2021-2022年山西省忻州市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)

2021-2022年山西省忻州市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Howdidcableproviderssolvetheproblemoftheearliestcablesystems?

A.Theystrategicallyplacedantennaswithverylongcablesconnectingtosubscribers'televisionsets.

B.Theymadethesignalfromtheantennatravelthroughthelengthofcable.

C.Theyinsertedamplifiersatregularintervals.

D.Theyincreasedthelengthofcable.

2.

PennsylvaniaStateUniversityconsistsoftheSmealCollegeofBusinessandtheCollegeofEngineering.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Theparentsurgehighschoolteacherstodevelopmorelenientgradingsystemsbecausetheythinkitwill______.

A.enhancethechildren'sself-esteem

B.helpthechildrenwiththeacademicperformance

C.plummetthechildren'sself-esteem

D.makethechildrenmorecompetent

4.BeforeLyubomirskycarriedoutherownresearch,scientistsinvestigatedhappinessmainlythrough

5.

Whencomputervirusesreachthe"cockroach"stageofmachineintelligence,theviruses______.

A.becomediversified

B.becomeinfectious

C.areeasilydestroyed

D.aredifficulttokill

6.

Nettaxisthedifferencebetweenaperson'sgrosstaxliabilityandany______.

7.SinceBritaingottheexclusivecontrolonopium,Indiangrowersmustselltheircropsto______.

8.WhatdoesMargaretHartEdwardssayaboutemployees'romanceintheoffice?

A.Itismorallywrongandmustbebanned.

B.Itposesapotentialriskforthecompany.

C.Itshouldnotbeinterferedasahumanright.

D.It'sbettertogopublicforthesakeofemployees.

9.

Bothbloodpressureandtheeffectsofstresswillbedecreasedbytheincreaseof______.

10.

Comparedwithothermajorindustrializedcountries,theUnitedStatesdependsmoreheavilyonoilimport.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.

Withthehelpofthegovernmentandtheworldandtheirownefforts,womenofthePeruvianAndeswillsoonbeabletogobackhome.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

100caloriesinacanofsodaequalsto______.

A.200,000regularcalories

B.200kilocalories

C.100kilocalories

D.4,184joules

13.

Ifyouoftenfailtoachieveyourgoals,youshouldholdonandthrowyourselfinto______.

14.ScientistsWorryMachinesMayOutsmartMan

Arobotthatcanopendoorsandfindelectricaloutletstorechargeitself.Computervirusesthatnoonecanstop."Predator"fighters,which,thoughstillcontrolledremotelybyhumans,comeclosetoamachinethatcankillautonomously.

Impressedandalarmedbyadvancesinartificialintelligence,agroupofcomputerscientistsisdebatingwhetherthereshouldbelimitsonresearchthatmightleadtolossofhumancontrolovercomputer-basedsystemsthatcarryagrowingshareofsociety'sworkload,fromwagingwartochattingwithcustomersonthephone.

Theirconcernisthatfurtheradvancescouldcreateprofoundsocialdisruptionsandevenhavedangerousconsequences.

Asexamples,thescientistspointedtoanumberoftechnologiesasdiverseasexperimentalmedicalsystemsthatinteractwithpatientstosimulatesympathy,andcomputerwormsandvirusesthatdefyextermination(消滅)andcouldthusbesaidtohavereacheda"cockroach"stageofmachineintelligence.

WhilethecomputerscientistsagreedthatwearealongwayfromHal,thecomputerthattookoverthespaceshipin"2001:ASpaceOdyssey,"theysaidtherewaslegitimateconcernthattechnologicalprogresswouldtransform.theworkforcebydestroyingawideningrangeofjobs,aswellasforcehumanstolearntolivewithmachinesthatincreasinglycopyhumanbehaviors.

Theresearchers—leadingcomputerscientists,artificialintelligenceresearchersandroboticistswhometattheAsilomarConferenceGroundsonMontereyBayinCalifornia—generallydismissedthepossibilityofhighlycentralizedsuperintelligencesandtheideathatintelligencemightspringspontaneouslyfromtheInternet.Buttheyagreedthatrobotsthatcankillautonomouslyareeitheralreadyhereorwillbesoon.

