2021-2022年浙江省湖州市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)真題一卷(含答案)

2021-2022年浙江省湖州市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)真題一卷(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

YoucangetevacuationdetailsthroughthewaysprovidedbythewebsiteofLasVegasthoughitdoesn'tdisclosethedetailsdueto______.

2.

Amazonisafamouswebsitewhichsellsnotonlybooksbutalso______.

3.

The1990reportoftheCaliforniaTaskForcetoPromotePersonalandSocialResponsibilityfinds______accountsformorepersonalandsocialills.

A.thelackofself-esteem

B.thelackoflaw

C.thelackofmoney

D.thelackofeducation

4.

BesurenottousebirthdatesoryourphonenumbersasyourPINbecausethey______.

5.HarlemRenaissance(文藝復(fù)興)—ABriefIntroduction

ImportantFeatures

1.HarlemRenaissance(HR)isthenamegiventotheperiodfromtheendofWorldWarIandthroughthemiddleofthe1930sDepression,duringwhichagroupoftalentedAfrican-Americanwritersproducedasizablebodyofliteratureinthefourprominentgenresofpoetry,fiction,drama,andessay.

2.Thenotionof"twoness",adividedawarenessofone'sidentity,wasintroducedbyW.E.B.DuBois,oneofthefoundersoftheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP)andtheauthoroftheinfluentialbookTheSoulsofBlackFolks(1903):"Oneeverfeelshistwo-nessanAmerican,aNegro;twosouls,twothoughts,twounreconciledstirrings:twowarringidealsinonedarkbody,whosedoggedstrengthalonekeepsitfrombeingtomasunder."

3.Commonthemes:alienation,marginality,theuseoffolkmaterial,theuseofthebluestradition,theproblemsofwritingforaneliteaudience.

4.HRwasmorethanjustaliterarymovement:itincludedracialconsciousness,"thebacktoAfrica"movementledbyMarcusGarvey,racialintegration,theexplosionofmusicparticularlyjazz,spiritualsandblues,painting,dramaticrevues,andothers.

AChronologyofImportantEventsandPublications

1919

-369thRegimentmarchedupFifthAvenuetoHarlem,February17.

-FirstPan-AfricanCongressorganizedbyW.E.B.DuBois,Paris,February.

-RaceriotsinWashington,D.C,Chicago,Charleston,Knoxville,Omaha,andelsewhere,JunetoSeptember.

-RaceRelationsCommissionfounded,September.

-BenjaminBrawleypublishedTheNegroinLiteratureandArtintheUnitedStates.

1920

-UniversalNegroImprovementAssociation(UNIA)ConventionheldatMadisonSquareGarden,August.

-CharlesGilpinstarredinEugeneO'Neill,TheEmperorJones,November.

-JamesWaldouJohnson,firstblackofficer(secretary)ofNAACPappointed.

-ClaudeMcKaypublishedSpringinNewHampshire.

-DuBois'sDarkwaterispublished.

1921

-MarcusGarveyfoundedAfricanOrthodoxChurch,September.

-SecondPan-AfricanCongress.

-ColoredPlayersGuildofNewYorkfounded.

-BenjaminBrawleypublishedSocialHistoryoftheAmericanNegro.

1922

-FirstAnti-LynchinglegislationapprovedbyHouseofRepresentatives.

-PublicationsofTheBookofAmericanNegroPoetryeditedbyJamesWeldonJohnson;ClaudeMcKay,HarlemShadows.

1923

-ClaudeMcKayspokeattheFourthCongressoftheThirdInternationalinMoscow,June.

-MarcusGarveyarrestedformailfraudandsentencedtofiveyearsinprison.

-ThirdPun-AfricanCongress.

1924

-CivicClubDinner,bringingblackwritersandwhitepublisherstogether,March21.ThiseventisconsideredtheformallaunchingoftheNewNegromovement.

1925

-AmericanNegroLaborCongressheldinChicago,October.

1927

-MarcusGarveydeported.

-LouisArmstronginChicagoandDukeEllingtoninNewYorkbegantheircareers.

