非聾啞人父母教授美國(guó)手語。這些家庭在孩子六七個(gè)月的時(shí)候就教孩子手語，而孩子們?cè)诖蠹s兩個(gè)月之后就開始使用這些手語了。越來越多的父母前去參加的美國(guó)手語課程。和Ryan的家人一樣，他們對(duì)于能和孩子通過手語交流感到非常興奮。他們想讓孩子在會(huì)說話之前學(xué)會(huì)一種交流的方式。有些人對(duì)此很擔(dān)憂，他們擔(dān)心這些小孩會(huì)覺得開口說話沒有必要，這樣他們的語言能力發(fā)展可能比其他孩子慢。然而，研究表明，事實(shí)并非如此。實(shí)際上，有一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，事實(shí)正好相反，掌握手語的孩子實(shí)際上比其他孩子更早開口說話。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，他們對(duì)閱讀的興趣更強(qiáng)，在智力測(cè)試中獲得的分?jǐn)?shù)更高。對(duì)于父母來說，還有一個(gè)大問題：哪種手語對(duì)孩子來說是最好的?有的父母使用自己創(chuàng)造的手勢(shì)，還有些父母使用美國(guó)手語，這種手語懂的人多，因此更有用。目前對(duì)于這個(gè)問題還沒有明確的答案，但是我們確切地知道：會(huì)用手語的嬰兒和他們的家人會(huì)“說”很多話!百度文庫(kù)-讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我第三篇第三篇CommonQuestionsaboutDreamsDoeseveryonedream?百度文庫(kù)-讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我 however,thesamedreamwillhavedifferentmeaningsfordifferentpeople.Forexample,anelephantinadreammayYes.Researchshowsthatwealldream.WehaveourmostvividdreamsduringatypeofsleepcalledRapidEyeMovement(REM)sleep.DuringREMsleep,thebrainisveryactive.Theeyesmovequicklybackandforth1underthelids,andthelargemusclesofthebodyarerelaxed.REMsleepoccursevery90-100minutes,threetofourtimesanight,anditlastslongerasthenightgoeson.ThefinalREMperiodmaylastas10ngas45minutes.Wedreamatothertimesduringthenight,too,butthosedreamsarelessvivid.Dopeopleremembertheirdreams?Afewpeopleremembertheirdreams.However,mostpeopleforgetnearlyeverythingthathappenedduringthenight-dreams,thoughts,andtheshortperiodsoftimewhentheywereawake.Sometimes,though,peoplesuddenlyrememberadreamlate門nthedayoronanotherday.Itseemsthatthememoryofthedreamisnottotallylost,butforsomereasonitisveryhardtobringitback2.Ifyouwanttorememberyourdream,thebestthingtodoistowriteitdownassoonasyouwakeup.Aredreamsincolor?Mostdreamsareincolor.However,peoplemaynotbeawareofitfortworeasons：Theydon,tusuallyrememberthedetailsoftheirdreams,ortheydon,tnoticethecolorbecauseitissuchanaturalpartofourlives.Peoplewhoareveryawareofcolorwhentheyareawakeprobablynoticecolormoreoftenintheirdreams.Dodreamshavemeaning?Scientistscontinuetodebatethisissue.However,peoplewhospendtimethinkingabouttheirdreamsbelievethattheyaremeaningfulanduseful.Somepeopleusedreamstohelpthemlearnmoreabouttheirfeelings,thoughts,behavior,motives,andvalues.Othersfindthatdreamscanhelpthemsolveproblems.It’salsotruethatartists,writers,andscientistsoftengetcreativeideasfromdreams.HowcanIlearntounderstandmydreams?Themostimportantthingtorememberisthatyourdreamsarepersonal.Thepeople,actions,andsituationsinyourdreamsreflectyourexperience,yourthoughts,andyourfeelings.Somedreamexpertsbelievethattherearecertaintypesofdreamsthatmanypeoplehave,eveniftheycomefromdifferentculturesortimeperiods.Usually,meanonethingtoazookeeperandsomethingverydifferenttoachildwhosefavoritetoyisastuffedelephant.Tolearntounderstandyourdreams,thinkaboutwhateachpartofthedreammeanstoyouorremindsyouof.Thenlookforlinksbetweenyourdreamsandwhatishappeninginyourdailylife.Ifyouthinkhardandyouarepatient,perhapsthemeaningofyourdreamswillbecomeclearertoyou.