Theyfocusedparticularattentiononthespecterthatcriminalscouldexploitartificialintelligencesystemsassoonastheyweredeveloped.Whatcouldacriminaldowithaspeechsynthesissystemthatcoulddisguiseasahumanbeing?Whathappensifartificialintelligencetechnologyisusedtominepersonalinformationfromsmartphones?

Theresearchersalsodiscussedpossiblethreatstohumanjobs,likeself-drivingcars,softwarebasedpersonalassistantsandservicerobotsinthehome.Justlastmonth,aservicerobotdevelopedbyWillowGarageinSiliconValleyproveditcouldnavigatetherealworld.

Areportfromtheconference,whichtookplaceinprivateonFeb.25,istobeissuedlaterthisyear.Someattendeesdiscussedthemeetingforthefirsttimewithotherscientiststhismonthandininterviews.

TheconferencewasorganizedbytheAssociationfortheAdvancementofArtificialIntelligence(A.A.A.I.),andinchoosingAsilomarforthediscussions,thegrouppurposefullyevokedalandmarkevent(里程碑式事件)inthehistoryofscience.In1975,theworld'sleadingbiologistsalsometatAsilomartodiscussthenewabilitytoreshapelifebyswappinggeneticmaterialamongorganisms.Concernedaboutpossiblebiohazardsandethicalquestions,scientistshadhaltedcertainexperiments.TheconferenceledtoguidelinesforrecombinantDNAresearch,enablingexperimentationtocontinue.

ThemeetingonthefutureofartificialintelligencewasorganizedbyEricHorvitz,aMicrosoftresearcherwhoisnowpresidentoftheassociation.

Dr.Horvitzsaidhebelievedcomputerscientistsmustrespondtothenotionsofsuperintelligentmachinesandartificialintelligencesystemsrunamok(橫行).

Theideaofan"intelligenceexplosion"inwhichsmartmachineswoulddesignevenmoreintelligentmachineswasproposedbythemathematicianI.J.Goodin1965.Later,inlecturesandsciencefictionnovels,thecomputerscientistVernorVingepopularizedthenotionof

A.robotsforciviluse

B.militarycomputers

C.artificialintelligence

D.biochemicalweapons

15.Duringthewholelife,Jefferson______.

A.builtthreelibrariesforCongress

B.builtthreelibrariesathishome

C.donatedbooksforthreelibraries

D.collectedbooksfromthreelibraries

16.

SomeexpertsbelievethatWal-Martdoesharmtotheeconomybecausemanufacturershadtocutdownonexpensesby______.

17.AccordingtoJohnMaynardKeynes,whencangovernmentsusedevaluationofcurrencytotakeinpeople?

A.Whenvalueisinherentinmoney.

B.Whenmetalcurrencybecomesatoken.

C.Whencashcan'tbeusedanonymously.

D.WhenMoore'slawbeginstowork.

18.HeartheMusic,AvoidtheMoshPit

ArtistsFindTheirAudienceOnline

MusicianSuzanneVegagotherstartintheNewYorkfolkscene,butnowthe1980sstarhasfoundafollowingincyberspace.Withthehelpofsomeprogrammers,Vegacreateda3Danimatedimageofherself,calledanavatar(化身),andsherecentlyperformedinsideaworldaccessibleonlythroughawebsite,whereotherpeoplerepresentedbyavatarsattendedtheconcert,streamedlivetocomputersallovertheglobe.

AsVegastrummed(彈奏)herguitarinsidearealstudio,about100luckyfanssatattheircomputersandguidedtheiravatarsintotheonlinesceneofanoutdooramphitheater,whereVega'savataryouthful-lookingwithshorthairandbangs—appearedonstage.Whenthereal-worldartistplayedandsang,heronlinealterego(另一個我)didthesame—thoughtheavatar'slipsdidnotmove.Fansheardtheconcertontheircomputerspeakersandcommandedtheiravatarstosmileormovetothemusic.

Later,Vegaansweredaudiencequestions,sentasinstantmessagesvisibletoeveryoneinattendance.

TheAug.3event,organizedbyapublic:radioprogram,wasoneofthefirstattemptsbyamajorartisttointeractwithfansinacompletelycomputer-fabricatedworld.

"Theresponsewasterrific!!Iamstillhearingfrompeoplewhowereinthe'room,'friendsoffriendsandpeopleallovertheworldwhowere'there,'"Vegasaidinane-mail,notingthatshetookanactiveroleinpickingoutthemaroonblouse,blackcardiganandwhitetennisshoesheravatarwore.