-PublicationsofHughes,FineClothestotheJew.

1928

-PublicationsofWallaceThurman,Harlem:AForumofNegroLife;DuBois,TheDarkPrincess.

1929

-NegroExperimentalTheatrefounded,February;NegroArtTheatrefounded,June.

-WallaceThurman'splayHarlem,opensattheApolloTheateronBroadwayandbecomeshugelysuccessful.

-BlackThursday,Octo

A.YB.NC.NG

6.

Fromthecontextwemayfigureoutthat"telecommuting'means______.

7.

LisaPerezfoundanewinterestinhomemakingduringtheperiodofunemployment.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.

Jim'sparentsencouragedhimtostudyboththeconstructivistmathandtraditionalmath.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.WhatmaybethereasonwhysomeHispanicshavejobsbutuninsured?

A.Theyarenotinterestedinhealthinsurance.

B.Theydonotbelieveintheinsurancesystem.

C.Theiremployersrefusetoenrolltheminthewelfaresystem.

D.Theirincomeisnotenoughfortheirshareofthepremium.

10.

TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)acknowledgesthat______.

A.millionsofpeopleworldwidearesufferingfrommentaldisorders

B.peoplesufferfrommentaldisorderswhenbeingsad,happyoranxious

C.peoplemaysufferfrommentalillnesswithemotionalorbehavioraldisruption

D.mentaldisordersmayresultfromthemalfunctioningofourbrains

11.

Thenutritionalqualityoffoodproductvariesinaccordancewith______.

12.RichardNixon'sChildhood

OnewayinwhichbothFrankandHannahdidshowtheirlovewasintheirwillingnesstomakesacrificesfortheirchildren.Asparents,theyweredevotedtoensuringthattheirsonsobtainedthebestpossibleeducation.AtanearlyagetheyconcentratedtheireffortsonRichard,asheshowedmostsignsofbeingatalentedandperhapsevenagiftedchild.

ThemakingoftheearlymindofRichardNixonowedmosttohismother.Ifhermarriagehadnotcutshorthercollegeeducationshewouldhavebecomeateacher.Shewasawell-educatedyoungwoman,proficientinGreek,Latin,GermanandFrench,withadeepinterestinEuropeanculture.

HannahtaughtRichardtoreadbeforehewenttoinfantschoolandawakenedhisinterestinherownspecializedareasofclassics,languages,andhistory.Bytheageoffivehehadbecomeaneagerreaderofchildren'sencyclopedias,historystoriesandadultperiodicals.

HannahopenedRichard'smindtoEuropeanculture;shestartedhimoffinFrenchandGerman,introducedhimtoShakespeareandtrainedhimtorecitepoetry.Hannahwas,aboveall,aclassicist.ShebelievedthatLatinwasthefountainheadoflanguage,andthattheancienthistoriansandoratorswerethemastersofclearexpression.Underhismother'sinstructionclassicshadastronginfluenceonRichard'schildhoodimagination.

BesidesexpandingRichard'smentalcuriosityandcapabilitiesfarbeyondtheinterestsoftheaveragefiveyearold,Hannahdrilledintohimtheimportanceofworkinghardinordertogrowuptobesomebody.AsmallcluetoherstrongdesireforhersecondsonwasherattempttostoptheuseofthenicknameDickastoofoolish,perhaps,forafuturemanofimportance.BythewayMissGeorge,pleasecallmysonRichardandneverDick.InamedhimRichard,'Hannahtoldhisschool-teacheronthedayheenteredtheelementaryschool.MissMaryGeorgeneverforgotthisrequest—oneofthemanyreasonswhythislittleboywasratherdifferentfromtheothersinherclass.HerrecollectionsofRichardNixon'searlyprogressarerevealing.

"Hewasaveryquiet,studiousboyandkeptmostlytohimself...hewasoneofthoserareindividualsbornwithknowledge.Hhatyearhereadnolessthanthirtyorfortybooks,maybemore,besidesdoingallofhisotherwork...heneverhadtoworkforknowledgeatall.Hewastoldsomethingandheneverforgot.Hehasaphotographicmind,Ithink."

