前浪漫主義和浪漫主義

Pre-Romanticism

&

RomanticismPre-RomanticismAnotherconspicuoustrendintheEnglishliteratureofthelatterhalfofthe18thcenturywastheso-calledpre-romanticism.ItoriginatedamongtheconservativegroupsofmenoflettersasareactionagainstEnlightenmentandfounditsmostmanifestexpressioninthe“Gothic

novel,”thetermarisingfromthefactthatthegreaterpartofsuchromancesweredevotedtothemedievaltimes.ThemorenotableoftheGothicNovelsisTheCastleofOtranto奧特朗托城堡(1765)byHoraceWalpole賀拉斯?瓦爾浦爾(1727-1797).Butthemoreimportantpre-romanticistwritersarethetwofamouspoets,WilliamBlake(1757-1821)andRobertBurns(1759-1796).WilliamBlake

(1757-1821)Ofalltheromanticpoetsofthe18thcentury,Blakeisthemostindependentandthemostoriginal.HisbestpoemsarecollectedinSongsofInnocence(1789)

andSongsofExperience(1794).TheSongsofInnocenceisalivelyvolumeofpoemswhichrepresentahappyandinnocentworldalthoughthereareevilandsufferingexisting,whiletheSongsofExperiencepaintsquiteadifferentworld,aworldfullofmisery,poverty,war,andrepression.ThepoemsinSongsofExperiencearegray,gloomyandpessimistic.

RobertBurns

(1759-1796)RobertBurnsisanexcellentnativepoetofScotland.HeisrememberedmainlyforhispoemswrittenintheScottishdialect.Healsocreatedmanylyricspraisingnature,love,andfriendship.Manyofthemhaveentereddeeplyintopeople’shearts.Theseworksare“ARed,RedRose,”“Myheart’sintheHighland,”etc.SpeakingofBurns,wecannotforgethis“AuldLangSyne”(OldLongAgo)whichhavebeensungasapartingsonginmanyplacesoftheworldindifferentlanguages.

ARedRedRoseThissongwaspublishedintheScotsMusicalMuseum,

1796,No.402,tothetune"MajorGraham,"butisnowinvariablysungtoamodernversionof"Lowdowninthebroom."TheFormof“ARed,RedRose”Itiswritteninfour4-linestanzas(quatrains),consistingofalternatingtetrameter（四音步）

andtrimeter（三音步）lines.Thismeansthatthe1stand3rdlinesofeachstanzahavefourstressedsyllables,orbeats,whilethe2ndand4thlineshavethreestressedsyllables.Quatrains（四行詩）writteninthismannerarecalledballadstanzas.Theballadisaoldformofverseadaptedforsingingorrecitation,originatinginthedayswhenmostpoetryexistedinspokenratherthanwrittenform.Thoughtheballadisgenerallyrichinmusicalqualitiessuchasrhythmandrepetition,itoftenportraysbothideasandfeelingsinoverwroughtbutsimplisticterms.

ARedRedRoseO,myluve'slikeared,redrose,

That'snewlysprunginJune.

O,myluve'slikethemelodie,

That'ssweetlyplay'dintune.O,myloveislikeared,redrose,

ThatisnewlysprunginJune.

O,myloveislikethemelody,

Thatissweetlyplayedintune.啊，我愛人象紅紅旳玫瑰，

它在六月里初開；

啊，我愛人象一支樂曲，

美妙地演奏起來。ARedRedRoseAsfairartthou,mybonielass,

SodeepinluveamI,

AndIwillluvetheestill,myDear,

Tilla'theseasgangdry.Asfairareyou,mylovelylass,

SodeepinloveamI,

AndIwillloveyoustill,myDear,

Tillalltheseasgodry.你是那么美，漂亮旳姑娘，

我愛你那么深切；

我要愛你下去，親愛旳，

一直到四海枯竭。ARedRedRoseTilla'theseasgangdry,myDear,

Andtherocksmeltwi'thesun!

OIwillluvetheestill,myDear,

Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.Tillalltheseasgodry,myDear,

Andtherocksmeltwiththesun!

OIwillloveyoustill,myDear,

Whilethesandsoflifeshallrun.一直到四海枯竭，親愛旳，

到太陽把巖石燒裂；

我要愛你下去，親愛旳，

只要是生命不絕。ARedRedRoseAndfaretheeweel,myonlyLuve,

Andfaretheeweelawhile!