第三篇關(guān)于夢(mèng)的常見問題每個(gè)人都會(huì)做夢(mèng)嗎？是的。研宄表明我們都會(huì)做夢(mèng)。在一種叫作快速眼動(dòng)(REM)的睡眠期里，我們會(huì)有最清晰生動(dòng)的夢(mèng)。在這種睡眠期里，大腦非?；钴S，眼睛在眼瞼下面來來回回地快速移動(dòng)，而且身體的大肌肉會(huì)得到放松?？焖傺蹌?dòng)睡眠期每隔90~100分鐘會(huì)出現(xiàn)一次，一晚會(huì)出現(xiàn)3?4次，而且隨著入夜?jié)u深，每次持續(xù)的時(shí)間也會(huì)變長(zhǎng)。最后一次快速眼動(dòng)睡眠期可能會(huì)持續(xù)長(zhǎng)達(dá)45分鐘。我們?cè)谝雇淼钠渌麜r(shí)間段也會(huì)做夢(mèng)，但是那些夢(mèng)沒有快速眼動(dòng)睡眠期里的夢(mèng)清晰生動(dòng)。人們會(huì)記得他們的夢(mèng)嗎？一些人會(huì)記得他們的夢(mèng)。然而，大多數(shù)人會(huì)忘記晚上所發(fā)生的幾乎所有的事一一夢(mèng)、思想以及他們醒著時(shí)的短暫時(shí)光。但是，有時(shí)人們會(huì)在當(dāng)天晚些時(shí)候或改天突然想起他們的夢(mèng)。他們對(duì)夢(mèng)的記憶好像并沒有完全消失，但出于某種原因卻很難回憶起來。如果你想記住自己的夢(mèng)，最好的辦法是一醒來就把它寫下來。夢(mèng)是彩色的嗎？大多數(shù)夢(mèng)是彩色的。然而，人們可能不會(huì)意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。這是基于兩方面的原因：人們通常不會(huì)記住夢(mèng)的細(xì)節(jié)，或者因?yàn)轭伾俏覀兩钪械淖匀唤M成部分，所以不會(huì)注意到。那些在醒著的時(shí)候意識(shí)到顏色的人可能會(huì)更經(jīng)常注意到夢(mèng)的顏色。夢(mèng)有意義嗎？科學(xué)家們不停地討論這個(gè)問題。然而，那些花時(shí)間思考他們夢(mèng)的人相信夢(mèng)是有意義的、有用的。有些人借助夢(mèng)更多地了解自己的情感、思想、行為、動(dòng)機(jī)和價(jià)值觀。其他人發(fā)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)可以幫助自己解決問題。藝術(shù)家、作家和科學(xué)家也確實(shí)經(jīng)常從夢(mèng)中獲得創(chuàng)作的靈感。我如何學(xué)會(huì)理解自己的夢(mèng)？要記得最重要的一點(diǎn)就是夢(mèng)是個(gè)人的。夢(mèng)里的人、行為以及情景都能反映你的經(jīng)歷、思想以及情感。有些夢(mèng)境專家認(rèn)為某些類型的夢(mèng)是很多人都有的，即使他們來自不同的文化或時(shí)期。然而，通常對(duì)于不同的人，同一個(gè)夢(mèng)會(huì)有不同的意義。比如，做夢(mèng)夢(mèng)到大象對(duì)于一個(gè)動(dòng)物園管理員來說意味著一回事，而對(duì)于一個(gè)最喜歡大象毛絨玩具的小孩來說就意味著截然不同的事。為了學(xué)會(huì)理解自己的夢(mèng)，百度文庫(kù)-讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我首先要思考一下夢(mèng)的每一部分對(duì)你意味著什么或者讓你想起了什么。然后尋找夢(mèng)與日常生活中所發(fā)生事情的聯(lián)系。如果你認(rèn)真思考而且有耐心，或許你會(huì)更清晰地理解夢(mèng)的意義。第六篇第六篇TheApgarTest百度文庫(kù)-讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我 Newbornbabiesdon’tknowit,butVirginiaApgarisaveryhelpnewbornbabies.Todayhelpnewbornbabies.Today,theApgartestisstillusedallovertheworld.Thebabywasbomat3:36p.m.At3:37,shescored4outof10onherfirsttest.At3:41,shescored8outof10.Thedoctorwasglad.Anotherbaby,bomat8:24p.m.,scored3outof10onhisfirsttestHescored4outof10onhissecondtest.Hetookanothertestat8:34andscored5.Thedoctorwasworried.Hecalledforhelp1.ThesenewbornbabiestookatestcalledtheApgartest.Thistesthelpsdoctorsdiagnoseproblems.Theydecideifababyisnormalorneedsspecialcare.Mostbabiestaketwotests.Thefirstisat1minuteafterbirth,andthesecondisat5minutesafterbirth.Ifababy'sscoreat5minutesislessthan6,thebabytakesanothertestat10minutesafterbirth.TheApgartestisnotanintelligencetest.It'satestthatshowsababy'shealthrightafteritisbom.TheApgartestmeasuresthingssuchasababy'scolor,heartrate,andbreathing.Thetesthasfiveparts,andthescoreforeachpartcanbe0,1,or2.DoctorsaddthescorestogetherforthetotalApgarscore.AdoctornamedVirginiaApgardevelopedthetest.ApgarwenttomedicalschoolatColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkCityin1929.Shefacedmanychallengesbecauseshewasthefirstwomanintheprogram.However,shewasoneofthebeststudentsinherclass.Aftermedicalschool,shestartedtreatingpatients2.Apgaralsobecamearesearcherinanesthesiology,anewtopicinmedicineatthetime3.Duringherstudies,shelearnedhowtogivepatientsanesthesia.Anesthesiaisaprocedurethatmakespatientsloseconsciousness,sotheydonotfeelanypainduringsurgery.Inthe1940s,manywomenstartedtohaveanesthesiawhentheygavebirth.Apgarhadaquestion:Howdoesanesthesiaaffectnewbornbabies?In1949,whenApgarwasaprofessoratColumbia"smedicalschool,shecreatedhersimpletest.Shewroteapaperabouthermethodsin1953.Soonafter,peoplestartedusingtheApgartestaroundtheworld.Inherwork,Apgarsawthatmanynewbornshadproblems.Shewantedtohelpthesebabiessurvive.Shestoppedpracticingmedicinein1959,andshewentbacktoschooltogetamaster'sdegreeinpublichealth.Shespenttherestofherlifedoingresearchandraisingmoneytoimportantpersoninthefirstfewminutesoftheirlives.第六篇阿普加測(cè)試下午3:36,一個(gè)嬰兒出生了。3:37時(shí)，她的第一次健康測(cè)試成績(jī)是4分（總分10分）。3:41時(shí)，她的成績(jī)是8分，醫(yī)生感到非常高興。另一天晚上8:24，另外一個(gè)嬰兒出生了。他的第一次測(cè)試成績(jī)是3分，第二次成績(jī)是4分。8:34時(shí)又進(jìn)行了一次測(cè)試，成績(jī)是5分。醫(yī)生非常擔(dān)心，這個(gè)嬰兒需要救助。這些新生兒進(jìn)行的是一項(xiàng)叫作阿普加的測(cè)試。這項(xiàng)測(cè)試幫助醫(yī)生診斷新生兒的問題，他們根據(jù)測(cè)試成績(jī)判斷新生兒是正常的還是需要特殊護(hù)理。大多數(shù)的嬰兒會(huì)接受兩次測(cè)試。第一次是在出生后1分鐘，第二次是在出生后5分鐘。如果嬰兒在第二次測(cè)試中的成績(jī)少于6分，那他們需要在出生10分鐘后再進(jìn)行一次測(cè)試。阿普加測(cè)試不是一項(xiàng)智力測(cè)試。它是一項(xiàng)在嬰兒出生后表明其健康狀況的測(cè)試。這項(xiàng)測(cè)試會(huì)測(cè)量諸如嬰兒的皮膚顏色、心率、呼吸一類的項(xiàng)目，總共包括五部分，每一部分的成績(jī)可以是0分、1分或2分。醫(yī)生把每一部分的成績(jī)加起來就是這項(xiàng)測(cè)試的總分。一位名叫弗吉尼亞?阿普加的醫(yī)生設(shè)計(jì)了這項(xiàng)測(cè)試。1929年，阿普加去紐約的哥倫比亞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院就讀。由于是這個(gè)學(xué)科里的第一位女性，使她面臨了許多挑戰(zhàn)。然而，她卻是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。完成醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)業(yè)后，她開始給患者治療。阿普加還是麻醉學(xué)方面的研宄者，當(dāng)時(shí)麻醉學(xué)是一項(xiàng)新的醫(yī)學(xué)課題。在求學(xué)過程中，她學(xué)會(huì)了如何給患者實(shí)施麻醉。麻醉會(huì)使病人失去意識(shí)，因而他們?cè)谑中g(shù)過程中不會(huì)感到任何疼20世紀(jì)40年代，許多婦女在分娩時(shí)開始使用麻醉。但阿普加有個(gè)疑問：麻醉是如何影響新生兒的呢？1949年，當(dāng)阿普加在哥倫比亞醫(yī)學(xué)院擔(dān)任教授時(shí)，她創(chuàng)造了這項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)單測(cè)試。1953年，她寫了一篇關(guān)于該測(cè)試方法的論文。不久之后，人們開始在世界范圍內(nèi)使用阿普加測(cè)試。在工作中，阿普加發(fā)現(xiàn)許多新生兒都有健康問題。她想幫助這些新生兒活下來。1959年，她中止了行醫(yī)，回到學(xué)校攻讀公共衛(wèi)生碩士學(xué)位。她把自己的余生都奉獻(xiàn)給了醫(yī)學(xué)研宄以及籌集資金幫助新生兒。今天，阿普加測(cè)試仍然在全世界范圍內(nèi)被廣泛運(yùn)用。雖然新生兒們并不知道，但弗吉尼亞?阿普加卻是他們生命的前幾分鐘里非常重要的一個(gè)人。