AlthoughthisearlyjudgmentofRichard'sabilitybyhisfirstschoolmistressmaybetooflattering,neverthelessMissGeorge'sreferencetothephotographicqualityofhismindshowedmuchinsight.Thephrase'photographicmemory'fallstooeasilyfromthetongueandisrarelyaccurate,butwhatcanbesaidwithcertaintyofRichardNixonisthathewasblessedwithaverygoodmemory.Forvariousreasonsithasoftensuitedhimduringhiscareertodownplaythisremarkablegift.Duringhislifehepreferredtobrushasidediscussionofthistalentwiththecomment,'Mymemoryisverygoodonlyforasimplereason—Iworkedatit.'Howeverheacquiredit,thereislittledoubtthatthiscapacityforrememberinginformationofeverydescription,fromnames,factsandfigurestospeechesanddocuments,wasfundamentaltohislaterpoliticalsuccess.

'Hewasaveryquietchildandrarelyeversmiledorlaughed',recalledhisschoolteacherMissGeorge.'Ihavenorecollectionofhimplayingwithothersintheplayground,whichundoubtedlyhedid...likeotheryoungstersinmildweatherRichardalwayscamebarefoot.Everydayheworeafreshlycleanedwhiteshirtwithabigblackbowtieandkneepants.Healwayslookedlikehismotherhadscrubbedhimfromheadtotoe.Thefunnythingis,Icanneverreme

A.YB.NC.NG

13.

TheviewthattheminoritieslikeMr.Nardelliandhisfriendsareseizingmostofglobalization'sgainscouldbe______.

A.negativeB.popularC.radicalD.doubtful

14.

Fromthecontext,theword"minute"(Line4,Paral)isclosestinmeaningto"second".

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

There'slittleagreementonwhatintermarriagewillmeanforU.S.societyinthefutureasthereisalackofofficialnumbers,aheightenedtensionsurroundingracialissues,andthemutualsuspicionthatexistsamongdifferentracialgroups.

A.YB.NC.NG

16.

Luckypeopleusecounter-factualthinkingto______.

A.encourageotherstobehappier

B.movetheirmisfortunetoothers

C.weakentheimpactofmisfortune

D.helpunluckypeopledealwithmisfortune

17.

Thereasonswhyhealthservicesgrowfasttodayare______,thegrowingsizeoftheU.S.populationandtheincreasingproportionofolderpeopleinthepopulation.

18.AccordingtoBobNelson,tostopthoserumoringaboutothers'promotions,it'sbetterfortheentrepreneurto______.

A.explainreasonsforthepromotions

B.orderthemtostopspreadingrumors

C.ignorethiskindofnegativebehaviours

D.promisepromotionforthoseemployees

19.

RachelCarsonstartedwritingbefore______.

20.What'stheopinionofscientistsaboutthedatacollectedbythePelican?

A.Itisaresultthatshouldsurprisemanypeople.

B.Itisnotreliableforthemtodrawconclusionsfrom.

C.Itcontradictswithareportreleasedintheyear2003.

D.Itissimilartotheresultsofthestudiesdonebefore.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B4】

22.(25)

A.Marketing.

B.InternationalBusiness,

C.Accounting.

D.Education.

23.

【B10】

24.(39)

25.

【B5】

26.聽力原文：Pullingheavysuitcasesalldayinthesummerishardwork,especiallywhenyouareathin14-year-old.Thatwasmein1940—theyoungestandsmallestbaggageboyatNewYorkCity'sPennsylvaniaRailwayStation.

Afterjustafewdaysonthejob,Ibegannoticingthattheotherfellowswereoverchargingpassengers.I'dliketojointhem,think,"Everyoneelseisdoingit."WhenIgothomethatnight,ItoldmyfatherwhatIwantedtodo."Yougiveanhonestday'swork,"hesaid,lookingatmestraightinmyeyes."Theyarepayingyou.Iftheywanttodothat,youletthemdothat."Ifollowedmyfather'sadvicefortherestofthatsummerandhavelivedbyhiswordseversince.