AndIwillcomeagain,myLuve,

Tho'itweretenthousandmile!Andfareyouwell,myonlyLove,

Andfareyouwellawhile!

AndIwillcomeagain,myLove,

Althoughitweretenthousandmile!.再見吧—我唯一旳愛人，

我和你小別片刻；

我要回來旳，親愛旳，

雖然是萬里相隔。Similes&MetaphorsSimiles:thespeakercompareshislovefirstwithabloomingroseinspringandthenwithamelody"sweetlyplay'dintune.“Metaphor:insearchingfortheperfectmetaphortodescribethe"eternal"natureofhislove-thespeakerinevitablycomesupagainstlove'sgreatestlimitation,"thesandso'life."Thisimageofthehour-glass（沙漏）

forcesthereadertoreassessofthepoem'sfirstandloveliestimage:A"red,redrose"isitselfanobjectofanhour,"newlysprung"only"inJune"andafterwardsubjecttothedecayoftime.Romanticism

ThedemocratizationofpoetryAliteraryrevolutionagainstrestrictions,rulesandartificialconventionsHistoricalBackgroundFrenchRevolution--Bastillein1789.Industrialization--InventionofSteamEngine.Urbanizationandshiftfromagriculturaltoindustrialeconomy.Developmentofindustrialcapitalism.OriginsofRomanticismTheoriginofRomanticismliesinthephilosophyofFrenchmanJeanJacquesRousseau盧梭andthewritingsofGermanJohannWolfgangvonGoethe歌德.Rousseauchampionedindividualismandfreedomofthought:“IfeltbeforeIthought.”GoetheadvocatedinspirationfromShakespeare’sworks,GothicarchitectureandGermanfolktales.Goethe’snovelTheSorrowsofYoungWerther(1774)providethebasisformuchofthelaterRomanticism.TheAgeofRomanticism

(1798-1832)EnglishRomanticismisgenerallydefinedtobeginin1798withthepublicationofWilliamWordsworthandSamuelColeridge’stheLyricalBalladsandendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillinParliament.

TwoGroupsofRomanticistsTheRomanticistssplitintotwogroupsbecauseofthedifferentattitudestowardthecapitalistsociety.Someromanticistsreflectedthethinkingofthoseclasseswhichhadbeenruinedbythebourgeoisie.TheyreturnedtothefeudalpastandidealizedthelifeoftheMiddleAgestoprotestagainstcapitalistdevelopment.Therefore,theystoodonthesideofthefeudalforcesandevencombinedthemselveswiththoseforces.TheyarerepresentedbyWordsworth,ColeridgeandRobertSouthey.TwoGroupsofRomanticistsOthersexpressedtheaspirationofthelabouringclasses.Theyheldoutanidealoffuturesocietyfreefromoppressionandexploitation.TheywerethefirmsupportersoftheFrenchRevolution.TheyarerepresentedbyLordG.G.ByronandP.B.ShelleyandJohnKeats.Thesepoetswereallprecociousandintense,andhadtragicallyshortlives.CharacteristicFeaturesTheirownaspirationandidealsareinsharpcontrasttothecommon,sordiddailylifeundercapitalism.Theirwritingsarefilledwithstrong-willedheroesoreventitanicimages,formidableeventsandtragicsituations,powerfulconflictingpassionsandexoticpictures.Theypaidgreatattentiontothespiritual&emotionallifeofman.Personifiednatureplaysanimportantroleinthepagesoftheirworks.Romanticismischaracterizedbythe5“I”s:a)Imagination;b)Intuition;c)Idealism;d)Inspiration;e)Individuality.ImaginationArevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason,arebellionagainsttherationalismcharacterizedbythe“AgeofReason.”Creativepowersoftheimaginationoverthe“rules”inart.Imaginationwasconsiderednecessaryforcreatingallart.SamuelColeridgecalledit“intellectualintuition.”IntuitionRomanticsplacedvalueon“intuition,”orfeelingandinstincts,overreason.EmphasisonfeelingoverreasonCultofSensibility.EmotionswereimportantinRomanticart.WilliamWordsworthdescribedpoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.”IdealismIdealismistheconceptthatwecanmaketheworldabetterplace.Idealismreferstoanytheorythatemphasizesthespirit,themind,orlanguageovermatter–thoughthasacrucialroleinmakingtheworldthewayitis.ImmanuelKantheldthatthemindforcestheworldweperceivetotaketheshapeofspace-and-time.