第七篇leeCreamTasterHasSweetJobJohnHarrisonhaswhatmustbethemostwantedjobintheUnitedStates.He'stheofficialtasterforEdy'sGrandIceCream,oneofthenation'sbest-sellingbrands.Harrison'stastebudsareinsuredfor$1million.Hegetstosample60icecreamsadayatEdy,sheadquartersinOakland.California.Andwhenheisn'tdoingthat,hetravels,buyingEdy'sinsupermarketsalloverthecountrysothathecancheckforperfectappearance,texture,andflavor.AfterIinterviewedHarrison,Irealizedthatthelifeofanicecreamtasterisn'tallCookies'nCream一aflavorthat*heinvented,bytheway.No,it'sextremelyhardwork,whichrequiresdisciplineandselflessness.Foronething,hedoesn'tswallowonthejob.Likeacoffeetaster,Harrisonspits.Usingagoldspoontoavoid“off'flavors,hetakesasmallbiteandmovesitaroundinhismouthtointroduceittoall9,000orsotastebuds.Nexthesmack-smack-smackshislipstogetsomeai門ntothesample.Thenhebreathesingentlytobringthearomaupthroughthebackofhisnose.EachstephelpsHarrisonevaluatewhethertheicecreamhasagoodbalanceofdairy,sweetness,andaddedingredients-thethree-flavorcomponentsoficecream.Then,eveniftheicecreamtastesheavenly,heputsitintoatrashcan.Afullstomachmakesit,impossibletojudgethequalityoftheflavors.Duringtheworkweek,Harrisontoldmethathehastomakeothersacrifices,too:noonions,garlic,orspicyfood,andnocaffeine.Caffeinewillblockthetastebuds,hesays,sohisbreakfastisacupofherbaltea.Thisisasmallpricetopayforwhathecallstheworld'sbestjob.Harrison'sfamilyhasbeenintheicecreambusinessinonewayoranotherlforfourgenerations,soHarrisonhasspenthisentirelifewithit2.However,hehasneverlosthisloveforitscold,creamysweetness.Heevenordersicecreaminrestaurantsfordessert.Ontheseoccasions3,hedoesswallow,andheeatsaboutaquart(0.95liters)eachweek.Bycomparison4,theaveragepersonintheUnitedStateseats23.2quarts(21.96liters)oficecreamandotherfrozendairyproductseachyear.Edy,sicecreamisavailableindozensofflavors.So百度文庫(kù)-讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我 whatflavordoesthebest-trainedice-creamtasterinthecountryprefer?Vanilla!Infact,vanillaisthebest-sellingvarietyintheUnitedStates.However,youshouldnevercallitplainvanilla."It,saverycomplexflavor百度文庫(kù)-讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我 whatflavordoesthebest-trainedice-creamtasterinthe第七篇冰淇淋品嘗師份甜蜜的職業(yè)約翰?哈瑞森擁有一份可能是美國(guó)人最想要的工作。他是一名職業(yè)的冰淇淋品嘗師，供職于美國(guó)最暢銷的冰淇淋品牌之一Edy’sGrandIceCream=哈瑞森已經(jīng)給味蕾投保了100萬美元。他每天要在位于加州奧克蘭的Edy's總部嘗試60種冰淇淋樣品。休假時(shí)，他會(huì)去旅行，并且到全國(guó)各地的超市買來Edy's產(chǎn)品，以便檢查外觀，質(zhì)地和口味是否完美。