OfallmyjobsI'vehad,itwasmyexperienceatPennsylvaniaRailwayStationthatstruckwithme.NowIteachmyplayerstohaverespectforotherpeopleandtheirpossessions.Beingamemberofateamisatotallysharedexperience.Ifonepersonsteals,itdestroystrustandhurtseveryone.Icanputupwithmanythings,butnotwiththepeoplewhosteals.Ifoneofmyplayerswascaughtstealing,he'dbegone.

Whetheryouareonasportsteam,inanofficeoramemberofafamily,ifyoucan'ttrustoneanother,there'sgoingtobetrouble.

(33)

A.Theycouldearnmuch,buttheymustworkhard.

B.Manyofthemearnedtheirmoneyinadishonestway.

C.Theywereallfrompoorfamilies.

D.Theywereallthin,youngboys.

27.聽力原文："Hightech"and"stateoftheart"aretwoexpressionsthatdescribeverymoderntechnology.Hightechisjustashorterwayofsayinghightechnology.Andhightechnologydescribesanyinvention,systemordevicethatusesthenewestideasordiscoveriesofscienceandengineering.

Whatishightech?Acomputerishightech.Soisacommunicationssatellite.Amodernmanufacturingsystemissurelyhightech.

HightechbecameapopularexpressionintheUnitedStatesduringtheearly1980's.Becauseofimprovementsintechnology,peoplecouldbuymanynewkindsofproductsinAmericanstores,suchashomecomputers,microwaveovens,etc.

"Stateoftheart"issomethingthatisasmodernaspossible.Itisaproductthatisbasedontheverylatestmethodsandtechnology.Somethingthatis"stateoftheart"meansthenewestpossibledesignorproductofabusinessorindustry.Astateofthearttelevisionset,forexample,usesthemostmodernelectronicdesignandparts.Itisthebestthatonecanbuy.

"Stateoftheart"isnotanewexpression.Engineershaveuseditforyears,todescribethebestandmostmodernwayofdoingsomething.

MillionsofAmericansbegantousetheexpressioninthelate1970's.Thereasonwasthecomputerrevolution.Everycomputercompanyclaimedthatitscomputerswere"stateoftheart".

Computertechnologychangedsofastthatastateoftheartcomputertodaymightbeoldtomorrow.Theexpression"stateoftheart"becameascommonandpopularascomputersthemselves.Nowallkindsofproductsaresaidtobe"stateoftheart".

(30)

A.Totellwhat"hightech"and"stateoftheart"are.

B.Totellhow"hightech"and"stateoftheart"havedeveloped.

C.Togiveexamplesofhightech.

D.Todescribethemoderntechnology.

28.(24)

A.ToAustralia.

B.ToJapan.

C.ToAustraliaandJapan.

D.TotheUS.

29.(16)

A.It'stoowindy.

B.Thebeachesaredirty.

C.Theairispolluted.

D.Thepeoplethereareterriblyrude.

30.(43)

31.

【B11】

32.(21)

A.Heisamanagerassistantinastore.

B.Heisacommonlaborworkerinasupermarket.

C.Heworksasavicemanagerinasupermarket.

D.Hedoesn'thaveajob.

33.聽力原文：W:Goodmorning.Thisishousingoffice.HowcanIhelpyou?

M:Hi.I'mcallingaboutthenewsubsidizedlow-costhousingforgraduatestudents.

W:Areyouawarethatit'sonlyavailabletomarriedgraduatestudentsandtheirfamilies?

M:Yes.IthinkmywifeandImayqualifysinceshe'sstillingraduateschool.ButIwaswonderingwhethertherewereanyotherrequirements.

W:Well,unlessyouhavemorethanonechild,youhavetohaveacombinedannualincomethat'slessthan5000dollars.

M:I'mworkingasapart-timeresearchassistantsothat'snoproblem.Butrightnowwe'relivingwithmywife'sparents.Doesthatmeanwehavetoincludetheirincometoo?

W:Notnecessarily.Whydon'tyoustopbyourofficesoIcangiveyousomeformstofilloutandexplaineverythinginmoredetail?

M:Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Wouldtomorrowmorningbeallright?

W:Ithinktheafternoonmightbebetter.YouknowitcanbeprettycrazyaroundhereonaFridaymorning.

M:Allrightthen.I'lltrytomakeitintheafternoon,IsthereanyonespecialIshouldaskfor?

W:Youcanaskforme,SusanDavidson,ormyassistantBillBrown.We'llbegladtogiveyouanyhelpyouneed.

M:OK.Thanksalot.Seeyouthen.

(20)

A.Inhisownapartment.

B.Withhiswife'sparents.

C.Withhisgrandparents.

D.Instudenthousing.

34.【B4】

35.(28)

A.Wecaninventwaysofincreasingrainfall.

B.Wecandevelopwaysofreusingwaterandutilizingseawater.

C.Wecancutdownourconsumptionofwater.

D.Wecanreducethenumberoffactoriesproducingsteel.

36.

【B6】

37.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Itisagreatprivilegeformetobeinvitedtospeakatthetenth-yearreunionoftheStateUniversity'sgraduatingclass.

Whenyouarrivedoncampustoday,afteradecade,youwereprobablyimpressedbytwochangesatState:one,theabsenceofUniversityTower,thefirstbuildingconstructedonthecampus,andahistoriclandmarkformanyyears;andtwo,thedisappearanceofparkinglotsonmaincampus.

TwoyearsagoUniversityTowerwasinspectedandfoundtobeunsafe.Inspiteofeffortstorestoreto,itwasnecessarytolevelthebuilding.Abelltowerwasconstructedonthesamesite,builtforthemostpartusingthegoodbrickthatwassavedfromtheoriginalbuilding.Theoriginalbellswerealsopreserved.

Asfortheparkinglots,theyhavebeenreplacedbygrass,trees,andpedestrianwalkways.Parkingisnowlocatedinparkinggaragesonthenorthandwestsidesofthecampus.

Twomoresubtlechangeshaveoccurredwithinthepastdecade.OneisthecreationandexpansionoftheDivisionofContinuingEducationforthecommunity,includingaSaturdayandsummerenrichmentprogramforchildren,andanafternoonandeveningspecialinterestprogramforadults.TheotheristheadditiontothestudentpopulationofAmerica,andtheMiddleEast.MostinternationalstudentsareenrolledintheCollegeofEngineeringandtheCollegeofBusiness.Wehaveextendedourcommitmentbeyondthebordersofourstateandnationtoencompassthecitizenandnationsoftheworld.

(27)

A.Themaincampuslooksthesame.

B.Thestudentpopulationisthesame.

C.Theidealsoftheuniversityarethesame.

D.TheDivisionofContinuingEducationhasthesameprograms.

38.(26)

A.Liverpool.B.London.C.Scotland.D.Welsh.

39.(29)

A.DirectingaFilm

B.TheKeytoSuccess

C.AWonderfulExperience

D.WorkingwithFilmStars

40.(34)

A.Toreplacephysicaltherapy.

B.Tocontrolbrainseizures.

C.Topreventheartdisease.

D.Torelievetension.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECTaboutOceanEdge?

A.Itdoesn'topentotourists.

B.Itwasrebuiltin1906.

C.Itcaughtafirein1890.

D.ItwasoriginallyaprivatehomeownedbyNixonfamily.

42.

AlthoughmakingthefacilityenvironmentallyfriendlyaddedthecostoftheToyotaMotorCorp.,thesavingsfromusinggreenfacilitiescan______.

43.

AccordingtoPara.4,wecansafelydrawtheconclusionthat______.

A.itistotallyimpossibletoloseweightbyactivatingbrownfat

B.ourbrownfatwillbemoreactiveifwegototheNorthPole

C.brownfatcansurelymakeyouthinnerthanbefore

D.tokeepfit,anaveragepersonshouldeat50gbrownfat

44.

WhatistheopinionofLorenzoBiuiSmaghiaccordingtohisspeechlastmonth?

A.ItisnecessarytocutInterestratesbymore.

B.Hestronglyrecommendedthehyperactivemonetarypolicy.