Marketingandrecordlabelexecutivessaywebsitesthatputusersintovideo-game-likevirtualworldsareauniquewaytoreachouttoaudiences,whoareincreasinglyspendingtheirtimeandmoneyonthecomputerinsteadofatconcertsandmusicstores.Althoughstillexperimental,suchsitesofferfansmorewaystointeractwithoneanotherandbandmembersdirectly.

The1980sbandDuranDuranhasreunitedandplanstoperform.aliveconcertlaterthismonthonSecondLife,theworldwhereVegaperformed,onitsownvirtualisland.Afewmonthsago,singerandpianistReginaSpektorbuiltfourvirtualManhattanloftswherefanscouldwalkaround,hangoutandlistentostreamingmusicfromhernewalbumamonthbeforeitwasreleased.Evenfansaretakingpart:AgroupoffriendscreatedavatarsofthebandU2andhasputonseveralvirtualconcerts,usingmusicfromtheband'srealshowsandmimickingeverydetail,downtoleadsingerBono'shairstyle,sunglassesandclothing.

Other,lesser-knownbandsandmusicianswhotypicallyhaveusedsocialnetworkingsiteMyStobuildafollowingarealsoturninguponSecondLifeandothervirtualworlds,suchasT,toshowcasetheirmusic.

"AvirtualworldbringssomethingtothetablethataWebsitedoesn'tit'sbuildingamoreimmersiveexperience.Youkindofloseyourselfinit,"saidEthanKaplan,directoroftechnologyforWarnerBros.Records,whosaidhehasplayedaroundwithSecondLifeforyears."It'sreallycoolandalotmorefunandcreativethanjustputtingaMySpacepageup.

Musiciansareincreasinglyusingthevirtualworldtoholdliveconcerts,atspecifictimesanddates,orlisteningloungeswheretheirmusicplayswhenanavatarpaysavisit.Thevirtualworldprovidesarichandcolorfulenvironmentsimilartocomputer-animatedfilmslike"ToyStory,"onlyanotchlesssophisticated.

Userscontroltheiravatarsbyclickingonarrowsormovingthemouse,butthemovementandappearanceseemabitslowattimes.Unliketherealworld,though,avatarscanflyaroundorbeam(發(fā)射)themselvesinstantlyfrombeachtourbanenvironm

A.YB.NC.NG

19.WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoostandKaZaAaccordingtoFredrikdeWahl?

A.KaZaAbenefitedtheindustrywhichitentered.

B.KaZaAdidn'timpacttheindustrywhichitentered.

C.Joostdoesn'tthreatentheindustrywhichit'sentering.

D.Joostnegativelyimpactstheindustrywhichit'sentering.

20.Childrenwhohavefatmothersaremuchmorelikelytobecomeobesethemselveslaterinlifebecauseof______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B4】

22.(22)

A.Itiseasytoinvestinthestockmarket.

B.Stockinvestmentisreallycomplex.

C.Fixedinterestfieldsaremoreprofitable.

D.Abrokerisnecessaryinthestockinvestment.

23.

【B5】

24.(34)

A.WhythePresidentopposesabill.

B.Howlawmakerswanttoreviseabill.

C.Whyadeadlinehasnotbeenmet.

D.Whenlawmakersplantoendtheirsession.

25.聽力原文：M:Whatdoyouthinkofthegovernment'snewtax-cutproposal?

W:Thoughitmaygivesomebenefittothepoor,itskeycomponentistheeliminationoftaxondividends.Thatmeanstherichwillgetricher.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanthinkofthegovernment'stax-cutproposal?

(18)

A.Itwillreducegovernmentrevenues.

B.Itwillstimulatebusinessactivities.

C.Itwillmainlybenefitthewealthy.

D.Itwillcutthestockholders'dividends.

26.(24)

A.Whyspeciesdon'tavoidextinctionbyadapting.

B.Whyspeciesbecomeextinctattheratetheydo.

C.Whyhumansaren'textinct.

D.Howmanyspeciesaren'textinct.

27.

【B9】

28.(45)

29.(29)

A.Thepopulationsofsmalltownsincreasedrapidly.

B.Artcriticsincitesbegantotakenoticeofregionalism.

C.Someregionalistpaintersbegananewartmovement.

D.Societybecamemoreinternationallyfocused.