在采訪完哈瑞森之后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)冰淇淋品嘗師的生活并不像他發(fā)明的奶油曲奇味雪糕那樣甜。這是一個(gè)需要克制和無私的艱難工作。首先，工作時(shí)他不能咽下冰淇淋，只能像咖啡品嘗師那樣吐出。為了避免其他味道的混入，他用金制的湯匙舀取冰淇淋，咬一小口在口中攪動(dòng)，讓大約9000個(gè)味蕾全部都能感覺到味道，然后他不斷哂嘴唇好讓空氣進(jìn)入口中。接著，他輕輕吸一口氣，讓冰淇淋的芳香竄入鼻中。每一個(gè)步驟都有助于哈瑞森判斷出這款冰淇淋的牛奶、甜度和添加劑這三種成分是否已達(dá)到完美的平衡。即使這個(gè)冰淇淋嘗起來極其美味，他接下來也會(huì)把它扔到垃圾桶里。飽腹感是不可能判斷出口味的品質(zhì)的。哈瑞森告訴我說，在工作周，他也不得不做出很多犧牲：不能吃洋蔥、大蒜或辣的食物以及含咖啡因的食物。因?yàn)榭Х纫驎?huì)限制味蕾，所以他早飯時(shí)只喝一杯花草茶。這只是他為了自己口中世界上最好的工作所付出的一個(gè)小代價(jià)。哈瑞森的家族中已經(jīng)有四代人以這樣或那樣的方式在冰淇淋行業(yè)工作，所以他已經(jīng)為此付出了一生。但他并沒有失去對(duì)這種涼爽油膩的甜品的愛。他甚至?xí)诓蛷d中點(diǎn)冰淇淋作為甜品。在這些時(shí)候，他會(huì)咽下它們，他每周大概會(huì)吃掉一夸脫（0.95升）的冰淇淋。而美國(guó)普通人平均每年要吃掉23.2夸脫（21.96升）的冰淇淋和其他冰凍奶制品。Edy's的冰淇淋有幾十種口味。哪種口味才是這個(gè)國(guó)家最有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的冰淇淋品嘗師的最愛呢?香草味的!事實(shí)上，香草口味是全美最暢銷的。但是，你不能稱它是純香草口味?！斑@是個(gè)很復(fù)雜的口味，”哈瑞森說道。第十四篇第十四篇PrimeronSmell百度文庫(kù)-讓每個(gè)人平等地提升自我 thelab,andlisttheingredients.“InamodestamountofInadditiontobringingout1theflavoroffood,whatdoesthesenseofsmelldoforus?Smell“givesusinformationaboutplace,aboutwhereweare,“saysRandallReed,aJohnsHopkinsUniversityprofessorwhosespecialtyisthesenseofsmell.Andsmelltellsusaboutpeople.“Whetherwerealizeitornot,wecollectalotofinformationaboutwhoisaroundusbasedonsmell,,,saysReed.Evenatadistance,odorscanwarnusof2trouble-spoiledfood,leakinggas,orfire.“It’sagreatalert,,,offersDonaldLeopold,adoctoratJohnsHopkins.Forexample,ifsomethingintheovenisburning,everyoneinthehouseknowsit.Withjustasimplescent,smellcanalsoevokeveryintenseemotion.Let'ssay,forexample,thatthesmellispurplepetunias.Theseflowershavearichspicinessthatnootherpetuniahas.Nowlet'simaginethatyourmotherdiedwhenyouwerethree,andsheusedtohaveaflowergarden.Youwouldn'tneedtoidentifythesmellortohaveconsciousmemoriesofyourmotherorhergarden.Youwouldfeelsadassoonasyousmelledthatspicyodor.Comparedwithanimals,howwelldopeopledetectsmelts?Thatdependsonwhatyoumeanby“howwell”.Wearelowonreceptorcells：currentestimatessaythathumanshaveroughlyfivemillionsmell-receptorcells,aboutasmanyasamouse.Arathassome10million,arabbit20million,andabloodhound100million.Reedsaysthat,acrossspecies,thereisarelativelygoodcorrelationbetweenthenumberofreceptorcellsandhowstrongthesenseofsmellis.“Youcanhardlyfindtheolfactorybulbinahumanbrainit'sapea-sizedobject.Inamouse,it,salittlebigger.It'sbean-sizedinarat,aboutthesizeofyourlittlefingerinarabbit,andthesizeofyourthumbinabloodhound.”Doesthatmeanthatoursenseofsmellisnotveryacute?Notexactly.Whilewemaynothavetheolfactoryrangeofothercreatures,thereceptorswedohaveareassensitiveasthoseofanyanimal.Wecanalsothink,andwemakeconscious(andsuccessful)effortstotellthedifferencebetweenonesmellandanother.Atrained“nose,,,suchasthatof