C.Actingover-actively,thecentralbankwillleaveapessimisticsignal.

D.Theaggressiveinsuringactswillcertainlybehelpful.

45.Hereamidthesteelandconcretecanyons,greengrassgrows.Ahawthorntree(山楂樹)standsinnewsoil,andfreshlydugplantsbendinthewind.

ButChicagoCityHallhereseemsanunlikelyspotforagardenofanyvariety--especially20,000squarefeetofgardens--onitsroof.

Asoneofahandfulofsimilarprojectsaroundthecountry,thegardenispartofa＄1.5milliondemonstrationprojectedbythecitytoreduceits"urbanheatislands",saidWilliamAbolt,thecommissioneroftheDepartmentofEnvironment.

Heatislands--darksurfacesinthecity,likerooftops--soakupheat.Theretentioncanbakeabuilding,makingitstubborntocooling.

TheroofofCityHall,a90-year-oldgraystonelandmarkonLaSalleStreetintheheartofdowntown,hasbeenknowntoreachtemperaturesubstantiallyhotterthantheactualtemperatureonthestreetbelow.

Thegardenwillprovidegreeneryandshade."Andthat,"saidthecityofficials,"willsavethecitydollarsonthoseblisteringsummerdays."Theprojectsavingsfromcoolingisabout＄4,000ayearonanewroofwhoselifespanisabout50percentlongerthanthateratraditionalroof.

Thesprawlingopen-airrooftopgardenisbeingcarefullybuiltonamulti-tieredbedofspecialsoil,polystyrene,egg-carton-shapedconesand"waterproofmembrane"malltokeeptherooffromleaking,orcavingunderthenormalcombinedweightofsoil,rainandplantlife.

Thedesigncallsforsoildepthsof4inchesto18inches.Whenthelastplantsandseedlingsareburiedandthelastbitofcompostislaid,thegardenwillhavecircularbrickstepping-stoneswindinguptohills.

"TheprimaryfocusofwhatwewanttodowastoestablishthislaboratoryonthetopofCityHailtogetpeopleinvolvedandunderstandingtheirimpactontheenvironmentandhowthelittlethingscanmakeanimpactonthequalityoflife",Mr.Aboltsaid,addingthattheplantsalsohelptocleartheair.

Rooftopgardens,inplaceswhereconcretejungleshaveerasedplantsandtrees,arenotnew,noteveninChicago.Armsofgreenerydanglingoverterracesorsproutingfromrooftops,commoninEurope,arebecomingmoresointheUnitedStatesaspeoplebecomeincreasinglyconsciousabouttheenvironment.

RichardM.Daley,whourgedtheenvironmentaldepartmenttolookintotheprojectafternoticingrooftopgardensinHamburg,Germanyafewyearsago,haspraisedthegardenasthefirstofitskindonapublicbuildinginthecountry.

Itwillholdthousandsofplantsinmorethan150species--wildonionandbutterflyweed,sky-blueasterandbuffalograss--toprovidedataonwhatspeciesadaptbest.Smallplantsrequiringshallowsoildepthswerechieflyselected.

Therooftopgardenproject______.

A.iscommonandpopularinthecountry

B.isademonstrationprojectandcoststhecitygovernment1.5milliondollars

C.willmaketheordinarycoolingdownofthecityinsummerunnecessary

D.aimsatgettingpeopleinvolvedendunderstandingtheirimpactontheenvironment

46.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

YearsbeforePresidentBillClintoncametoWashingtonwithhiscampaignpledgetospendanadditional＄20,000millionannuallyonAmerica'sinfrastructure"todeveloptheworld'sbestcommunication,transportation,andenvironmentalsystems,"economistsandothersweretalkingabouttheneedtospendmoreonpublicworks.Theirdebatehasbeenalmostentirelyaboutonequestion:howmuchmore?Usuallyoverlookedintheseindiscussionsistherealinfrastructuredilemmaofthe21stcentury--nothowmuchtospendbuthowtodecidewhattobuildandwheretobuildit.