InspirationTheRomanticartist,musician,orwriter,isan“inspiredcreator”ratherthana“technicalmaster.”Whatthismeansis“goingwiththemoment”orbeingspontaneous,ratherthan“gettingitprecise.”IndividualityRomanticscelebratedtheindividual.Duringthistimeperiod,Women’sRightsandAbolitionismweretakingrootasmajormovements.WaltWhitman,alaterRomanticwriter,wouldwriteapoementitled“SongofMyself”:itbegins,“Icelebratemyself…”CharacteristicsoftheRomanticPeriodLoveofNature:acceptanceofnature’sbenevolence;Arenotthemountains,waves,andskies,apart

Ofmeandmysoul,asIofthem?ByronPantheism（泛神論）

-Naturehasaconscioussoul;Natureisalivingorganismwhichsharesthefeelingsoftheobserver;Thepoetistypicallyseenasasolitaryfigure,non-conformist,outcast,rebel;Thepoetoftenidentifieswithoutlawsofmyth,legend:Cain,Satan,theWanderingJewCasperFriedrich:TheWandererabovetheMists

(1817-18)Natureintheraw,wildstate.Awe-inspiring.Sublime.Divine.NatureandChildrenDelightinunspoiledsceneryandtheinnocentruraldwellerswascentraltoRomanticismWordsworth’spoetryconveysthePlatonicnotionthathumansforgetalltheirknowledgeatbirthandspendtheremainderoftheirlivesrecollecting,ratherthanlearning.Wordsworthcelebratesthechild,whoenjoysanecstaticcommunionwithnature,andhopesthatinadulthoodpeoplecaneventuallyrecoverthisecstasybyheedingintuition.ThereverenceofnaturelaterdevelopedasacentralfocusforAmericanTranscendentalism(EmersonandThoreau).CharacteristicsoftheRomanticPeriodEmphasisonFreedomandIndividualism;Spontaneity,intuition,feeling,imagination;“Allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelingrecollectedintranquility”;“Togivethecharmandnoveltytothingsofeveryday”;“[Ifpoetry]comesnotasnaturallyastheLeavestoatreeithadbetternotcomeatall.”CharacteristicsoftheRomanticPeriodliberalizationofpoeticstyle;blankverse;medievalrevival:imitationsofthefolkballad;thedistantpast;faraway,exoticplaces.Faithinhumannature--beliefinthe“commonman.”Primitivism.Studyof“thefolk.”--folkmythandfolklore.Nature/artdichotomy.RadicalpoliticalsensibilitiesbornfromtheFrenchRevolution.Individualism,democracy.CharacteristicsoftheRomanticPeriodThepoeticmanifestoofRomanticismThe2ndprefacetoLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgeservedtoaffirmtheimportanceoffeelingandimagination.Wordsworthstated,Poetryoriginatesfrom“emotionrecollectedintranquility.”WordsworthandColeridgealsodisclaimedconventionalformspopularduringtheNeoclassicPeriod.Blankversesupersededtherhymingcouplet.EffectsofRomanticismTheRomanticsengenderedmanyofthelibertarianmovementsofthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.InfluencedbytheAgeofEnlightenmentinthe18thcentury,P.S.ShelleychampionedliberalthoughtandrebelledagainsttherestrictionsofEnglishpoliticsandreligion.LordByronandPercyB.Shelley,whomosttypifytheromanticpoet(intheirpersonallivesaswellasintheirwork),wroteresoundinglyinprotestagainstsocialandpoliticalwrongsandindefenseofthestrugglesforlibertyinItalyandGreece.EffectsofRomanticismRousseauhadwrittenthatpeoplewerebornfreebutthateverywherecivilizationputtheminchains.AnexampleisexpressedintheworkofEnglishvisionaryWilliamBlake,writinginthepoem“Milton”(about1804-1808)ofthe“darkSatanicmills”thatwerebeginningtodefacetheEng