30.聽力原文：W:So,haveyoufoundajobyet?

M:No,but,Ihaveafewinterviewsnextweek,sothingsarelookingup.

W:Whatkindofjobareyoulookingfor?

M:Actually,IwanttoworkforaWebhostingcompany.

W:Whatwouldyoudothereexactly?

M:Well,generallyspeaking,WebhostingcompaniesprovidespaceforpeopletostoreandruntheirWebsites.Canyoufollowme?

W:Oh,yeah,sortof.

M:Well,theyallowpeopletowithouthavingtobuyandmaintaintheirownservers,andI'dliketoworkintechnicalsupport,youknow,helpingcustomersresolvecomputer-relatedproblemswiththeirsites.

W:So,how'sthepayforthatsortofjob?

M:Well,mostpeopleIknowstartoutwithaveryreasonablesalary;youcanearnpayincreasesdependingonyourperformance.

W:So,whataboutbenefits?

M:Oh,thebenefitsareprettygood.Theyoftenprovidehealthinsurance,twoweeksofpaidvacationayear,andopportunitiesforadvancement.

W:Well,istherelong-termjobsecurityinajoblikethat?

M:That'shardtotell.Imean,theInternetisbooming,andthesekindsofcompaniesaresproutingupeverywhere,whichisagoodthing,butyouneverknowhowlongthingswilllast.

W:Well,haveyoueverthoughtaboutgoingbacktoschooltoimproveyourjobskills?Youknow,youdiddropoutofcollege;moretrainingmighthelpyoulandabetterjob.

M:Well,Idon'thavetheresourcesatthemomenttodothat;however,thejobI'mlookingatwillpayforsomeclassesafterIhavebeenwiththecompanyforsixmonths.

W:Well,itlookslikeyouhavethingsplannedoutthistime.

Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

19.Inwhichfieldisthemanlookingforajob?

20.Whatarethebenefitsthecompanyprovides?

21.Whatdoesthefutureholdfortheindustrythatthemanisconsidering?

22.Whatdoweknowabouttheman'seducationalbackgroundaccordingtotheconversation?

(23)

A.ITindustry.

B.Educationindustry.

C.Medicineindustry.

D.Engineeringindustry.

31.聽力原文：W:Didyougoseethedoctoraboutyourcough?

M:ThedoctorsaidifIkeepsmokingitwillincreasemychanceofhavingaheartattackorlungdisease.AndIamthinkingaboutquittingsmokingastheproblemsseemtobequiteserious.

Q:Whatdoweknowabouttheman?

(14)

A.Hehashadaheartattackbecauseofsmoking.

B.Hehasseriouslungdisease.

C.Heiscoughingbecauseoftoomuchsmoking.

D.Hewillgotoseeadoctorabouthiscoughing.

32.(26)

A.Suggestatopicforaresearchpaper.

B.Tellherwhattostudyforthehistorytest.

C.Writeafavorableletterofrecommendation.

D.Adviseherabouthowtorunanelectioncampaign.

33.

【B8】

34.

【B6】

35.(36)

A.Thebillbecomeslawimmediately.

B.Thebillcan'tbecomelawunlessthewholeprocessbeginsagain.

C.Lawmakersmustreviewthebillwithintendays.

D.ThePresidentmustsignthebillifit'spassedagain.

36.

【B11】

37.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：W:Hi,thisisJane.We'rebackfromtheholiday.Comeoverandvisitustonightafteryouhavedinner,wouldyou?

M:Ihaveclassestomorrowmorning,andMaryisbusypreparingforherexam.

Q:Whatcanweinferfromtheconversation?

(12)

A.Thewomaninvitesthemantohavedinner.

B.Themanwon'tvisitthewoman.

C.Themanisverybusythesedays.

D.Theman'swifeisrelativelyfree.

38.(32)

A.Peopleautomaticallydeserverespectbecausetheyareold.

B.Youngpeopleandoldpeopleareequals.

C.Youshouldarguewithyoungpeopleiftheyarewrong.

D.Youngpeoplehavemanyfaults.

39.(14)

A.Reasons.B.Advice.C.Leave.D.Opinions.

40.聽力原文：M:Hi,Janet,you'resoluckytobedonewithyourfinalexamsandtermpaper.Istillhavetwomorefinalstotake.

W:Really?

M:Yeah,sowhat'reyoudoingthissummer,anythingspecial?