Forseveralreasons,theoldwaysofdecidingthesematterssimplydonotworkanymore.Americanstodayarefarmoreskepticalaboutthevalueofnewroads,bridges,andsewagetreatmentplantsespeciallywhentheyarelocatedintheirown.backyards.Theirfaiththatdecisionsaboutpublicworkscanbesafelyleftinthehandsofpublicofficials,engineers,andothertechnicalexpertsisgone.

Reflectingin1985uponthefinaldemiseofWestway,theproposedhighwayalongManhattan'sWestSidethathadbeenheldupfor30years,SenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYorkwrote,"Thereisakindofstasisthatisbeginningtosettleintoourpubliclife.Wecannotreachdecisions.Centralparkcouldnotconceivablybebuilttodayasitwaswhentherewasenoughpoweringovernmenttomakethedecision.Wedon'thavethatcapacity."

Thepersistenceofthepublicworksporkbarrel(地方建設(shè)經(jīng)費(fèi))—fundingblatantlypoliticalprojects--hasalsocontributedtopublicskepticism.InthesameyearthatMoynihandecriedthedeathofWestway,localpoliticiansthe＄1,800millionTennesseeTombigbeeWaterway,recentlydescribedbytheAtlantaJournalConstitutionas"abrokenpromise."Aclassicporkbarrelproject,thewaterwaycarriesonlyone-tenththecommercialbargetrafficthathadbeenprojected.

Economists'debatehasneglectedthequestionofhow______.

47.

Theculturalcommunicationproblemsarebecomingespeciallyurgentfor______.

A.Americanmanagers

B.multinationalcompanies

C.Japaneseemployees

D.consultingfirms

48.Before1965manyscientistspicturedthecirculationoftheocean'swatermassasconsistingoflargeslow-movingcurrents,suchastheGulfStream.Thatview,basedon100yearsofobservationsmadearoundtheglobe,producedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruecirculation.Butinthe1950sandthe1960s,researchersbegantoemploynewlydevelopedtechniquesandequipmentincludingsubsurfacefloatsthatmovewithoceancurrentandemitidentificationsignalsformonthsatfixedlocationsintheocean.Theseinstrumentsdisclosedanunexpectedlevelofvariabilityinthe'deepocean.Ratherthanbeingcharacterizedbysmooth,large-scalecurrentsthatchangeseasonally(ifatall),theseasaredominatedbywhatoceanographers(海洋研究者)callmesoscalefields(紊流):fluctuating,energeticflowswhosevelocitycanreachtentimesofthemeanvelocityofthemajiorcurrents.

Mesoscalephenomena--theoceanicanalogueofweatherterms--oftenextendtodistancesof100kilometersandpersistfor100days(weathersystemsgenerallyextendabout1000kilometersandlast3to5daysinanygivenarea).Morethan90percentofthekineticenergyoftheentireoceanmaybeaccountedforbymesoscalevariabilityratherthanbylarge-scalecurrents.Mesoscalephenomenamay,infact,playasignificantroleinoceanicmixingair-seainteractions,and'occasionalbutfar-reachingclimateeventssuchasEINino,theatmospheric-oceanicdisturbanceintheequatorialPacificthataffectsglobalweatherpatterns.

Unfortunately,itisnotfeasibletouseconventionaltechniquestomeasuremesoscalefields.Tomeasurethemproperly,monitoringequipmentswouldhavetobelaidoutonagridatintervalsofatmost50kilometers,withsensorsateachgridpointlowereddeepintheoceanandkeptthereformanymonths.Becauseusingthesetechniqueswouldbeprohibitivelyexpensiveandtime-consuming,itwasproposedin1975thattomography(X射線斷層攝影技術(shù))beadaptedtomeasuringthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.InmedicaltomographyX-raysmapthehumanbody'sdensityvariations(andhenceinternalorgans);theinformationfromtheX-rays,transmittedthroughthebodyalongmanydifferentpaths,isrecombinedtoform.three-dimensionalimagesofthebody'sinterior.Itisprimarilythismultiplicativeincreaseindataobtainedfromthemulti-pathtransmissionofsignalsthataccountsforoceanographers'attra