W:Well,actuallyyeah.MyparentshavealwayslikedtakingmysisterandmetodifferentplacesintheUnitedStates.Youknow,placeswithhistoricalsignificance.Iguesstheywantedtoreinforcethestuffwelearnedinschoolabouthistory.Andsoeventhoughweareoldernow,theystilldoonceinawhile.

M:Oh,sowhereareyougoingthissummer?

W:Well,thissummer.It'sfinallygoingtobeGettysburg.

M:Finally?Youmeantheynevertookyouthereyet?ImeanGettysburg.It'sprobablythemostfamouscivilwarsiteinthecountry.It'sonlyacoupleofhoursaway.Ithinkthatwouldbeoneofthefirstplacesthatthey'vetakenyou.Ihavebeenthereacoupleoftimes.

W:Weweregonnatobeaboutten,well,no,itwasexactlytenyearsago.ButIdon'tknow.Somethinghappened,Icannotrememberwhat...

M:Somethingchangedyourplans.

W:Yeah,don'taskmewhatitwas,butweendedupnotgoinganywherethatyear.Ihopethatdoesn'thappenagainthisyear.IwroteapaperaboutGettysburglastsemesterforahistoryclass.IwastomakeathoroughinvestigationonthepoliticalsituationintheUnitedStatesrightafterthebattleatGettysburg,soI'meagertoseetheplace.

(23)

A.Theirfinalexamsandpapers.

B.Plansforthecomingsummer.

C.AwonderfulvisittoGettysburg.

D.Theirparents'travelinghabits.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.Theauthorcondemnsnoiseessentiallybecauseit______.

A.isagainstthelaw

B.canmakesomepeopleirritable

C.isanuisance

D.isadangertopeople'shealth

42.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Alandfreefromdestruction,pluswealth,naturalresources,andlaborsupplyallthesewereimportant【C1】______inhelpingEnglandtobecomethecenterfortheIndustrialRevolution.Buttheywerenotenough.Something【C2】______wasneededtostarttheindustrialprocess.That"somethingspecial"wasmen【C3】______individualswhocouldinventmachines,findnew【C4】______ofpower,andestablishbusinessorganizationstoreshapesociety.

ThemenwhocreatedthemachinesoftheIndustrialRevolutioncamefrommanybackgroundsandmanyoccupations.Manyofthemwere【C5】______investorsthanscientists.Amanwhoisa【C6】______scientistisprimarilyinterestedindoinghisresearchaccurately.Heisnotnecessarilyworkingsothathisfindingscanbeused.

Aninventororoneinterestedinappliedscienceisusuallytryingtomakesomethingthathasaconcrete【C7】______.Hemaytrytosolveaproblembyusingthetheoriesofscienceorbyexperimentingthroughtrialanderror.Regardlessofhismethod,heisworkingtoobtaina【C8】______result:theconstructionofaharvestingmachine,theburningofalightbulb,oroneofmanyotherobjectives

Mostofthepeoplewho【C9】______themachinesoftheIndustrialRevolutionwereinventors,nottrainedscientists.Afewwerebothscientistsandinventors.Eventhosewhohad【C10】______ornotraininginsciencemightnothavemadetheirinventionsifagroundworkhadnotbeenlaidbyscientistsyearsbefore.

A)factorsI)developed

B)elseJ)pure

C)creativeK)divided

D)extraL)calculated

E)useM)much

F)sourcesN)proposed

G)specificO)origins

H)more

【C1】

43.

Accordingtothepassage,whoalsousemarketingtechniquestoachievetheirgoals?

44.

FromHrncirik'sremarkswecansayanMBAprogramis______.

45.

Whatdoestheauthortendtoagree?

A.Criticalthinkingservesothers'interests.

B.Criticalthinkingisvaluable.

C.Criticalthinkingshouldbeencouraged.

D.Criticalthinkingcanaccomplishalot.

46.

FromthepassageweknowthatthesecuritymeasurestakenbyMetroare______.

A.inthewakeoftheMadridbombblasts

B.notvisibletothepassengersorpassers-by

C.extensiveinitscoverageofpublicareas

D.variousrangingfromtheuseofdogstotheaccesstoFBI

47.Howlongcanthepaymentbeputoffwithoutbeingcharged?

48.

Whatisthemainpointofthepassage?

A.MorecompaniesfromemergingmarketscomeontheFortune500list.

B.LenovoboughttherightofusingIBMbrandforfiveyears.

C.Companiesfromemergingmarketsbegantotakepositioninglobalmarket.

D.Thetraditionalone-directionglobalizationhasbeenshiftingintomulti-directionone.

49.

Wecaninferfromthefourthparagraphthat______.

A.apersoncanreceiveradiationwithoutknowingit

B.aradiatedmothermaygivebirthtoaweakbaby

C.radiationreceivedbyagrandparentcanaffectagrandson

D.someillnessesarecausedbyunobservedradiation

50.

Whatisthebesttitleofthispassage?

A.HungerandMalnutritioninDevelopingCountries

B.HungerandMalnutritionBiotechDoesPromise

C.GeneticallyModifiedFoodsFeedtheWorld?

D.ApplicationofBiotechChallengesWorldHunger

51.Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavior.atitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehavior.moreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematte.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.

Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristine(未受外界影響的)eyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes(固定的模式);hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavior.oftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothelanguageofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiessocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopindependently,thefigure(這種比喻)becomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.

Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat______.

A.customrevealsonlythesuperficialnatureofhumanbehavior

B.thestudyofsocialorderscanreplacethestudyofcustom

C.peoplearestillnotawareoftheimportantrolethatcustomplaysinformingourworldoutlook

D.customhaslittletodowithourwaysofthinking

52.Creativityhasbeenconsideredintermsofprocess,productorpersonandhasbeendefinedastheinterpersonalandtheinterpersonalprocessbymeansofwhichoriginal,highquality,andgenuinelysignificantproductsaredeveloped.Indealingwithyoungchildren,thefocusshouldbeontheprocess,whichisseenasthebasisofcreativepotential.Whentryingtounderstandthisprocess,itishelpfultoconsiderGuilford'sdifferentiationbetweenconvergentanddivergentthought.Problemsassociatedwithdivergentthoughtoftenhaveonecorrectsolution.Butproblemsassociatedwithdivergentthoughtrequiretheproblem-solvertogeneratemanysolutions,afewofwhichwillbenovel,ofhighquality,andworkable--hencecreative.

Foraproperunderstandingofchildren'screativity,onemustdistinguishcreativityfromintelligenceandtalent.Wardexpressedconcernaboutwhethercreativityinyoungchildrencouldbedifferentiatedfromothercognitiveabilities.Morerecentstudieshaveshownthatcomponentsofcreativepotentialcanindeedbedistinguishedfromintelligence.Theterm"gifted"isoftenusedtoimplyhighintelligence.ButWallachhasarguedthatintelligenceandcreativityareindependentofeachother,andahighlycreativechildmayormaynotbehighlyintelligent.

Creativitygoesbeyondpossessionanduseofartistictalent.Inthiscontext,talentreferstothepossessionofahighdegreeoftechnicalskillinaspecializedarea.Thusanartistmayhavewonderfultechnicalskills,butmaynotsucceedinevokingtheemotionalresponsethatmakestheviewerfeelthatapainting,forexample,isunique.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatchildren'screativityisevidencednotonlyinmusic,art,orwriting,butalsoinscience,socialstudiesandotherareas.

Mostmeasuresofchildren'screativityhavefocusedonideationalfluency.Ideationalfluencytasksrequirechildrentogenerateasmanyresponsesastheycantoaparticularstimulus,asisdoneinbrainstorming.Ideationalfluencyisgenerallyconsideredtobeacriticalfeatureofthecreativeprocess.Children'sresponsemaybeeitherpopularororiginal,withthelatterconsideredevidenceofcreativepotential.Thuswhenweaskfour-year-oldstotellus"allthethingstheycanthinkofred,"wefindthatchildrennotonlylistwagons,apples,andcardinals,butalsochildrenpoxandcoldhands.

Foryoungchildren,thefocusofcreativityshouldremainonprocess:thegenerationofideas.Adultacceptanceofmultipleideasinanon-evaluativeatmospherewillhelpchildrengeneratemoreideasormovetothenextstage,whichisself-evaluation.Aschildrendeveloptheabilityforself-evaluation,issuesofqualityandthegenerationofproductsbecomemoreimportant.Theemphasisatthisstageshouldbeonself-evaluationratherthanevaluationbyothers,forthesechildrenareexploitingtheirabilitiestogenerateandevaluatehypothesisand